research for past few decades because of limited quantity of fossil fuel
used today. Biodiesel fuels are one of the candidates of the alternative fuel for compression ignition engine due to many
advantages. In this research performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke, water cooled, variable compression ratio diesel engine
running using jatropha biodiesel blends (B10 to B50 with increment of 10) is discussed. Nonedible biodiesel blend is chosen to
avoid food security related problem in case of edible oil based biodiesel. Engine was run at default set compression ratio of 17.5
and injection pressure of 180 bar. Performance was measured at three different loading condition for each blends used in
investigation. It was found that at lower blends performance is similar to that of diesel fuel. Highest thermal efficiency was found
for B20 v/v blend which was 26.43% while other blend B30 shown similar thermal efficiency compare to diesel but was lower
than B20. Emission of engine running with biodiesel was almost similar to that of diesel and there was no significant difference
observed.
Keywords: Alternative Fuels, Nonedible oil Biodiesel, Compression Ignition Engine, Energy Analysis
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigations on air cooled diesel engine using rubber seed bio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Experiments were conducted on a Kirloskar make, air cooled diesel engine using rubber seed biodiesel and its blends with diesel
(10%, 20%, and 30% by volume) as a substitute fuel to petro- diesel. The load was applied in the range 0 to 100% (0, 25%, 50%,
75% and 100%) in steps of 25% of maximum load at an injection pressure of 200 bar and injection timing of 230 of crank angle
before top dead centre. The performance parameters (BP, BTE and BSFC), pollutants (CO, HC, CO2, NOx and smoke opacity)
and combustion characteristics (cylinder pressure rise and heat release rate for every degree of crank angle) were measured for
pure biodiesel and its blends. The results obtained were compared with petro-diesel. Among the fuels tested, 10% blend of rubber
seed biodiesel showed a better performance in terms of increased Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and decreased Brake Specific
Fuel Consumption (BSFC). Significant reductions in pollutants (except NOx) were observed for pure rubber seed biodiesel and its
blends at all power outputs as compared to petro-diesel. Combustion features of rubber seed biodiesel and its blends were similar
to petro-diesel operation.
Key words: Biodiesel, Blends, Injection Pressure, Performance, Emissions, Combustion Characteristics
Performance of direct injection c.i. engine using karanja oil at different in...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of direct injection c.i. engine using karanja oil at different in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Use of biodiesel as an alternative to diesel could reduce the dependency on petroleum product and the pollution problems. Increasing injection pressure is beneficial for achieving better atomization which will directly increase the surface area of injected fuel. In this paper the performance of different blends such as 10B (10% neat Karanja oil and 90% diesel), 20B, 30B, 40B and 100% diesel compared at different injection pressure 150bar, 170bar, 190bar and 210bar.It is found that as the injection pressure increases the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), also increases and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is lowered as the injection pressure is increases. In the present work, experiments are conducted on 3.72 kW (5 BHP) single cylinder, four stroke, air-cooled diesel engine using neat Karanja oil blended with diesel in various proportions to study the engine performance. Keywords: Neat Karanja oil, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, Injection pressure
Emission analysis of bio diesel blends on variable compression ratio engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL MODE WITH KARA...IAEME Publication
Present study shows utilisation of LPG in CI engine with Bio diesel in dual fuel mode. For this experimental work a stationary, single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine was used with few attachments. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different loads and with different fuel combinations . up to 12% biodiesel was saved in dual fuel mode & up to 40% improvements were evident in Brake specific fuel consumption, whereas break thermal efficiency did not improve due to poor utilization of high energy content of LPG.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigations on air cooled diesel engine using rubber seed bio...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Experiments were conducted on a Kirloskar make, air cooled diesel engine using rubber seed biodiesel and its blends with diesel
(10%, 20%, and 30% by volume) as a substitute fuel to petro- diesel. The load was applied in the range 0 to 100% (0, 25%, 50%,
75% and 100%) in steps of 25% of maximum load at an injection pressure of 200 bar and injection timing of 230 of crank angle
before top dead centre. The performance parameters (BP, BTE and BSFC), pollutants (CO, HC, CO2, NOx and smoke opacity)
and combustion characteristics (cylinder pressure rise and heat release rate for every degree of crank angle) were measured for
pure biodiesel and its blends. The results obtained were compared with petro-diesel. Among the fuels tested, 10% blend of rubber
seed biodiesel showed a better performance in terms of increased Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) and decreased Brake Specific
Fuel Consumption (BSFC). Significant reductions in pollutants (except NOx) were observed for pure rubber seed biodiesel and its
blends at all power outputs as compared to petro-diesel. Combustion features of rubber seed biodiesel and its blends were similar
to petro-diesel operation.
Key words: Biodiesel, Blends, Injection Pressure, Performance, Emissions, Combustion Characteristics
Performance of direct injection c.i. engine using karanja oil at different in...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of direct injection c.i. engine using karanja oil at different in...eSAT Journals
Abstract Use of biodiesel as an alternative to diesel could reduce the dependency on petroleum product and the pollution problems. Increasing injection pressure is beneficial for achieving better atomization which will directly increase the surface area of injected fuel. In this paper the performance of different blends such as 10B (10% neat Karanja oil and 90% diesel), 20B, 30B, 40B and 100% diesel compared at different injection pressure 150bar, 170bar, 190bar and 210bar.It is found that as the injection pressure increases the brake thermal efficiency (BTE), also increases and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is lowered as the injection pressure is increases. In the present work, experiments are conducted on 3.72 kW (5 BHP) single cylinder, four stroke, air-cooled diesel engine using neat Karanja oil blended with diesel in various proportions to study the engine performance. Keywords: Neat Karanja oil, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, Injection pressure
Emission analysis of bio diesel blends on variable compression ratio engineeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL MODE WITH KARA...IAEME Publication
Present study shows utilisation of LPG in CI engine with Bio diesel in dual fuel mode. For this experimental work a stationary, single cylinder, four stroke diesel engine was used with few attachments. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different loads and with different fuel combinations . up to 12% biodiesel was saved in dual fuel mode & up to 40% improvements were evident in Brake specific fuel consumption, whereas break thermal efficiency did not improve due to poor utilization of high energy content of LPG.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENT ON MULTI BLEND BIODIESEL USING JATROPHA AND PONGAMIA BIODIESEL ON ...IAEME Publication
The recent research on biodiesel focused on performance of single biodiesel and its blends with diesel. The present work aims to investigate the possibilities of the application of mixtures of two biodiesel and its blends with diesel as a fuel for diesel engines. The present investigations are planned after a thorough review of literature in this area. The combinations of jatropha biodiesel, Pongamia biodiesel, along with diesel (JPD) are taken for the experimental analysis. Experiments are conducted using a single cylinder direct-injection diesel engine with different loads at rated 1200 rpm. Brake thermal efficiency is increasing of JPD-2 has maximum at (28.5%) compare to pure diesel at (27.5%) at 4 kW. Maximum SFC is obtained in JPD-5 (0.77) at 1 kW. The results which obtained are significantly comparable to pure diesel. The multi-blend biodiesels are suitable alternative fuel for diesel in stationary/agricultural diesel engines.
Experimental investigation of performance and combustion characteristics on a...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, for the first time, a nanoceramic Al2O3 was used as a coating material in the low heat rejection engine concept. Experiments were conducted on single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, and direct injection diesel engine. First, the engine was tested at different load conditions without coating. Then, combustion chamber surfaces cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves, and piston crown face were coated with nanoceramic material of Al2O3 using plasma spray method. Comparative evaluation on performance and combustion characteristics using diesel, multi-blend biodiesel and its blends was studied in the ceramic coated and uncoated engines under the same running conditions. An increase in engine power, brake thermal efficiency and a decrease in specific fuel consumption were observed in the ceramic coated engine compared to that of normal engine. Keywords: Multi-blend biodiesel, low heat rejection engine
Effect of injection timing on the performance and emissions of biodiesel fuel...Carnegie Mellon University
Continuous utilization of fossil fuels has been polluting our atmosphere with harmful exhaust emissions from the
engines. Rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels have also generated interest in search for the alternative fuels. One
such alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) engine applications is biodiesel. It is a renewable,
biodegradable and clean burning fuel. In the present work, experiments have been carried out to study the
performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine running on biodiesel. Injection timing was varied to obtain
optimum performance and lowest emissions from CI engine. Comparisons were drawn with respect to standard
diesel fuel performance and emissions. Results clearly indicated the optimum injection timing of 19° before top dead center (BTDC) for biodiesel. Also, the effects of injection timings on HC, CO and NOx emissions have been
discussed.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Bi...IJMER
With this increase in population, industry, transportation the cost of fossil fuels will grow
dramatically. There is a need of new technologies for fuel extraction using feed stocks that do not
threaten food security, cause minimal or no loss of natural habitat. At the same time, the fuel should be
environmental friendly so that environmental pollution should be minimized or eliminated. The search
of vegetable oils as the fuels for engine has been developed. This paper presents the characterization,
results of investigation of combustion performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using Sterculia Striata biodiesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of Sterculia Striata biodiesel and diesel were prepared, analyzed compared with the performance of diesel fuel, and studied using a single cylinder diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, CO, HC, NOx, and smoke emissions were analyzed. The emission from the engine exhaust is lesser with the biodiesel compared with that of the neat diesel engine.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CI ENGINE FUELED WITH WCOashutoshDas123
A comprehensive combustion analysis has been conducted to evaluate the performance of a commercial DI engine, water cooled two cylinders, in-line, naturally aspirated, RD270 Ruggerini diesel engine using waste vegetable cooking oil as an alternative fuel. In order to compare the brake power and the torques values of the engine, it has been tested under same operating conditions with diesel fuel and waste cooking biodiesel fuel blends. The results were found to be very comparable. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil was measured based on ASTM standards. The total sulfur content of the produced biodiesel fuel was 18 ppm which is 28 times lesser than the existing diesel fuel sulfur content used in the diesel vehicles operating in Tehran city (500 ppm).
The maximum power and torque produced using diesel fuel was 18.2 kW and 64.2 Nm at 3200 and 2400 rpm respectively. By adding 20% of waste vegetable oil methyl ester, it was noticed that the maximum power and torque increased by 2.7 and 2.9% respectively. The growing concern about energy resources and the environment has increased interest in the study of alternative energy sources. To meet the requirements of energy expenditure there has been a growing curiosity in alternative fuels such as biodiesel to provide a room for diesel oil appropriate for internal combustion engines. The need for fossil fuels and the emissions generated by these fuels increase daily.
Researchers are on the verge of global warming and climate change, and energy sustainability and the use of materials are important issues today. Biodiesel is another fuel to be put in place of diesel fuel by processing used cooking oil. However, the products formed during the frying process have influenced the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. These experiments on the analysis of C.I. engine that uses diesel and residual cooking oil mixture. They can be recycled and used multiple times, thus offering a cheaper way to produce biodiesel. The advantages and disadvantages of these heterogeneous catalysts are presented. Future work focuses on the application of economically and environmentally sounds solid catalysts in biodiesel production using WCO as raw material.
Experimenal investigation of performance and combustion characteristics of po...eSAT Journals
Abstract Over the last two decades there has been a tremendous increase in the number of automobiles and a corresponding increase in the fuel price. In this regard, alternative fuels like vegetable oils play a major role. Use of pure vegetable oil in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with diesel fuel. To solve the problems due to high viscosity various techniques are used. One such technique is fuel blending. In the present work the pongamia methyl esters (B25, B50, B75, and B100); prepared by transesterification process was used as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. Investigations were carried out for the performance and combustion characteristics of pongamia methyl esters. The results were compared with diesel fuel. For this experiment, a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine at a rated speed of 1500 rpm was used. Tests were carried out over the entire range of engine operation at varying load of 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5.2 at rated speed of 1500rpm and results are compared with diesel. The thermal efficiency, bsfc, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency are well comparable with diesel for diesel engine and low heat rejection engine and better performance and combustion characteristics are observed in case of LHR engine. From investigation it can be stated that up to 25% blend of pongamia biodiesel can be substituted for diesel engine without any modification and with modification we can blend up to 25% we can get better performance and combustion characteristics than normal engine. Keywords: Pongamia biodiesel, low heat rejection engine
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM ARGEMONE OIL WITH DIFFERENT REACTION PARAMETE...Er Sandeep Duran
This experiment work is to investigate the performance parameters of single cylinder, four stroke engine connected to eddy current dynamometer fuelled with argemone biodiesel and blend with diesel fuel under different load condition (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and constant engine running speed. The performance parameters consist of brake power (BP), brake thermal
efficiency (BTHE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The argemone mexicana oil was used for production of biodiesel. The transesterification process was used for production of argemone oil methyl ester by using methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst. The process undergoing various reaction conditions with molar ratio (1:6, 1:3, 1:9 oil to methanol), reaction time (60 min, 90 min, 120 min), reaction temperature (55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C) and catalyst (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% w/w of oil) effects the fuel properties of argemone biodiesel.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Character...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is necessary
and a need of the hour. Rice bran oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a high potential
to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of mahua oil cannot be done, as its
viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics. The mahua oil is
esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in different proportions.
The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion temperature in diesel engines
has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature can increase the efficiency of
the engine. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success in diesel engine applications because of
various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical properties of the coating materials. Although,
the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the application of ceramic coatings can be as high
as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of 650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder
temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions
at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here the effort has been made to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of MOME blend with diesel in conventional
engine and LHR engine.
EFFECT OF ADDITIVE AND RAW RUBBER SEED OIL MIXTURE IN A BIODIESEL IAEME Publication
The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC, NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2) 20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Canola biodiesel an experimental investigation for production of biodiesel a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental investigation was made to estimate the performance of methyl esters of Canola waste cooking oil and their blends in a direct injection diesel engine. The Canola waste cooking oil methyl ester (CWCOME) was prepared through transesterification process by using methanol and KOH as a catalyst. The Canola biodiesel blends were ready in proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of biodiesel with diesel. The effects of pure biodiesel and their blends on engine performance, and exhaust emission were studied under various loading conditions. The experimental results concluded that up to 20% of methyl esters did not affect the performance parameter like fuel consumption rate and brake thermal efficiency. On the other hand above CB20 (20% Canola biodiesel with 80% diesel) a decrease in performance and combustion parameter were clearly observed form the study. Keywords: Canola waste cooking oil, Canola methyl ester, Transesterification, Internal combustion engine, Engine performance.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Econo...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
EXPERIMENT ON MULTI BLEND BIODIESEL USING JATROPHA AND PONGAMIA BIODIESEL ON ...IAEME Publication
The recent research on biodiesel focused on performance of single biodiesel and its blends with diesel. The present work aims to investigate the possibilities of the application of mixtures of two biodiesel and its blends with diesel as a fuel for diesel engines. The present investigations are planned after a thorough review of literature in this area. The combinations of jatropha biodiesel, Pongamia biodiesel, along with diesel (JPD) are taken for the experimental analysis. Experiments are conducted using a single cylinder direct-injection diesel engine with different loads at rated 1200 rpm. Brake thermal efficiency is increasing of JPD-2 has maximum at (28.5%) compare to pure diesel at (27.5%) at 4 kW. Maximum SFC is obtained in JPD-5 (0.77) at 1 kW. The results which obtained are significantly comparable to pure diesel. The multi-blend biodiesels are suitable alternative fuel for diesel in stationary/agricultural diesel engines.
Experimental investigation of performance and combustion characteristics on a...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this study, for the first time, a nanoceramic Al2O3 was used as a coating material in the low heat rejection engine concept. Experiments were conducted on single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled, and direct injection diesel engine. First, the engine was tested at different load conditions without coating. Then, combustion chamber surfaces cylinder head, cylinder liner, valves, and piston crown face were coated with nanoceramic material of Al2O3 using plasma spray method. Comparative evaluation on performance and combustion characteristics using diesel, multi-blend biodiesel and its blends was studied in the ceramic coated and uncoated engines under the same running conditions. An increase in engine power, brake thermal efficiency and a decrease in specific fuel consumption were observed in the ceramic coated engine compared to that of normal engine. Keywords: Multi-blend biodiesel, low heat rejection engine
Effect of injection timing on the performance and emissions of biodiesel fuel...Carnegie Mellon University
Continuous utilization of fossil fuels has been polluting our atmosphere with harmful exhaust emissions from the
engines. Rapid increase in the cost of fossil fuels have also generated interest in search for the alternative fuels. One
such alternative fuel for Compression Ignition (CI) engine applications is biodiesel. It is a renewable,
biodegradable and clean burning fuel. In the present work, experiments have been carried out to study the
performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine running on biodiesel. Injection timing was varied to obtain
optimum performance and lowest emissions from CI engine. Comparisons were drawn with respect to standard
diesel fuel performance and emissions. Results clearly indicated the optimum injection timing of 19° before top dead center (BTDC) for biodiesel. Also, the effects of injection timings on HC, CO and NOx emissions have been
discussed.
Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Bi...IJMER
With this increase in population, industry, transportation the cost of fossil fuels will grow
dramatically. There is a need of new technologies for fuel extraction using feed stocks that do not
threaten food security, cause minimal or no loss of natural habitat. At the same time, the fuel should be
environmental friendly so that environmental pollution should be minimized or eliminated. The search
of vegetable oils as the fuels for engine has been developed. This paper presents the characterization,
results of investigation of combustion performance and emissions characteristics of diesel engine using Sterculia Striata biodiesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of Sterculia Striata biodiesel and diesel were prepared, analyzed compared with the performance of diesel fuel, and studied using a single cylinder diesel engine. The brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperatures, CO, HC, NOx, and smoke emissions were analyzed. The emission from the engine exhaust is lesser with the biodiesel compared with that of the neat diesel engine.
EFFECT OF INJECTION PRESSURE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF CI ENGINE FUELED WITH WCOashutoshDas123
A comprehensive combustion analysis has been conducted to evaluate the performance of a commercial DI engine, water cooled two cylinders, in-line, naturally aspirated, RD270 Ruggerini diesel engine using waste vegetable cooking oil as an alternative fuel. In order to compare the brake power and the torques values of the engine, it has been tested under same operating conditions with diesel fuel and waste cooking biodiesel fuel blends. The results were found to be very comparable. The properties of biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil was measured based on ASTM standards. The total sulfur content of the produced biodiesel fuel was 18 ppm which is 28 times lesser than the existing diesel fuel sulfur content used in the diesel vehicles operating in Tehran city (500 ppm).
The maximum power and torque produced using diesel fuel was 18.2 kW and 64.2 Nm at 3200 and 2400 rpm respectively. By adding 20% of waste vegetable oil methyl ester, it was noticed that the maximum power and torque increased by 2.7 and 2.9% respectively. The growing concern about energy resources and the environment has increased interest in the study of alternative energy sources. To meet the requirements of energy expenditure there has been a growing curiosity in alternative fuels such as biodiesel to provide a room for diesel oil appropriate for internal combustion engines. The need for fossil fuels and the emissions generated by these fuels increase daily.
Researchers are on the verge of global warming and climate change, and energy sustainability and the use of materials are important issues today. Biodiesel is another fuel to be put in place of diesel fuel by processing used cooking oil. However, the products formed during the frying process have influenced the transesterification reaction and the biodiesel properties. These experiments on the analysis of C.I. engine that uses diesel and residual cooking oil mixture. They can be recycled and used multiple times, thus offering a cheaper way to produce biodiesel. The advantages and disadvantages of these heterogeneous catalysts are presented. Future work focuses on the application of economically and environmentally sounds solid catalysts in biodiesel production using WCO as raw material.
Experimenal investigation of performance and combustion characteristics of po...eSAT Journals
Abstract Over the last two decades there has been a tremendous increase in the number of automobiles and a corresponding increase in the fuel price. In this regard, alternative fuels like vegetable oils play a major role. Use of pure vegetable oil in diesel engines causes some problems due to their high viscosity compared with diesel fuel. To solve the problems due to high viscosity various techniques are used. One such technique is fuel blending. In the present work the pongamia methyl esters (B25, B50, B75, and B100); prepared by transesterification process was used as an alternative fuel in a diesel engine. Investigations were carried out for the performance and combustion characteristics of pongamia methyl esters. The results were compared with diesel fuel. For this experiment, a single cylinder, four stroke, water cooled diesel engine at a rated speed of 1500 rpm was used. Tests were carried out over the entire range of engine operation at varying load of 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5.2 at rated speed of 1500rpm and results are compared with diesel. The thermal efficiency, bsfc, mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency are well comparable with diesel for diesel engine and low heat rejection engine and better performance and combustion characteristics are observed in case of LHR engine. From investigation it can be stated that up to 25% blend of pongamia biodiesel can be substituted for diesel engine without any modification and with modification we can blend up to 25% we can get better performance and combustion characteristics than normal engine. Keywords: Pongamia biodiesel, low heat rejection engine
OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL FROM ARGEMONE OIL WITH DIFFERENT REACTION PARAMETE...Er Sandeep Duran
This experiment work is to investigate the performance parameters of single cylinder, four stroke engine connected to eddy current dynamometer fuelled with argemone biodiesel and blend with diesel fuel under different load condition (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%) and constant engine running speed. The performance parameters consist of brake power (BP), brake thermal
efficiency (BTHE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). The argemone mexicana oil was used for production of biodiesel. The transesterification process was used for production of argemone oil methyl ester by using methanol in the presence of sodium metal as a catalyst. The process undergoing various reaction conditions with molar ratio (1:6, 1:3, 1:9 oil to methanol), reaction time (60 min, 90 min, 120 min), reaction temperature (55°C, 65°C, 75°C, 85°C) and catalyst (1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% w/w of oil) effects the fuel properties of argemone biodiesel.
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Character...IJMER
Diesel is a fossil fuel that is getting depleted at a fast rate. So an alternative fuel is necessary
and a need of the hour. Rice bran oil, which is cultivated in India at large scales, has a high potential
to become an alternative fuel to replace diesel fuel. Direct use of mahua oil cannot be done, as its
viscosity is more than the diesel fuel, and hence affects the combustion characteristics. The mahua oil is
esterified to reduce the viscosity and it is blended with diesel on volume basis in different proportions.
The use of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) to increase the combustion temperature in diesel engines
has been pursued for over 20 years. Increased combustion temperature can increase the efficiency of
the engine. However, TBCs have not yet met with wide success in diesel engine applications because of
various problems associated with the thermo-mechanical properties of the coating materials. Although,
the in-cylinder temperatures that can be achieved by the application of ceramic coatings can be as high
as 850-9000C compared to current temperatures of 650-7000C. The increase in the in-cylinder
temperatures helped in better release of energy in the case of biodiesel fuels thereby reducing emissions
at, almost the same performance as the diesel fuel. Here the effort has been made to determine the
performance, emission and combustion characteristics of MOME blend with diesel in conventional
engine and LHR engine.
EFFECT OF ADDITIVE AND RAW RUBBER SEED OIL MIXTURE IN A BIODIESEL IAEME Publication
The main advantage favouring biofuels is that they are biodegradable and thus do not cause harm to the environment. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions The present study aims to investigate the importance of additives in biodiesel blends. Here DEE (Diethyl ether) used as the additives. The main aim of this study is to analyse the effect of compression ratio on the performance and emission of blends of biodiesel with and without using additives. The test has been conducted on three different fuels blends on a single cylinder VCR (Variable Compression Ratio Engine) DI diesel engine at a compression ratio of 16. The performance parameters include BTE, SFC, BP, Volumetric Efficiency and Mechanical efficiency. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain CO, HC, NOx and CO2.The three different fuel blends are 1) standard diesel 2) 20%Jatropha biodiesel, 3) diesel+20%Jatropha+5%DEE+ 3ml raw rubber seed oil. The result of the experimental works has been compared with standard diesel and it concludes considerable improvement in the performance parameters, as well as exhaust emissions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Canola biodiesel an experimental investigation for production of biodiesel a...eSAT Journals
Abstract The experimental investigation was made to estimate the performance of methyl esters of Canola waste cooking oil and their blends in a direct injection diesel engine. The Canola waste cooking oil methyl ester (CWCOME) was prepared through transesterification process by using methanol and KOH as a catalyst. The Canola biodiesel blends were ready in proportion of 10%, 20%, 30% and 100% of biodiesel with diesel. The effects of pure biodiesel and their blends on engine performance, and exhaust emission were studied under various loading conditions. The experimental results concluded that up to 20% of methyl esters did not affect the performance parameter like fuel consumption rate and brake thermal efficiency. On the other hand above CB20 (20% Canola biodiesel with 80% diesel) a decrease in performance and combustion parameter were clearly observed form the study. Keywords: Canola waste cooking oil, Canola methyl ester, Transesterification, Internal combustion engine, Engine performance.
Effect of injection pressure on performance and emission analysis of ci engin...eSAT Journals
Abstract Gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and increase in the exhaust emissions day by day have led to an urgent need for alternative fuels to replace diesel. Vegetable oils biodiesel is considered as an alternative for diesel because of their properties which have been close to pure diesel. In the present study non edible vegetable oils like Honge and Jatropha oils biodiesel and their blends were used as fuel in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine. Further effect of injection pressure on the performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, brake power and emission parameters such as HC, CO and NOX were investigated in a constant speed direct injection diesel engine with varied injection pressures of 180, 200 and 220 bar.The test results showed that Honge and Jatropa oil biofuel blends are having good performance and emission results at 200 bar injection pressure when compared to 180 and 200 bar injection pressure. The test results also showed that performance and emission results of Honge and Jatropa biofuel blends are near to that of the results obtained for pure diesel and they can be used to replace pure diesel. Keywords: - Performance parameters, Emission parameters, Biodiesel, Jatropa oil, Honge oil
Ijaems apr-2016-2 Experimental Parametric Study of Biodiesel to Develop Econo...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
In this globalization realm, there in constant growth in the rate of expenditure of fossil fuels, consequent on ever increasing population and urbanization. This gives charge to depletion of finite resources in the near future. Fossil fuel emission causes global-warming also green-house gases are intangible factor which collectively degrading the planet. As such, the situation demands for an alternate source of energy that can be used to overcome the conjectured energy crisis. In contrast to this, if the energy source is clean and renewable, it will reduce the environmental trouble as well. In the quest an alternate and renewable energy resources, scientists have plead with a variety of options among which biodiesel-diesel blends as alternative fuels has become a popular option and is getting the attention of many researchers. This is because scientists have enlist the properties of biodiesel prepared from vegetable oils are very close to commercial diesel and thus it has a promising future as an alternative fuel for diesel engine. Biodiesel being renewable, biodegradable and green fuel can reduce our dependence on conventional/non-renewable fossil fuels and it also helps to keep pure quality of air by reducing obnoxious automotive/vehicular emissions. Possible solution of this problem is to replace or find renewable and economically feasible fuel as an alternative source. Already a lot of work for source which fulfill the criteria of sustainability and economical carried out. But the effluent is critical issues. So characterization and formation of biodiesel with zero effluent is prime objective.
Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blendsijtsrd
Ever increasing rate in the production of automotive vehicles and the significance of decreasing the pollutions in nature trigger numerous researches to find the alternative solution. Biodiesel has been considered a vital fuel for diesel engine view point. In the present study a single cylinder diesel engine was run fully on non-petroleum fuels blends. In this regard Jatropha methyl ester JME and waste transformer oil WTO were selected as a fuel for the replacement of diesel. diesel engines such as fuel direct injection method is used. The WTO at low percentages 10-40 at regular intervals of 10 on a volume basis , was blended with diesel, to get the fuel blends for the investigation. The performance and emission terms were compared, analyzed and presented in this article. Vidya Sagar Mishra | Dr. Nitin Tenguria "Experimental Analysis of a Diesel Engine Run on Different Biodiesel Fuel Blends" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21582.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/21582/experimental-analysis-of-a-diesel-engine-run-on-different-biodiesel-fuel-blends/vidya-sagar-mishra
EFFECT OF USING BLENDS OF SOAPNUT BIO-DIESEL WITH PETRO-DIESEL AS ENGINE FUELS ON PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF A SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
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Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
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Performance of small capacity compression ignition engine using jatropha biodiesel blends
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 129
PERFORMANCE OF SMALL CAPACITY COMPRESSION IGNITION
ENGINE USING JATROPHA BIODIESEL BLENDS
Sagar G Chaudhari1
, Maulik A Modi2
, Tushar M Patel3
, Gaurav P Rathod4
1
PG Scholar, Mechanical Engineering Department, LDRP-ITR, Gujarat, India
2
Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, LDRP-ITR, Gujarat, India
3
Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, LDRP-ITR, Gujarat, India
4
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, LDRP-ITR, Gujarat, India
Abstract
Alternative fuels for internal combustion engine are area of research for past few decades because of limited quantity of fossil fuel
used today. Biodiesel fuels are one of the candidates of the alternative fuel for compression ignition engine due to many
advantages. In this research performance of single cylinder, 4-stroke, water cooled, variable compression ratio diesel engine
running using jatropha biodiesel blends (B10 to B50 with increment of 10) is discussed. Nonedible biodiesel blend is chosen to
avoid food security related problem in case of edible oil based biodiesel. Engine was run at default set compression ratio of 17.5
and injection pressure of 180 bar. Performance was measured at three different loading condition for each blends used in
investigation. It was found that at lower blends performance is similar to that of diesel fuel. Highest thermal efficiency was found
for B20 v/v blend which was 26.43% while other blend B30 shown similar thermal efficiency compare to diesel but was lower
than B20. Emission of engine running with biodiesel was almost similar to that of diesel and there was no significant difference
observed.
Keywords: Alternative Fuels, Nonedible oil Biodiesel, Compression Ignition Engine, Energy Analysis
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 INTRODUCTION
Today global energy demand is increasing day by day with
rising of population. According to international energy
agency estimation, global energy demand is expected to
increase 53% by 2030. Currently major part of energy
demand is fulfilled by fossil fuels in which crude oil account
for 33.7% , coal for 30.5% and natural gas for 24.4% [1].
Petroleum fuel plays very important role in the development
of the industrial growth, transportation, agriculture sector
and to meet many other human basic needs [2]. If we talk
about transportation sector and many other power
application Internal Combustion engine plays irreplaceable
role in the society. But mostly IC engine has brake thermal
efficiency(BTHE) in the range of 20-40% , it means around
60% of the energy is got wasted. Also due to use of
petroleum fuels IC engine emits harmful gases such as CO,
NOx and HC(Hydro Carbon) particles. So it can be said that
there will be shortage of fuel in near future and also
environment pollution leads to health problems and also
global warming problem. So it leads to find alternative
energy sources which can eliminate the above stated
problems.Some of the alternative fuels are found such as
biodiesel, biogas and hydrogen which are renewable energy
sources. CNG and LPG are also used now a days but they
are supplement energy sources. Biodiesel is one of the best
available source to fulfil energy demand and alternative to
IC engine fuel which can be used without or with few
modifications [2,3]. Biodiesel is renewable and zero
polluting fuel as carbon dioxide is reused in carbon cycle by
the crops of vegetable oil.
Selection of proper alternative fuel for particular continent is
also important because land properties are differ from
continent to continent. Currently more than 90% of the
biodiesel is produce from edible oil because of its abundant
agricultural production for instance palm oil( South Asia),
soybean oil(US), coconut oil( Philippines) and rapeseed oil(
Europe) [1]. But if edible oils are used for biodiesel
production then there will be food vs fuel controversy and
hence it will be better to find biodiesel source from non-
edible oil crops.There are many non-edible oil plants are
available among which few are the major candidates of
biodiesel production. In one research it was found that
neem, karanja, rubber, jatropha, mahua are major candidates
as they can be grown in diverse socio-economic and
environmental conditions and also they are multipurpose
plants which founds its applications in medicines, dyes,
ornamental, feeds, soil enrichments, afforestation etc [4].
Nabnith panighari et al[5] have analysed the single cylinder
diesel engine running with mahua biodiesel blends and they
found that B20 fuel has higher thermal efficiency and brake
specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to other blends
and NOx emission is higher for biodiesel compared to
diesel. S Sivalakshmi et al.[6] have checked the
performance of 4 stroke single cylinder diesel engine fuelled
with Neem oil biodiesel and they found that lower blend
ratio gives better performance compared to diesel fuel and
combustion process is improved with biodiesel. NOx
emission was found higher for biodiesel compared to diesel.
With higher blend ratio NOx emission tend to increase.
Jibanananda jena et al[7] have carried out an research work
on the 4-stroke single cylinder diesel engine using karanja
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 130
and palm biodiesel. They found that karanja and palm oil
shows higher thermal efficiency than the diesel and energy
destruction was found higher for the diesel fuel. Agrawal et
al.[8] have checked the performance of the diesel engine
using linseed biodiesel as a fuel. They found that 50%
linseed blend gives maximum thermal efficiency and lowest
BSFC in this experiment. Smoke emission was higher for
B50 blend compare to others (B10, B20 and B30).
Ramadhas et al.[9] have investigated the performance and
emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with rubber
seed oil biodiesel. They found that lower blend ratio
increases the BTHE and reduces fuel consumption.
Emission was found to be reduce with higher biodiesel
concentration.
As current research belonging to Indian continent, in India
more than 75 non edible crops are found whose fuel
characteristics were found similar within the specification of
USA, Germany and Europe. Although very few which are
studies experimentally such as neem, rubber, rice bran,
jatropha curcus etc [10]. Jatropha curcus was also
recognized by the government of India and many trials were
also done after biodiesel policy implemented in 2009 but
due to some financial problems and other reasons it was fail
to implement blending of it commercially[11]. But jatropha
curcus has potential to be used as biodiesel in India. So in
this research work biodiesel made from nonedible oil crop
jatropha curcus is used as fuel and performance of its blends
was measured and compared with petroleum diesel. Three
loading condition were used to check the performance at all
kind of loading condition
2 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHOD
2.1 Experimental Setup
Test engine setup is shown in the Fig-1. It is single cylinder,
4 stroke, water cooled variable compression ratio(VCR)
engine which can be run on petrol and diesel by changing
engine head. In this experiment diesel engine head is
mounted. Engine output shaft is connected with eddy current
dynamometer for measurement of brake power. Fuel and air
are supplied to the engine from separate unit of fuel tank and
airbox. Engine consists of various sensors such as
temperature sensor, load sensor and speed sensor etc for
measurements. Calorimeter is also attached after the exhaust
line for specific measurement. Water is supplied to engine
for cooling and to calorimeter. Flow rate of water can be
measure with the help of rota meter and flow can be
controlled by valve. Gas Analyser was used for emission
measurement. All required notation are mentioned in the
Fig-1. Test engine specification is also shown in Table1.
2.2 Experiment Methodology
Engine was made to run at manufacturer set value of
compression ratio 17.5 and readings for energy analysis
were taken for different blends ( B10 to B50 with increment
of 10).Engine was made to run for three different loading
conditions as low, medium and high for same blends. The
measurements were taken after the steady state condition
was reached.Though this engine setup has facility to
automatic reading measurements at some fixed interval of
time with data acquisition system, due to some technical
problems readings were measured and noted manually.Load
was varied with the help of voltage knob and reading
directly indicates values in terms of load in kilogram. Fuel
consumption was measured manually by measuring time for
fixed amount of fuel consumption ( 10cc in this case) for
different fuels at different loading conditions. From the air
box manometer difference was noted every time which is
used to calculate mass of air consumption. Mass flow rate of
water for engine cooling and for calorimeter was set by
valves and values of flow rates were measured from rota
meter.
Fig-1. Test Engine Setup[12]
Table 1. Test Engine Specification[12]
Particular Specification
Engine 1 cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled
engine
Bore and stroke 87.5mm and 110 mm
Rated power 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm
Dynamometer Eddy current type, water cooled with
load unit
Air box
Calorimeter
Temperature
sensor
Load sensor
Load indicator
Rota meter
Fuel tank
M S Fabricated with orifice meter and
manometer
Pipe in pipe type
RTD type PT100 and Thermocouple ,
type K
Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0-
50 kg
Digital , range 0-50 kg, supply 230V
AC
Engine cooling 40-400 LPH,
Calorimeter 25-250 LPH
15 litre capacity with fuel metering
pipe of glass
Temperature readings were taken from the digital indicator.
This include various temperature readings such as engine
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @
cooling water inlet and outlet, calorimeter water inlet and
outlet and exhaust gas inlet and outlet temperature in
calorimeter. Gas analyzer was used for the measurement of
exhaust gases volume fractions. Required Properties of
jatropha biodiesel were tested in chemical laboratory. Some
tested value is shown in Table2.
Table 2. Fuel Properties Tested for Biodiesel
Calorific Value 38074.4 kJ/kg
Specific Gravity 0.85
Flash Point 208 0
C
3 ENERGY ANALYSIS
Energy analysis is based on the first law of thermodynamics,
which is also known as energy conservation law. For doing
energy analyses following assumptions are made
The engine operates at steady state condition
The whole instrument including dynamometer is selected
as control volume
The combustion air and exhaust gas each forms ideal gas
mixtures
Potential and kinetic energy effects of the incoming and
outgoing fluid streams are ignored
Steps involving the energy Analysis are as shown
below:[13]
Fuel energy supplied in unit time is given by the following
equation:
Where mf = mass of fuel consume per unit time
LCV is lower calorific value of the fuel (kJ/kg). From above
equation energy input to the engine can be found out
Shaft power or the mechanical brake power of the engine
can be calculated as shown below:
2 /60,000
Where N indicates speed in rpm and T indicates
engine in Nm.
Heat loss in engine cooling water per unit time
following equation:
Where Tc1,Tc2 are engine cooling water inlet an
temperatures in K and Cpw is specific heat of cooling water
Heat Carried away by exhaust gases can be calculated as
shown in equation below:
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
_______________________________________________________________________________________
, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
cooling water inlet and outlet, calorimeter water inlet and
outlet and exhaust gas inlet and outlet temperature in
was used for the measurement of
volume fractions. Required Properties of
tested in chemical laboratory. Some
for Biodiesel
38074.4 kJ/kg
Energy analysis is based on the first law of thermodynamics,
which is also known as energy conservation law. For doing
following assumptions are made[2,4]:
The engine operates at steady state condition
The whole instrument including dynamometer is selected
The combustion air and exhaust gas each forms ideal gas
Potential and kinetic energy effects of the incoming and
Steps involving the energy Analysis are as shown
Fuel energy supplied in unit time is given by the following
(1)
= mass of fuel consume per unit time( kg/s) and
LCV is lower calorific value of the fuel (kJ/kg). From above
equation energy input to the engine can be found out.
Shaft power or the mechanical brake power of the engine
(2)
and T indicates torque of
Heat loss in engine cooling water per unit time is given as
(3)
are engine cooling water inlet and outlet
is specific heat of cooling water.
gases can be calculated as
(4)
Where Tex1 , T0are exhaust gas inlet and ambient
temperature respectively in kelvin and
heat of exhaust gases.
mass flow rate of exhaust gases can be found by summing
up mass flow rates of air and fuel.
Specific heat of exhaust gas can be found by equating
energy balance of heat loss by exhaust gas and heat gain by
the water in calorimeter.
Heat gain by water in calorimeter = Heat loss by exhaust
gases in calorimeter
Unaccounted energy losses which includes heat loss due to
radiation and heat loss to oil and friction power loss etc. sum
of these losses can be found out as follow
Brake thermal efficiency(BTHE) can be found out as:
100%
4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Performance
During experiment engine ra
which was default setting on the engine. Engine was fed
with pure diesel and different
(B10 to B50) for the purpose of energy analysis. All the
necessary measurements were taken for the ener
of the engine. Results obtained from this analysis are
discussed and represented in the graphs as below:
Fig-2. Comparison of Fuel Consumption
From the Fig-2 we can conclude that for low and medium
loading condition fuel consumption for diesel fuel remains
lower than biodiesel blends but at higher load fuel
eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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131
are exhaust gas inlet and ambient
respectively in kelvin and is the specific
mass flow rate of exhaust gases can be found by summing
up mass flow rates of air and fuel.
(5)
Specific heat of exhaust gas can be found by equating
loss by exhaust gas and heat gain by
Heat gain by water in calorimeter = Heat loss by exhaust
(6)
Unaccounted energy losses which includes heat loss due to
radiation and heat loss to oil and friction power loss etc. sum
of these losses can be found out as follow:
(7)
Brake thermal efficiency(BTHE) can be found out as:
(8)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
engine ran on CR 17.5 and IP 180 bar
which was default setting on the engine. Engine was fed
with pure diesel and different blends of jatropha biodiesel
B10 to B50) for the purpose of energy analysis. All the
necessary measurements were taken for the energy analysis
Results obtained from this analysis are
discussed and represented in the graphs as below:
Comparison of Fuel Consumption
we can conclude that for low and medium
loading condition fuel consumption for diesel fuel remains
lower than biodiesel blends but at higher load fuel
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @
consumption for B20 blend was observed lower
and other blends. Also it can be seen from the
all loads fuel consumption for B20 blend is lowest in
comparison to all other blends. Fuel consumption for B40
and B50 remains higher at all loading condition compare to
others; this is due to decrease in calorific values
comparatively at higher blends.Figure3 shows the graph of
comparison of brake thermal efficiency vs load for all tested
fuel. we can see from the graph that engine gives higher
brake thermal efficiency at higher loading condition for all
fuels.
Fig-3. Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency
If we compare for all the fuel tested then at lower load brake
thermal efficiency of all the fuels is almost same however to
be accurate we can say that efficiency of diesel is marginally
higher. But at medium load we can see that B20 fuel has
higher efficiency (19.82%) than all other fuel and diesel
(19.65%) remains at second position. At the higher load
highest efficiency was found for B20 blend that is 26.42%.
Also one other thing we can observe from the Fig
thermal efficiency of other biodiesel blends found higher
than the diesel fuel at this higher load condition and that
might be due to better combustion process in the cylinder
for biodiesel blends due to oxygen content in them.
As performance of jatropha biodiesel blend B20 was found
comparatively higher for the all loading condition, complete
energy analysis is shown in the Fig-4 and Fig
blend B20 and petroleum diesel respectively. In Fig
Fig-5 various values from energy analysis is represented in
percentage of input energy. For B20 and diesel fuel brake
power is 26.42% and 25.19% respectively from the input
energy. Sum of heat loss in engine cooling and exhaust gas
is more than 50% for both B20 and diesel fuel that means
more than 50% of energy input is get wasted in terms of
heat energy into atmosphere hence this should be
4.2 Emission Performance
Emission from the engine was measured with the help of the
exhaust gas analyzer. It can measure emission of CO2 and
CO volume fraction basis and measure NOx and hydro
carbon(HC) emission in parts per million(ppm). From the
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
_______________________________________________________________________________________
, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
or B20 blend was observed lower than diesel
and other blends. Also it can be seen from the graph that at
all loads fuel consumption for B20 blend is lowest in
comparison to all other blends. Fuel consumption for B40
and B50 remains higher at all loading condition compare to
this is due to decrease in calorific values
Figure3 shows the graph of
comparison of brake thermal efficiency vs load for all tested
fuel. we can see from the graph that engine gives higher
brake thermal efficiency at higher loading condition for all
Comparison of Brake Thermal Efficiency
If we compare for all the fuel tested then at lower load brake
thermal efficiency of all the fuels is almost same however to
be accurate we can say that efficiency of diesel is marginally
ad we can see that B20 fuel has
higher efficiency (19.82%) than all other fuel and diesel
(19.65%) remains at second position. At the higher load
highest efficiency was found for B20 blend that is 26.42%.
g we can observe from the Fig-3 is that
thermal efficiency of other biodiesel blends found higher
than the diesel fuel at this higher load condition and that
might be due to better combustion process in the cylinder
for biodiesel blends due to oxygen content in them.
atropha biodiesel blend B20 was found
comparatively higher for the all loading condition, complete
4 and Fig-5 for biodiesel
respectively. In Fig-4 and
various values from energy analysis is represented in
percentage of input energy. For B20 and diesel fuel brake
power is 26.42% and 25.19% respectively from the input
energy. Sum of heat loss in engine cooling and exhaust gas
and diesel fuel that means
more than 50% of energy input is get wasted in terms of
heat energy into atmosphere hence this should be utilize.
Emission from the engine was measured with the help of the
ure emission of CO2 and
NOx and hydro
carbon(HC) emission in parts per million(ppm). From the
exhaust analysis it was observed that there was no
significant difference observed for CO2 and CO and HC
emission for biodiesel blends and diesel. So only NOx
emission comparison is shown in Fig
Form the Fig-6 we can conclude that as load increases NOx
emission increases for all fuels. At low and mediumload
NOx emission is almost similar for all biodiesel blends and
diesel has lowest value among all. At high load diesel has
lowest NOx emission among all fuel except B50 blend. Also
it was observed that NOx emission is get lower as blend
ratio increases.
Fig-4. Diesel Fuel Complete Energy Analysis
Fig-5. B20 Blend Complete Energy Analysis
Fig-6. Nox emission for All fuel at all loads
5 CONCLUSION
From the energy analysis it can be concluded that brake
thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blends tend to increase
toward that of conventional diesel fuel as load increases
from low to high.
eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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132
exhaust analysis it was observed that there was no
significant difference observed for CO2 and CO and HC
el blends and diesel. So only NOx
emission comparison is shown in Fig-6:
6 we can conclude that as load increases NOx
emission increases for all fuels. At low and mediumload
NOx emission is almost similar for all biodiesel blends and
s lowest value among all. At high load diesel has
lowest NOx emission among all fuel except B50 blend. Also
it was observed that NOx emission is get lower as blend
uel Complete Energy Analysis
lend Complete Energy Analysis
Nox emission for All fuel at all loads
From the energy analysis it can be concluded that brake
thermal efficiency of the biodiesel blends tend to increase
toward that of conventional diesel fuel as load increases
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2016, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 133
At the high load brake thermal efficiency of all the biodiesel
blends is observed higher than the diesel so we can conclude
that though biodiesel blends have lower calorific values than
diesel; but improved combustion process and less exergy
destruction or less irreversible process of combustion might
be the reason for the higher performance than the diesel.
Fuel consumption of biodiesel blends are found
comparatively higher than the diesel at all loading condition
except B20 blend which shows almost similar values as that
of diesel. Reason for the higher fuel consumption is their
comparatively lower calorific value.
From the emission performance it can be concluded that
biodiesel have similar kind of emission performance as that
of diesel. CO emission was observed marginally lower for
biodiesel and NOx emission is higher for biodiesel blends
compare to diesel but as blend ratio increases NOx emission
tend to get lower for blends(B10 to B50) at all loads.
So from this performance and emission analysis we can
conclude that lower blend ratio of biodiesel can be
successfully used for diesel engine without modification.
Effect of operating parameter must be checked to optimize
the performance for lower blends. For higher blend ratio
fuel consumption is higher which may restrict the use of
higher blends in engine. In this experiment B20 blend has
comparatively higher performance than others.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Author 1 would like to thank LDRP Institute of Technology
and Research, Gandhinagar for allowing such research work
in the laboratory. Also Author 1 is thankful to chemical
laboratory testing owner Girish Sahasrabuddhe for help.
Nomenclature
LCV Lower Calorific Value (kJ/kg)
Heat/Work Transfer Rate (kW)
N Speed (rpm)
T Torque (Nm)
Mass flow rate (kg/sec)
Cp Constant Pressure Specific Heat (kJ/kg K)
T Temperature (K)
Sub/Super Scripts
f fuel
S shaft
cw cooling water
ex exhaust gas
aair
bp brake power
c engine or calorimeter water temperature subscript
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S, Mobarak H. Production and comparison of fuel
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