IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
The document discusses sexual and reproductive rights and maternal health. It provides statistics comparing maternal health indicators like mortality and access to care between Canada, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The main causes of maternal death are also presented. Ensuring access to safe motherhood services, including skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care, is important to protect women's sexual and reproductive rights and reduce maternal mortality. Monitoring maternal deaths through methods like health information systems and maternal death reviews is critical for evaluating safe motherhood programs.
Audiobook Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward (Pennsylvania ...bralessmikiou
Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward critically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health alleviating poverty diminishing gender inequality and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD an agreement among 179 governments UN agencies and NGOs was intended to shape population and development policy8212reinterpreted and redefined as "reproductive health." More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development. Reproductive Health and Human Rights addresses that concern.The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population fertility decline reproductive health human rights poverty alleviation and development and assesses the various arguments8212demographic public health human rightsbased and economic8212for and against ICPD today.A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to
Reproductive health and family planning moduleihedce
Digital module of Reproductive Health and Family Planning for building awareness of status of reproductive health of women in India, myths about it and measurements taken up by government for effective family planning. The module is developed by Department of Development Communication and Extension, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi.
Maternal mortality is a significant issue, with 600,000 pregnant women dying each year - one every minute. 98% of deaths occur in developing countries, with the majority in Asia and Africa. The main cause is hemorrhaging during or after childbirth. Only 34% of births in poor countries are attended by skilled healthcare professionals, increasing risks of delays in receiving proper care and treatment for issues during delivery. Improving access to skilled birth attendance and emergency healthcare can help address high maternal mortality rates in developing nations.
Reproductive health, safemotherhood & family planningAmal Osman
This document discusses reproductive health, providing definitions and indicators. It covers safe motherhood and indicators related to it, such as the maternal mortality rate in Sudan being 509 per 100,000 live births. Family planning prevalence in Sudan is reported to be 11% overall, with higher rates in rural (20%) versus urban (3%) areas. The document also discusses Sudan's local situation regarding reproductive health, including strategies and initiatives to improve access to services.
This study examined the utilization of skilled birth attendance among women in Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. The researchers found that:
1) Only 26.8% of mothers gave birth at a health facility, attended by a skilled birth attendant.
2) Younger age, higher education levels, fewer births, more antenatal care visits, previous facility delivery experience, and greater maternal knowledge were associated with increased use of skilled birth attendance.
3) Reasons for preferring home delivery over facilities included the proximity of traditional birth attendants and perceptions of unclean equipment, lack of supplies, and unfriendly providers at facilities.
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
The document discusses sexual and reproductive rights and maternal health. It provides statistics comparing maternal health indicators like mortality and access to care between Canada, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The main causes of maternal death are also presented. Ensuring access to safe motherhood services, including skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care, is important to protect women's sexual and reproductive rights and reduce maternal mortality. Monitoring maternal deaths through methods like health information systems and maternal death reviews is critical for evaluating safe motherhood programs.
Audiobook Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward (Pennsylvania ...bralessmikiou
Reproductive Health and Human Rights The Way Forward critically reflects on the past fifteen years of international efforts aimed at improving health alleviating poverty diminishing gender inequality and promoting human rights. The volume includes essays by leading scholars and practitioners that are centered on the 1994 United Nations International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and its resulting Programme of Action. ICPD an agreement among 179 governments UN agencies and NGOs was intended to shape population and development policy8212reinterpreted and redefined as "reproductive health." More than a decade after the enthusiasm that accompanied ICPD there is growing concern about its effectiveness in the context of global health and development. Reproductive Health and Human Rights addresses that concern.The book grapples with fundamental questions about the relationships among population fertility decline reproductive health human rights poverty alleviation and development and assesses the various arguments8212demographic public health human rightsbased and economic8212for and against ICPD today.A number of the chapters address institutional challenges to
Reproductive health and family planning moduleihedce
Digital module of Reproductive Health and Family Planning for building awareness of status of reproductive health of women in India, myths about it and measurements taken up by government for effective family planning. The module is developed by Department of Development Communication and Extension, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi.
Maternal mortality is a significant issue, with 600,000 pregnant women dying each year - one every minute. 98% of deaths occur in developing countries, with the majority in Asia and Africa. The main cause is hemorrhaging during or after childbirth. Only 34% of births in poor countries are attended by skilled healthcare professionals, increasing risks of delays in receiving proper care and treatment for issues during delivery. Improving access to skilled birth attendance and emergency healthcare can help address high maternal mortality rates in developing nations.
Reproductive health, safemotherhood & family planningAmal Osman
This document discusses reproductive health, providing definitions and indicators. It covers safe motherhood and indicators related to it, such as the maternal mortality rate in Sudan being 509 per 100,000 live births. Family planning prevalence in Sudan is reported to be 11% overall, with higher rates in rural (20%) versus urban (3%) areas. The document also discusses Sudan's local situation regarding reproductive health, including strategies and initiatives to improve access to services.
This study examined the utilization of skilled birth attendance among women in Sidama Zone, Ethiopia. The researchers found that:
1) Only 26.8% of mothers gave birth at a health facility, attended by a skilled birth attendant.
2) Younger age, higher education levels, fewer births, more antenatal care visits, previous facility delivery experience, and greater maternal knowledge were associated with increased use of skilled birth attendance.
3) Reasons for preferring home delivery over facilities included the proximity of traditional birth attendants and perceptions of unclean equipment, lack of supplies, and unfriendly providers at facilities.
This document discusses reproductive health issues in the Philippines. It defines reproductive health and outlines key issues including maternal mortality, sexually transmitted infections, infertility, and abortion. The main points are: reproductive health involves well-being in all matters relating to reproduction. National maternal mortality remains high in the Philippines despite targets to reduce it. Leading causes of death for Filipino women include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, and sepsis. Sexually transmitted infections and infertility also affect reproductive health in the country.
This document discusses gender perspectives on reproductive health. It begins with definitions of key terms like gender, gender equality, and gender discrimination. It then discusses how gender impacts health and reproductive health outcomes. The document outlines international initiatives like ICPD and Beijing that recognized the importance of gender in reproductive health. It discusses reproductive health issues across the lifecycle and barriers to achieving gender equality in reproductive health. Key challenges like maternal health, family planning, and HIV are also summarized.
The document discusses issues around women's reproductive rights and health. It covers topics like family planning, maternal mortality, contraceptives, and challenges women face in controlling their reproductive choices due to male partners, governments, corporations, and religious organizations. Reproductive freedom is critical to women's equality and empowerment, but reproductive health problems remain leading causes of ill health and death for women of child-bearing age globally.
This document provides information on reproductive health counseling. It defines reproductive health as complete physical, mental and social well-being relating to the reproductive system. The document outlines key components of reproductive health including family planning, sexually transmitted infections, and maternal and newborn health. It discusses counseling for family planning and provides symptoms and interventions for postpartum depression. Finally, it defines sexual health and outlines five key steps to achieve good sexual health.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
1. The document discusses women's health and well-being, with a focus on how it is defined and perceptions of it in different cultures and income levels.
2. It finds that for poorer women in developing countries, well-being often means having basic needs met and gaining empowerment through education and independence.
3. For women in wealthier countries, well-being debates commonly center around balancing work and family responsibilities, though subjective feelings can differ from objective measures of health and income.
4. The document examines perspectives from women, public health officials, and experts on factors influencing well-being and how women access health information.
The effects of adolescent pregnancies on child health are discussed in this paper. In recent decades adolescent pregnancy has become an important health issue in many countries, both developed and developing. According to WHO data in 2010, there are nearly 1, 2 billion adolescents in the world, which consists of 20% of the world population. 85% of these adolescents live in developing countries. A pregnancy in adolescence, which is a period of transmission from childhood to adulthood with physical, psychological and social changes, has been a public health issue having an increasing importance. Individual, cultural, social, traditional or religious factors play a great role in adolescent pregnancies which are among risky pregnancies. In the related studies, it is obviously stated that adolescent pregnancies, compared to adult pregnancies, have a higher prevalence of health risks such as premature delivery, low birth weight newborn, neonatal complications, congenital anomaly, problems in mother-baby bonding and breastfeeding, baby negligence and abuse. As a result, it is clear that adolescent pregnancies have negative effects on the health of children. Both the society and the health professionals have major responsibilities on this subject. Careful prenatal and postnatal monitoring of pregnant adolescents and providing of necessary education and support would have positive effects on both mother and child health. In this review, we have discussed affects of adolescent pregnancy on the health of a baby.
This document discusses unintended pregnancy and family planning. It provides background on family planning and defines unintended pregnancies. Unintended pregnancies are associated with negative health outcomes for both mothers and children. The document then discusses objectives of assessing attitudes toward unintended pregnancy and family planning in two regions of Ethiopia from 2004-2007. It aims to evaluate family planning programs and services, knowledge of methods, partner communication, and approval of family planning. The study seeks to increase skills and knowledge to reduce unintended pregnancies and problems related to lack of family planning. It is limited by time, lack of references, and internet access.
The document discusses reproductive health, defining it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being related to reproduction. It outlines key issues at different life stages from perinatal to post-menopausal. Statistics on Pakistan show high maternal and infant mortality rates. Ensuring reproductive health requires universal access to services, investing in health systems, and empowering women. Reproductive health issues affect both men and women and must be addressed at all levels of society.
Infant Mortality Rate by Sumayya Naseem 5th July, 2013Sumayya Naseem
This document discusses infant mortality rate (IMR) and provides information on its causes and ways to reduce it. It defines IMR and notes that most infant deaths occur in developing countries from preventable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition, and malaria. It lists the IMR of various countries and the main diseases responsible. It then discusses factors contributing to IMR like acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, malnutrition, and malaria in more detail. It concludes by noting the importance of strengthening child health services, integrating infant health with other sectors, and the work of organizations to reduce IMR.
This document provides an introduction to integrated reproductive health. It defines reproductive health and integrated reproductive health, outlines the components of IRH including reproductive health information, safe motherhood, family planning, and adolescent health. It also describes Zambia's integrated reproductive health policy and its commitments. Finally, it discusses the 12 principles of IRH, including community participation, quality of care, appropriate technologies and skills, accessibility, and informed consent.
The Reproductive Health Bills, popularly known as the RH Bills, are legislative bills aiming to guarantee universal access to reproductive health care services, supplies and information in the Philippines. There are presently six bills with the same goals, the most prominent of which is House Bill 96 but they are all referred to in the country as "the RH Bill" as they have the common purpose of promoting reproductive health, responsible parenthood and informed choice in conformity with internationally recognized human rights standards. The contentious aspect of the bill which has spawned a national debate is its key proposal that the government funds and undertakes widespread distribution of family planning devices such as oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and IUDs, dissemination of information on their use, and enforcement of their provision in all health care centers and private companies, as a way of controlling the population of the Philippines. The bill is based on the premise that present population growth impedes economic development and exacerbates poverty.
Millennium Development Goal 5: Maternal Health InterventionsSolveij Praxis
Presentation in Governance and Poverty seminar class. Explanation of MDG 5 and update on progress status in 2013. Overview of 3 High-Impact Intervention areas and a MOMS (Midwives and Others with Midwifery Skills) with Misoprostol program which addresses #2 and #3 to prevent maternal mortality.
This document discusses reproductive health, women's sexual and reproductive rights. It begins by defining reproductive health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It notes key concepts that emerged from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, including adopting a life-cycle approach to women's health and recognizing women's right to make their own informed health decisions.
The document outlines components of reproductive health and women's sexual and reproductive rights. It then analyzes areas where women's rights are abused in Nigeria, such as unsafe motherhood, unsafe abortion, traditional harmful practices like female genital mutilation and early marriage, as well as gender inequality, violence against women and
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
Maternal mortality is a major problem in developing countries like Afghanistan and Central Asia. Over 500,000 women die each year due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. The Afghanistan Relief Organization (ARO) is working to address this issue through various projects like their Midwife Project. ARO trains and supports midwives to provide mobile healthcare services to pregnant women in remote areas. Their goal is to reduce maternal mortality by improving access to healthcare and raising awareness about maternal health issues.
This document discusses reproductive health and strategies to promote proper reproductive health. It explains that reproductive health is most important during the reproductive stage of life when sex hormones are high and individuals need to produce offspring. Some key issues addressed are family planning, risks of pregnancy before age 18, the need for quality medical care during pregnancy and childbirth, and increasing awareness of reproductive health through various means such as sex education. The document also discusses population growth theories and strategies for population control such as family planning, birth control, and public awareness campaigns.
This document discusses reproductive health and related topics. Reproductive health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in relation to reproductive processes, not just the absence of disease. The objectives of reproductive health are to ensure access to comprehensive information and services for family planning and responsible voluntary decisions about childbearing. Reproductive health care includes family planning, counseling, infertility treatment, abortion services, and prevention/treatment of infections and other reproductive health conditions. Traditional harmful practices that violate women's sexual and reproductive rights are also reviewed, such as female genital mutilation, early and forced marriage, female disinheritance, gender inequality and women trafficking.
The document summarizes the reproductive and child health program plans of Sambhav Social Service Organization. It will implement the program through partner Frontline NGOs in Shivpuri and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh over 3 years with a total budget of Rs. 9.06 crores. The program aims to improve maternal and child health indicators through activities like health camps, immunization drives, family planning counseling and increasing institutional deliveries. It will monitor progress through indicators like ANC coverage, immunization rates and reduce Infant and Maternal Mortality Rates.
This document discusses reproductive health issues in the Philippines. It defines reproductive health and outlines key issues including maternal mortality, sexually transmitted infections, infertility, and abortion. The main points are: reproductive health involves well-being in all matters relating to reproduction. National maternal mortality remains high in the Philippines despite targets to reduce it. Leading causes of death for Filipino women include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, and sepsis. Sexually transmitted infections and infertility also affect reproductive health in the country.
This document discusses gender perspectives on reproductive health. It begins with definitions of key terms like gender, gender equality, and gender discrimination. It then discusses how gender impacts health and reproductive health outcomes. The document outlines international initiatives like ICPD and Beijing that recognized the importance of gender in reproductive health. It discusses reproductive health issues across the lifecycle and barriers to achieving gender equality in reproductive health. Key challenges like maternal health, family planning, and HIV are also summarized.
The document discusses issues around women's reproductive rights and health. It covers topics like family planning, maternal mortality, contraceptives, and challenges women face in controlling their reproductive choices due to male partners, governments, corporations, and religious organizations. Reproductive freedom is critical to women's equality and empowerment, but reproductive health problems remain leading causes of ill health and death for women of child-bearing age globally.
This document provides information on reproductive health counseling. It defines reproductive health as complete physical, mental and social well-being relating to the reproductive system. The document outlines key components of reproductive health including family planning, sexually transmitted infections, and maternal and newborn health. It discusses counseling for family planning and provides symptoms and interventions for postpartum depression. Finally, it defines sexual health and outlines five key steps to achieve good sexual health.
ideal for policies for women in India, basically for health services provided y government. it consist of health policy and there brief information of the same. ideal for bsw students
1. The document discusses women's health and well-being, with a focus on how it is defined and perceptions of it in different cultures and income levels.
2. It finds that for poorer women in developing countries, well-being often means having basic needs met and gaining empowerment through education and independence.
3. For women in wealthier countries, well-being debates commonly center around balancing work and family responsibilities, though subjective feelings can differ from objective measures of health and income.
4. The document examines perspectives from women, public health officials, and experts on factors influencing well-being and how women access health information.
The effects of adolescent pregnancies on child health are discussed in this paper. In recent decades adolescent pregnancy has become an important health issue in many countries, both developed and developing. According to WHO data in 2010, there are nearly 1, 2 billion adolescents in the world, which consists of 20% of the world population. 85% of these adolescents live in developing countries. A pregnancy in adolescence, which is a period of transmission from childhood to adulthood with physical, psychological and social changes, has been a public health issue having an increasing importance. Individual, cultural, social, traditional or religious factors play a great role in adolescent pregnancies which are among risky pregnancies. In the related studies, it is obviously stated that adolescent pregnancies, compared to adult pregnancies, have a higher prevalence of health risks such as premature delivery, low birth weight newborn, neonatal complications, congenital anomaly, problems in mother-baby bonding and breastfeeding, baby negligence and abuse. As a result, it is clear that adolescent pregnancies have negative effects on the health of children. Both the society and the health professionals have major responsibilities on this subject. Careful prenatal and postnatal monitoring of pregnant adolescents and providing of necessary education and support would have positive effects on both mother and child health. In this review, we have discussed affects of adolescent pregnancy on the health of a baby.
This document discusses unintended pregnancy and family planning. It provides background on family planning and defines unintended pregnancies. Unintended pregnancies are associated with negative health outcomes for both mothers and children. The document then discusses objectives of assessing attitudes toward unintended pregnancy and family planning in two regions of Ethiopia from 2004-2007. It aims to evaluate family planning programs and services, knowledge of methods, partner communication, and approval of family planning. The study seeks to increase skills and knowledge to reduce unintended pregnancies and problems related to lack of family planning. It is limited by time, lack of references, and internet access.
The document discusses reproductive health, defining it as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being related to reproduction. It outlines key issues at different life stages from perinatal to post-menopausal. Statistics on Pakistan show high maternal and infant mortality rates. Ensuring reproductive health requires universal access to services, investing in health systems, and empowering women. Reproductive health issues affect both men and women and must be addressed at all levels of society.
Infant Mortality Rate by Sumayya Naseem 5th July, 2013Sumayya Naseem
This document discusses infant mortality rate (IMR) and provides information on its causes and ways to reduce it. It defines IMR and notes that most infant deaths occur in developing countries from preventable diseases like pneumonia, diarrhea, malnutrition, and malaria. It lists the IMR of various countries and the main diseases responsible. It then discusses factors contributing to IMR like acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, malnutrition, and malaria in more detail. It concludes by noting the importance of strengthening child health services, integrating infant health with other sectors, and the work of organizations to reduce IMR.
This document provides an introduction to integrated reproductive health. It defines reproductive health and integrated reproductive health, outlines the components of IRH including reproductive health information, safe motherhood, family planning, and adolescent health. It also describes Zambia's integrated reproductive health policy and its commitments. Finally, it discusses the 12 principles of IRH, including community participation, quality of care, appropriate technologies and skills, accessibility, and informed consent.
The Reproductive Health Bills, popularly known as the RH Bills, are legislative bills aiming to guarantee universal access to reproductive health care services, supplies and information in the Philippines. There are presently six bills with the same goals, the most prominent of which is House Bill 96 but they are all referred to in the country as "the RH Bill" as they have the common purpose of promoting reproductive health, responsible parenthood and informed choice in conformity with internationally recognized human rights standards. The contentious aspect of the bill which has spawned a national debate is its key proposal that the government funds and undertakes widespread distribution of family planning devices such as oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and IUDs, dissemination of information on their use, and enforcement of their provision in all health care centers and private companies, as a way of controlling the population of the Philippines. The bill is based on the premise that present population growth impedes economic development and exacerbates poverty.
Millennium Development Goal 5: Maternal Health InterventionsSolveij Praxis
Presentation in Governance and Poverty seminar class. Explanation of MDG 5 and update on progress status in 2013. Overview of 3 High-Impact Intervention areas and a MOMS (Midwives and Others with Midwifery Skills) with Misoprostol program which addresses #2 and #3 to prevent maternal mortality.
This document discusses reproductive health, women's sexual and reproductive rights. It begins by defining reproductive health according to the WHO as complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It notes key concepts that emerged from the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, including adopting a life-cycle approach to women's health and recognizing women's right to make their own informed health decisions.
The document outlines components of reproductive health and women's sexual and reproductive rights. It then analyzes areas where women's rights are abused in Nigeria, such as unsafe motherhood, unsafe abortion, traditional harmful practices like female genital mutilation and early marriage, as well as gender inequality, violence against women and
Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and to its functions and processes.
Maternal mortality is a major problem in developing countries like Afghanistan and Central Asia. Over 500,000 women die each year due to complications during pregnancy and childbirth. The Afghanistan Relief Organization (ARO) is working to address this issue through various projects like their Midwife Project. ARO trains and supports midwives to provide mobile healthcare services to pregnant women in remote areas. Their goal is to reduce maternal mortality by improving access to healthcare and raising awareness about maternal health issues.
This document discusses reproductive health and strategies to promote proper reproductive health. It explains that reproductive health is most important during the reproductive stage of life when sex hormones are high and individuals need to produce offspring. Some key issues addressed are family planning, risks of pregnancy before age 18, the need for quality medical care during pregnancy and childbirth, and increasing awareness of reproductive health through various means such as sex education. The document also discusses population growth theories and strategies for population control such as family planning, birth control, and public awareness campaigns.
This document discusses reproductive health and related topics. Reproductive health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being in relation to reproductive processes, not just the absence of disease. The objectives of reproductive health are to ensure access to comprehensive information and services for family planning and responsible voluntary decisions about childbearing. Reproductive health care includes family planning, counseling, infertility treatment, abortion services, and prevention/treatment of infections and other reproductive health conditions. Traditional harmful practices that violate women's sexual and reproductive rights are also reviewed, such as female genital mutilation, early and forced marriage, female disinheritance, gender inequality and women trafficking.
The document summarizes the reproductive and child health program plans of Sambhav Social Service Organization. It will implement the program through partner Frontline NGOs in Shivpuri and Tikamgarh districts of Madhya Pradesh over 3 years with a total budget of Rs. 9.06 crores. The program aims to improve maternal and child health indicators through activities like health camps, immunization drives, family planning counseling and increasing institutional deliveries. It will monitor progress through indicators like ANC coverage, immunization rates and reduce Infant and Maternal Mortality Rates.
This document summarizes key reproductive health issues facing underserved women in the United States. It finds that women of color have higher rates of HIV/AIDS, teen pregnancy, and cervical cancer. Access to abortion and contraception also varies significantly by race and income level. Significant barriers to care include cost, lack of insurance, and restrictive policies. The document calls for a human rights approach to ensure all women have access to comprehensive reproductive healthcare.
Guidance for commissioners of perinatal mental health servicesJCP MH
This document provides guidance for commissioners on perinatal mental health services. It discusses:
1) The importance of perinatal mental health services for both mothers and infants, covering prevention, detection and management of mental health problems during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
2) What constitutes good perinatal mental health services, including specialized inpatient mother and baby units, outpatient perinatal mental health teams, and ensuring access to care across settings from primary to specialized care.
3) Key recommendations for commissioners around ensuring regional strategies, pathways for care, training, data collection, and collaboration across maternity, adult mental health, pediatric and primary care services to meet the mental health needs of
Reproductive health involves physical, emotional, and social well-being related to reproduction. Early marriage and lack of knowledge about reproductive health lead to high maternal and infant mortality rates in India. Strategies to improve reproductive health include awareness programs about family planning, fertility regulation, personal hygiene, and sexually transmitted diseases. Population explosion results from declining death rates and lack of reproductive health knowledge. Birth control methods aim to prevent conception through natural family planning methods, barriers, intrauterine devices, oral contraceptives, injections, and surgical sterilization.
The document describes the typical characteristics of a newborn infant. It discusses the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life and the physiological adaptations required. Key systems like temperature regulation, vital signs, skin, head, eyes/ears, gastrointestinal, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine and neuromuscular systems are summarized along with common assessments and implications for nursing care of the newborn in the delivery room and nursery.
The relationship between prenatal self care and adverse birth outcomes in you...iosrjce
Birth outcomes refer to the end result of a pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the
relationship between self care practices during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in young women aged 16
to 24 years at a provincial maternity hospital in Zimbabwel. A descriptive corelational design was used. Orem’s
Self Care theory was used to guide the study. Eighty pregnant women were selected using systematic random
sampling and, data was collected using interviews from the 1 March - 31 April 2012. Permission to carry out
the study was obtained from the provincial maternity hospital, the Department of Nursing Science and the
Medical and Research Council of Zimbabwe. Findings revealed such adverse birth outcomes as prematurity
(between 28-32 weeks) 10 (12.5%), still births, 3 (3.75%), low apgar 17 (21.2%) and low birth weight 16 (20%).
Adverse birth outcomes in the mothers included high blood pressure 32 (40%), HIV infection 20 (25%) and post
partum hemorrhage 7 (8.8%) Twenty-four (30%) participants had not booked for antenatal care, 1 (1.8%)
booked for antenatal care at less than 12 weeks while only 1 (1.8%) disclosed her pregnancy at above 29 weeks’
gestation. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between self care practices and adverse birth
outcomes, r=.340. This meant that birth outcomes improved as self care practices increased. Significant R2
. was
.115 meaning self care practices explained 11.5% of the variance observed in birth outcomes. Midwives should
advocate delay in sexual debut in young women to reduce adverse birth outcomes.
Causes and Health Consequence of Early Marriage as Perceived by Egyptian Fema...iosrjce
This document summarizes a study that compares the perceived causes and health consequences of early marriage among Egyptian females in rural versus urban areas. A sample of 200 early-married females aged 15-49 were interviewed using a questionnaire. Results showed the average age of marriage was lower in rural (14.94 years) than urban (15.58) areas. Rural females reported more miscarriages and preterm births. Education levels and employment opportunities were lower for rural females. The study aims to understand perceptions that could help address early marriage and improve maternal and child health.
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of reproductive age women regarding antenatal care services at Dr. Khalid MCH in Hargeisa, Somaliland. The study used a descriptive cross-sectional design and questionnaire to collect data from 112 women. The results found that most women (66.2%) had good knowledge of antenatal care services, while 20% had poor knowledge. Most respondents (72.3%) had a positive attitude, while 23.4% had a negative attitude. The study concludes that health workers should provide more information to women on the benefits of antenatal care and community programs are needed to improve attitudes.
This document discusses reproductive health. It begins by listing learning objectives about defining reproductive health, understanding its historical development and indicators. It then defines reproductive health and discusses how it addresses human sexuality, reproduction and systems across life stages. It discusses how men and women have rights to fertility regulation and healthcare. The document outlines the historical development of reproductive health from the 1960s onward. It discusses key organizations and documents that shaped the concept. It notes challenges in Somalia's reproductive health context and outlines common reproductive health program areas and UNFPA indicators. Overall, the summary captures the key topics, definitions and historical overview provided in the document.
Choice for women: have your say on a new plan to tackle reproductive, materna...DFID
More than a third of a million women die every year from complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Improving reproductive, maternal and newborn health in the developing world is a major priority for the UK Government. DFID is therefore developing a new business plan.
To inform the plan we are holding a 12 week consultation, which will close on 20 October 2010. We want to hear what people in the UK and around the world have to say on the subject of reproductive, maternal and newborn health. This will help us to understand different viewpoints, how these issues might vary in different countries, and how DFID could work better with partners.
If you want to discuss the consultation with colleagues, partners or users of services, we have created this presentation document to help you stimulate discussion. Once you have gathered responses submit your feedback online or use our template response document and email your comments.
To find out more visit http://www.dfid.gov.uk/choiceforwomen
Apart from limited attempts to understand the sexual and reproductive health situations of street children in general, little is known about the overall psycho-social and health related circumstances surrounding pregnancy and child bearing practices of homeless women. The present research was at assessing the overall psycho-social circumstances surrounding Incidences of pregnancy and child bearing among homeless women in Shashemene town. A cross-sectional study design was used in which data were collected between December, 2018 and January, 2019. 163 homeless women, selected on the basis of purposive sampling procedure have participated in the study. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected using survey and depth interview methods (methodical triangulation). While quantifi able data were entered in to SPSS version. 20 for further analysis, qualitative data were transcribed, organized, and narratively presented after fi nding themes in the data. Marriage between homeless women and their men counterparts is a common feature of social interaction in the study area. This social context may justify the fact that most (93.7%) women conceived their last babies intentionally. While respondents were relatively. better off in terms of receiving prenatal care (50.3%), the experience of attending postnatal health care services has been moderately low
(40.6%). Above all, street sides and religious compounds (2.8% & 2.8%, respectively) were also among the places where babies were delivered. Attendance of prenatal care was signifi cantly associated to education (-.284, P < 0.01) and postnatal care (.590, P < 0.01) while post-natal health care seeking behavior was signifi cantly associated to the number of children a woman have (.228, P < 0.01), age of respondents (.278, P < 0.01), experiences of attending prenatal care (.590, P < 0.01) and education (-.389, P < 0.01). Patterns of psycho-social relationships prevalent among the homeless women in Shashemene town hold similarity with the pattern existing in the mainstream society. The concerned governmental and non-governmental organizations should work to enhance the
awareness of the homeless women about contraceptive methods, its advantage, and how it is relevant to their living situations.
Reproduction And Unsafe Induced Abortion Among Female...Stephanie Clark
This document discusses the high rates of maternal mortality and infant/child health issues in South Africa. It notes that the maternal mortality ratio is 156.5 per 100,000 live births, and that 60% of maternal deaths are preventable. The leading causes of maternal mortality are identified as HIV/AIDS, hypertension, and obstetric hemorrhage.
Determinants of adolescent fertility in GhanaSamuel Nyarko
1. The study examined determinants of adolescent fertility in Ghana using data from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.
2. Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescent fertility was significantly influenced by the level of education of the female adolescent and her partner, the work status of the female adolescent, and the wealth status.
3. Adolescents with higher education levels and partners with higher education levels were less likely to have given birth, while adolescents not working and from poorer households were more likely to have given birth.
Determinants of Adolescent Fertility in GhanaSamuel Nyarko
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2) Binary logistic regression revealed that adolescent fertility was significantly influenced by the level of education of the female adolescent and her partner, the work status of the female adolescent, and the wealth status.
3) Adolescents with higher education and partners with higher education were less likely to have given birth, while adolescents not working and from poorer households were more likely to have given birth.
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Keywords: HIV-positive mothers, Breastfeeding, Childbirth, Pregnancy, Lactating mothers
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Reproductive health covers all matters relating to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health for women begins in childhood and the teen years. Things such as nutrition, environment, education, income level, and cultural practices influence your reproductive health. Good reproductive health benefits the health and well being of our family. It can improve the social and economic situation of you and our family. And most importantly, it can help make sure that every infant is wanted, loved and has a chance to grow up healthy. The present study concludes that 1 4th 59 of the respondents attitude are neutral, 21percent of the respondent’s attitude are positive, and 19percent of the respondent attitude is negative towards sexual and reproductive health. Dr. Agnes Febiola. X | Saranya. S "A Study on the Attitude of Tribal Woman towards Re-Productive Health" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd56237.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/other/56237/a-study-on-the-attitude-of-tribal-woman-towards-reproductive-health/dr-agnes-febiola-x
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Teenage pregnancy is defined as a girl aged 13-19 becoming pregnant. In Malaysia, most first sexual encounters occur between ages 15-19, putting girls at risk of unwanted pregnancy, STDs, and long-term health issues. While the teenage birth and pregnancy rates in Malaysia have decreased in recent years, they remain a public health issue, especially among unmarried, low-income, and rural adolescents. Unwanted pregnancies often lead to abandoned babies and unsafe or illegal abortions, which can result in medical complications. Experts recommend increasing access to sexual education and family planning services to prevent unintended pregnancies and support services for teenage mothers and their children.
Kenyan women's perspectives on abortion safety and stigma contrast sharply with public health views. For the women in the study, safe abortion meant procedures that concealed their abortions, shielded them from legal issues, were inexpensive, and identified through trusted social networks. They contested the idea that poor quality providers and procedures are inherently dangerous, asserting that they help women preserve their reputation and social relationships. Greater attention to the social dimensions of abortion safety is needed in public health responses.
Teenage pregnancy can have negative social and health consequences. Globally, 13 million children are born to mothers under age 20 each year, with 90% occurring in developing countries. Risk factors for teen pregnancy include lack of education, peer pressure, substance abuse, and lack of contraceptive use. Teen pregnancy can negatively impact the mother's education and employment prospects as well as the child's health and development. Prevention efforts include sex education programs, counseling, and support from community organizations.
Maternal Health Issues Vermont Giving Circle July 2011JodiBreckenridge
Partners in Health addresses maternal mortality through four key areas: 1) training specialized community health workers to provide skilled obstetric care and accompany women to clinics, 2) integrating family planning services into comprehensive healthcare, 3) preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV through counseling, testing and treatment, and 4) establishing maternal waiting houses and providing services to increase facility-based deliveries. Through these comprehensive programs in Haiti, Rwanda, Malawi and Lesotho, Partners in Health works to increase access to healthcare and virtual eliminate preventable maternal and infant deaths.
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Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut City, Egypt.
1. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS)
e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 4, Issue 6 Ver. II (Nov. - Dec. 2015), PP 45-53
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in
El zawya Village, Assiut City, Egypt.
Ghadah Abdelrahman Mahmoud
Abstract: The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of pregnancy among adolescent women at El
Zawya Village, Assiut City, Egypt and to assess the perinatal knowledge of these adolescent pregnant women at
the same village. A Cross Sectional study was used in carrying out this study. A Structured Interviewing
questionnaire is designed by the investigator to be filled from each adolescent pregnant woman who visited
Family Health Hospital, El Zawya Village, Assiut City. The results indicated that nearly two thirds of women
(64%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy with the mean gestational age was 20.6+4.6 weeks. The vast
majority of women didn’t know any information about nutritional needs and warning signs during pregnancy
and they had no information about postpartum family planning methods and postpartum complications (94% &
96.5%) respectively. more than half of adolescent pregnant women (58.5%) didn’t know the cause of their early
marriage. It is concluded that there is a lack of perinatal knowledge about adolescent pregnant women in rural
village, Egypt
I. Introduction:
Adolescent reproductive health and rights have received much global attention during the last two
decades. Many of these issues among adolescents have become major public health problems in various parts of
the world and need to be addressed: unintended pregnancies, abortions, and sexual transmitted infections (STI)
[1].
The term “adolescent” is often used synonymously with “teenager”. In this sense “adolescent
pregnancy” means pregnancy in a woman aged 10–19 years [2]. In most statistics the age of the woman is
defined as her age at the time the baby is born. Because a considerable difference exists between a 12- or 13-
year-old girl, and a young woman of say 19, authors sometimes distinguish between adolescents aged 15–19
years, and younger adolescents aged 10–14 years [3].
The reasons for teenage pregnancy may be multifactorial and have a self-behavioral, traditional, social,
cultural, or religious foundation. Poverty, low socioeconomic status, limited education, and early sexual activity
are the main factors perpetuating the problem of adolescent pregnancy. Other factors such as risk-taking
behavior and lack of information about contraception have also been proposed [4].
Adolescence is a critical period, during which a person is no longer a child but is not yet a fully mature
adult. Adolescent pregnancy has been reported to have deleterious reproductive implications for women, in
addition to placing a burden on the community. The most frequently reported complications are increased risk of
preterm labor, intrauterine growth retardation, cesarean delivery, and low birth weight. However, the effect of
confounders such as smoking and alcohol intake could not be ruled out in many previous studies [5].
In recent decades adolescent pregnancy has become an important health issue in a great number of
countries, both developed and developing. However, pregnancy in adolescence (i.e. in a girl <20 years of age) is
by no means a new phenomenon. In large regions of the world (e.g. South Asia, the Middle East and North
Africa), age at marriage has traditionally been low in kinship-based societies and economies. In such cases most
girls married soon after menarche, fertility was high, and consequently many children were born from
adolescent mothers [6].
More than 14 million adolescent girls give birth each year. Although these births occur in all societies,
12.8 million, more than 90%, are in developing countries. In some societies girls marry and start their families
before their own childhoods have ended. In other countries the majority of births to young mothers occur
outside marriage where there is a high rate of sexual activity amongst adolescents, some of it coerced, or linked
to poverty and social exclusion [7].
Some health risks associated with pregnancy and childbearing are more pronounced among adolescents
than among older women (World Health Organization, 2003b), due to the adolescents’ physiological and
psychological immaturity, lack of adequate antenatal care and safe delivery. Health problems experienced by
adolescent mothers are confounded by parity, because parity 1 and low age often occur simultaneously [8].
Adolescent girls who give birth each year have a much higher risk of dying from maternal causes
compared to women in their 20s and 30s. These risks increase greatly as maternal age decreases, with
adolescents under 16 facing four times the risk of maternal death as women over 20. Moreover, babies born to
adolescents also face a significantly higher risk of death compared to babies born to older women [9].
2. Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut...
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
Adolescent pregnancy is one of the main issues in every health system since early pregnancy can have
harmful implications on girl’s physical, psychological, economic and social status [10].
Teenage pregnancy is a worldwide phenomenon affecting both developed and developing countries
[11]. About 15 million women/girls aged less than 20 years give birth each year, roughly 11% of all births
worldwide. The vast majority of these births, almost 95% occur in developing countries [12]. In Egypt, by the
age of 19 years, one fifth of married women have already begun childbearing [13].
Egypt has a high birth rate, which is nearly constant at 2.7% and the rate of adolescent pregnancy
ranges from 4.1% in urban societies to 11.3% in rural areas [13]. The data related to knowledge of adolescent
pregnant women is little so the aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge of adolescent pregnant
women about their Obstetrics health issues at El Zawya village.
II. Aim of the study:
The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of pregnancy among adolescent women at El Zawya
Village, Assiut City, Egypt and to assess the perinatal knowledge of these adolescent pregnant women at the
same village.
Research Questions:
What is the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy at El Zawya Village, Assiut City, Egypt?
What is the perinatal knowledge of these adolescent pregnant women at the same village?
III. Subjects and Methods:
Research Design:
A Cross Sectional study was used in carrying out this study.
Setting:
The study was conducted at Family Health Hospital, El Zawya Village, Assiut City. This hospital
presents many health services such as: vaccinations during pregnancy, family planning services, Antenatal care,
and referral of high risk cases to tertiary hospitals.
Sample:
This prospective study comprised 200 simple random samples of adolescent pregnant women who
received antenatal care at Family Health Hospital, El Zawya Villages, Assiut City, Egypt. This sample was
recruited according to the sample size equation which is calculated by the researcher through the use of Epi Info
program version 3.3 with power 80%, CI 95% and prevalence 11%, worst acceptable 22%, so sample size will
210 individual which will be inflated with 10% to avoid drop out 350.
Tools:
The following tool was used in the current study:
A Structured Interviewing questionnaire is designed by the investigator to be filled from each adolescent
pregnant woman who visited Family Health Hospital, El Zawya Village, Assiut City.
The data was collected in the sheet included the following data:
Part 1: Sociodemographic Characteristics:
(Name, age, address, educational level, and occupation)
Part 2: Obstetric History:
(No. of Gravidity, Parity, abortions,--------)
Outcomes of previous deliveries if present:
The history of previous last pregnancy complications:
Antenatal complications: (Antepartum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension, abortion,----------)
Natal complications: (Intra-partum haemorrhage, prolonged labour, Obstructed labour,----------------------)
Postnatal complications: (Postpartum haemorrhage, Puerperal sepsis, others)
The place of delivery: (Hospital, Home, --------)
The data related to the current pregnancy:
Weeks of gestation: wks
Data related to the perinatal health aspects of teenage pregnancy:
Antenatal health aspects:
Natal health aspects:
Postnatal health issues:
The social aspects:
3. Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut...
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
The Procedure:
The investigator interviewed the adolescent pregnant women at the Family Health Hospital, El Zawya
Villages, Assiut City, Egypt. All ethical considerations were clarified to each woman before explanation of the
nature of the study.
Methods:
Before implementation of the study, an official permission was obtained from the Dean of the Faculty
of Nursing directed to the manager of Family Health Hospital, El Zawya Village, Assiut City, Egypt after full
explanation of the aim of the study. The pilot study was carried out on 20 women before implementation of the
study to test the validity and reliability of the tools. The purpose of the pilot test was to: evaluate the time
needed for conducting the interview and the validity of the questions to create an easy flowing instrument. The
necessary modifications were done based on the results of the pilot study. Women who participated in the pilot
study were not included in the main study. The data were collected over one year, January 2013 to December
2014. The investigator started to introduce herself to the woman and explained the nature of the study to obtain
an oral consent from them to participate in the study. Some women refused to participate in the research, so they
were excluded from the research. The investigator met the women in the antenatal clinic. The investigator began
to collect the questionnaire which included socio demographic characteristics such as name, age, education and
occupation. Obstetric history such as gravidity, parity, abortion, and others. Then the investigator began to
collect the data related to antenatal, natal and postnatal complications. The data related to current pregnancy and
finally, the investigator assesses the perinatal knowledge of these adolescent pregnant women about their health
aspects. The number of women interviewed per day was 2-3 women. The average time taken for filling each
tool was around 15-20 minutes depending on the response of the woman. Each woman was reassured that the
information obtained was confidential and used only for the purpose of the study.
IV. Statistical analysis:
Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS version 16 Software Package. Data collected were coded
and analyzed. The results were tabulated and statistically compared using student t-test to compare difference
between two mean and chi- square to compare differences in distribution of frequencies among postpartum
women. A significant P-value was considered when it is less than or equal 0.05.
Ethical consideration
Risk – benefit assessment. There is no risk at all during application of the research.
Confidentiality was mentioned during all stages of the study.
Informed consent was taken from women for their approval to participate in this study
V. Results:
Table 1: Distribution of the studied sample according to socio-demographic characteristics:
Sociodemographic characteristics:
No. (200)
% P. value
Age
14 – 16 years 19 9.5
<0.001**
17 – 19 years 181 90.5
Range 14 - 19 years
mean + SD 18.0+1.1
The age at marriage
<16 years 21 10.5
<0.001**
16 – 19 years 179 89.5
Range 12 - 19 years
Mean + SD 16.7 + 1.1
Educational level
Illiterate 18 9.0
<0.001**
Read & write 26 13.0
Basic 127 63.5
Secondary 26 13.0
University 3 1.5
Occupation
Housewives 187 93.5
<0.001**
Employer 13 6.5
Consanguinity
Yes 142 71.0
<0.001**
No 58 29.0
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Table (1) shows that the majority of adolescent pregnant women aged from 17-19 years old which is
considered as their age of marriage and they also housewives (90.5%, 89.5% and 93.5% ) respectively.
Concerning education, nearly two thirds of them (63.5%) had basic educations. More than two thirds of the
sample (71%) has consanguinity with their husbands. As regards Obstetric history, the majority of adolescent
pregnant women (95%) were primigravida, only 5% of women were multigravida and more than half of them
(55%) had previous antenatal complications.
The results show that the prevalence of pregnancy among adolescent women was 200/600=33.3%
Table 2: Distribution of the studied sample according to the current pregnancy:
Data related to current pregnancy:
No. (200) % P. value
The weeks of gestation
1st
trimester 4 2.0
<0.001**2nd
trimester 128 64.0
3rd
68 34.0
Range 7 - 32 weeks
Mean + SD 20.6+4.6 weeks
Regular antenatal visits:
Done 57 28.5
<0.001**
Not done 143 71.5
Frequency
One monthly 16 28.1
0.108Ns
Once every two weeks 5 8.8
Every weeks 13 22.8
When I have a problem or complaint 10 17.5
According to the doctor order 13 22.8
Antenatal counseling
Done 5 2.5
<0.001**
Not done 195 97.5
Table (2) indicates that nearly two thirds of women (64%) were in the second trimester of pregnancy
with the mean gestational age was 20.6+4.6 weeks. As regards antenatal care visits, only more than one fourth
of women had regular antenatal visit every month (28.5% & 28.1%) respectively. The vast majority of women
(97.5%) didn’t receive antenatal counseling during these visits.
Table (3): Distribution of the studied sample according to their knowledge about antenatal health needs:
No. (200) % P. value
Nutritional needs according to her trimester:
Yes 10 5.0
<0.001**
No 190 95.0
Frequency
Correct information 1 10.0
<0.001**
Incorrect information 9 90.0
Vaccinations during pregnancy
Yes 22 11.0
<0.001**
No 178 89.0
Frequency
Tetanus Toxoid (TT) 22 100.0
Warning signs during pregnancy
Yes 10 5.0
<0.001**
No 190 95.0
Frequency
Correct information 4 40.0
Incorrect information 6 60.0
Hygienic care during pregnancy
Yes 28 14.0
<0.001**
No 172 86.0
Frequency
Correct information 21 75.0
Incorrect information 7 25.0
Table (3) identifies that the vast majority of women didn’t know any information about nutritional
needs and warning signs during pregnancy (95% & 95%) respectively.
5. Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut...
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
Table (4): Distribution of the studied sample according to their knowledge about the ideal antenatal visits
No. (200) % P. value
The ideal antenatal visits
Yes 16 8.0
<0.001**
No 184 92.0
Frequency
From 1st to the end of 7th month (one monthly) 6 37.5
0.687Ns
From 8th to its end (twice monthly) 6 37.5
From 9th month uptill delivery (once weekly) 4 25.0
Table (4) shows that the majority of adolescent pregnant women (92%) had no information about the
ideal antenatal visits.
Table (5): Distribution of the studied sample according to their knowledge about natal aspects:
No. (200) % P. value
The signs of true labour pain
Yes 8 4.0
<0.001**
No 192 96.0
Frequency
Correct information 4 50.0
1.000Ns
Incorrect information 4 50.0
warning signs that need hospitalization
Yes 9 4.5
<0.001**
No 191 95.5
Frequency
Correct information 6 66.7
0.156Ns
Incorrect information 3 33.3
Timing of bearing down during labour
Yes 3 1.5
<0.001**
No 197 98.5
Frequency
Correct 3 100.0
0.014*
Incorrect 0 0.0
The place of delivery
Home 41 20.5
<0.001**
Hospital 159 79.5
As regards to the natal aspects, table (5) identifies that the vast majority of adolescent pregnant women
had no information about signs of true labour pain, warning signs and the time of bearing down during labour
(96%, 95.5% & 98.5%) respectively.
6. Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut...
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 50 | Page
Table (6): Distribution of the studied sample according to their knowledge about postnatal aspects:
No. (200) % P. value
Time of initiation of breast feeding
Yes 28 14.0
<0.001**
No 172 86.0
Frequency
Correct information 20 71.4
0.001**
Incorrect information 8 28.6
Making perineal care
Yes 23 11.5
<0.001**
No 177 88.5
Frequency
Correct information 15 65.2
<0.001**
Incorrect information 8 34.8
Making newborn care
Yes 30 15.0
<0.001**
No 170 85.0
Frequency
Correct information 30 100.0
<0.001**
Incorrect information 0 0.0
Postpartum nutritional needs
Yes 170 85.0
<0.001**
No 30 15.0
Frequency
Correct information 5 16.7
Incorrect information 25 83.3
As regards to the postnatal aspects, table (6) shows that the majority of adolescent pregnant women
had no information about the time of initiation of breast feeding, making perineal care and newborn care (86%,
88.5% & 85%).
Table (7): Distribution of the studied sample according to their knowledge about proper postpartum
family planning methods:
No. (200) % P. value
Postpartum family planning methods
Yes 11 5.5
<0.001**
No 189 94.5
Frequency
Correct information 1 9.1
<0.001**
Incorrect information 10 90.9
The common postpartum complications
Yes 7 3.5
<0.001**
No 193 96.5
Frequency
Correct information 7 100.0
<0.001**
Incorrect information 0 0.0
Table (7) shows that the vast majority of adolescent pregnant women had no information about
postpartum family planning methods and postpartum complications (94% & 96.5%) respectively.
7. Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut...
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 51 | Page
Table (8): Distribution of the studied sample according to their social aspects:
Social aspects: No. (200) % P. value
The causes of early marriage:
I don’t know 117 58.5
<0.001**
Family decision 17 8.5
Customs & traditions 53 26.5
Financial problems 5 2.5
literally 4 2.0
Relative marriage 1 0.5
Social problems 3 1.5
The decision of early marriage by whom:
By my father 183 91.5
<0.001**
By my self 17 8.5
The decision about her health care by whom:
By her husband 98 49.0
<0.001**
Jointly with her husband 102 51.0
As regards to social aspects, table (8) identifies that more than half of adolescent pregnant women
(58.5%) didn’t know the cause of their early marriage.
Table (9): The relationship between Obstetric aspects and knowledge of adolescent pregnant women:
Obstetric aspects:
Unsatisfactory Satisfactory P. value
No. % No. %
Antenatal health aspects 199 99.5 1 0.5 0.000**
Natal health aspects 196 98.0 4 2.0 0.000**
Postnatal health issues 192 96.0 8 4.0 0.000**
Table (9): shows that there are highly significance differences between Obstetric aspects and
knowledge of adolescent pregnant women (P.V. = 0.000).
VI. Discussion:
Nearly 16 million adolescent girls aged 15-19 years old give births each year, roughly 11% of all births
occur in developing countries. In developing countries, pregnancy and childbirth related complications are the
leading cause of death among adolescent girls. (WHO, 2012).
This study aimed to assess the prevalence of pregnancy among adolescent women at El Zawya Village,
Assiut City, Egypt and to assess the perinatal knowledge of these adolescent pregnant women at the same
village.
As regards to sociodemographic data, the study explored that the mean age of adolescent pregnant
women is 18.0+1.1 years old and the majority of them (89.5%) had age of marriage from 16-19 years old.
Concerning education, nearly two thirds of them (63.5%) had basic education.
These findings are inconsistent with Rasheed, et. al. 2011 who mentioned in his study about
Adolescent pregnancy in Upper Egypt that the mean age at marriage is 17.8 +0.9 years old and nearly one third
of them (31%) had a basic education.
In the same line, Mersal, et. al., 2013 who reported in his study about the effect of prenatal counseling
on compliance and outcomes of teenage pregnancy in Egypt that the mean age of marriage was 15.33+1.19
years old and more than two thirds of the studied sample (69.8%) had less than secondary school.
The differentiation of sociodemographic charactetistics between the present studies and others may
refer to the variation in the sample size, type and the places of conducting the studies.
The majority of teenage pregnant women (94%) were primigravida and 50% had previous antenatal
complications in a Saudian study. In contrast, other study in Canada revealed that 90% of teenage pregnant
women were primigravida.
Consistent with previous findings (Saba, et.al. 2013 and Kingston, et. al. 2015), the present study
explore that the majority of adolescent pregnant women (95%) were primigravida, and more than half of them
(55%) had previous antenatal complications.
The present study revealed that nearly two thirds of adolescent pregnant women (64%) had the 2nd
trimester. As regards antenatal care, only 28.5% of them had regular antenatal visits while the vast majority of
them (97.5%) didn’t receive antenatal counseling during these visits.
These findings are inconsistent with Mersal, et. al., 2013 who reported in his study about the effect of
prenatal counseling on compliance and outcomes of teenage pregnancy that more than 70% of participants had
made only one visit to the antenatal care clinic.
8. Perinatal health awareness among adolescent pregnant women in El zawya Village, Assiut...
DOI: 10.9790/1959-04624553 www.iosrjournals.org 52 | Page
In contrast, Edssy, et. al., 2014 who mentioned in his study about teenage pregnancy and fetal outcome
in Egypt that there was a high rate of teenagers had adequate antenatal care (93.6%).
In the same line, an Egyptian study about adolescent pregnancy in Upper Egypt done by Resheed, et.
al., 2011 who reported that the majority of the participants (94%) had adequate antenatal care.
Kingston, et. al., 2015 mentioned in his study about comparison of adolescent, young adult and adult’s
women’s Maternity experiences and practices in Canada that only half of participants (50.5%) had antenatal
counseling.
The present findings revealed that the majority of adolescent pregnant women had lack of information
about nutritional needs, vaccinations, warning signs and hygienic care during pregnancy (95%, 89%, 95% 86%)
respectively.
These findings are inconsistent with Mersal, et. al. 2011 who reported that only half of adolescent
pregnant women (51%) had an information about nutrition while more than one third of them had an
information about immunization, danger signs and hygiene (37.2%; 37.2% and 32.6%) respectively.
The researcher found that early initiators of perinatal care possessed positive attitudes towards
pregnancy were knowledgeable about pregnancy signs and symptoms and thought perineal care was important
(Tilghman & Lovette, 2008).
The present study revealed that there are lack of knowledge of adolescent pregnant women about the
time of initiation of breast feeding, perineal care and newborn care.
These findings are inconsistent with Kingston, et. al., 2015 who mentioned in his study that more than
two thirds of teenage pregnant women (70%) had knowledge about breast feeding.
In the same line, Mersal, et.al., 2011 who reported in his study that the majority of teenage pregnant
women (80%) had knowledge about breast feeding.
Sarreria de oliveria and Corderio, 2014 mentioned in their study about nursing care needs in the
postpartum period of adolescent’s mothers that the participant showed interest in learning about newborn care
and self-care.
In contrast, Devito’s study, 2013 about how adolescent mothers feel about becoming a parent was
reported that the participant expressed little knowledge about how to care of their newborns.
In the same line, Oweis, Gharaibeb, and Aishee’s study, 2012 who reported that the adolescent’s
mothers wanted to know more information about care of episiotomy wound, perineal care, family planning and
postpartum follow up.
The results of this study explored that the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in this rural village was
33%. These findings are inconsistent with Saba, et. al., 2013 who mentioned in his study about outcome of
Teenage pregnancy that the frequency of teenage pregnancy is only 2%.
Finally, to address effectively the complexity of adolescent pregnancy, the unique issues for teenagers
in each community should be understood. Although declining national teenage pregnancy rates are promising,
the problem of early marriage and poor fetal outcomes are still persisting.
VII. Conclusions:
It is concluded that there is a lack of perinatal knowledge about adolescent pregnant women in rural
village, Egypt
VIII. Recommendations:
Increase teenage pregnant women’s awareness through perinatal educational programs to improve their
maternal and fetal outcomes.
More researches should be done to assess the level of knowledge of teenage pregnant women in rural
communities to reduce poor maternal and fetal outcomes.
Acknowledgements:
We would like to express our deep appreciation to all patients who participate in succession my
research. We would also like to thank the medical and nursing staffs who participate in highlighting the aims of
my research. Finally, I am highly indebted to the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions.
Corresponding author
Ghadah A. Mahmoud
Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing Dept, Faculty of Nursing, Assiut University, Egypt.
Ghada.mahfouz@nursing.au.edu.eg
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