Performance Comparison of Density Distribution and Sector mean of sal and cal functions in Walsh Transform Sectors as Feature Vectors for Image Retrieval
In this paper we have proposed two different approaches for feature vector generation with absolute difference as similarity measuring parameter. Sal-cal vectors density distribution and Individual sector mean of complex Walsh transform. The cross over point performance of overall average of precision and recall for both approaches on all applicable sectors sizes are compared. The complex Walsh transform is conceived by multiplying sal components by j= ã-1. The density distribution of real (cal) and imaginary (sal) values and individual mean of Walsh sectors in all three color planes are considered to design the feature vector. The algorithm proposed here is worked over database of 270 images spread over 11 different classes. Overall Average precision and recall is calculated for the performance evaluation and comparison of 4, 8, 12 & 16 Walsh sectors. The overall average of cross over points of precision and recall is of all methods for both approaches are compared. The use of Absolute difference as similarity measure always gives lesser computational complexity and Individual sector mean approach of feature vector has the best retrieval.
This document discusses characterizing the color performance of an LCD display using two models: the linear model and masking model. The linear model uses a lookup table to relate RGB device coordinates to XYZ color coordinates. The masking model accounts for issues like channel interaction and non-constant chromaticity that the linear model cannot by transforming to an RGBCMYK color space. The authors measured an LCD's color output with a spectroradiometer across RGB color ramps. They then used the linear and masking models to process the data and compared the results to determine which model more accurately reproduced the measured colors.
Information Hiding for “Color to Gray and back” with Hartley, Slant and Kekre...IOSR Journals
This document proposes and compares three methods for converting a color image to grayscale while embedding color information, and then recovering the original color image. Method 1 embeds the normalized green and blue color planes in the low-high and high-low subbands of the wavelet-transformed red plane. Method 2 embeds the normalized green and blue planes in the high-low and high-high subbands. Method 3 embeds them in the low-high and high-high subbands. The document finds that Method 2 performed better, as it gave better color recovery results when using Kekre's wavelet transform compared to the other transforms and methods.
The document proposes a one-dimensional signature representation method for recognizing three-dimensional convex objects that is invariant to position, orientation, and scale. The method involves translating an input 3D object to the centroid, rotating to align the principal axis, converting to spherical coordinates, taking the 2D Fourier transform magnitude spectrum, and averaging into a 1D signature vector. Experimental results using simple synthesized 3D convex objects show the signature distances between objects of different shapes are larger than distances between similar objects with different positions, orientations, or scales, demonstrating the proposed signature's discriminative and invariant properties.
Content Based Image Retrieval Using Full Haar SectorizationCSCJournals
Content based image retrieval (CBIR) deals with retrieval of relevant images from the large image database. It works on the features of images extracted. In this paper we are using very innovative idea of sectorization of Full Haar Wavelet transformed images for extracting the features into 4, 8, 12 and 16 sectors. The paper proposes two planes to be sectored i.e. Forward plane (Even plane) and backward plane (Odd plane). Similarity measure is also very essential part of CBIR which lets one to find the closeness of the query image with the database images. We have used two similarity measures namely Euclidean distance (ED) and sum of absolute difference (AD). The overall performance of retrieval of the algorithm has been measured by average precision and recall cross over point and LIRS, LSRR. The paper compares the performance of the methods with respect to type of planes, number of sectors, types of similarity measures and values of LIRS and LSRR.
Effect of Similarity Measures for CBIR using Bins ApproachCSCJournals
This paper elaborates on the selection of suitable similarity measure for content based image retrieval. It contains the analysis done after the application of similarity measure named Minkowiski Distance from order first to fifth. It also explains the effective use of similarity measure named correlation distance in the form of angle ‘cosè’ between two vectors. Feature vector database prepared for this experimentation is based on extraction of first four moments into 27 bins formed by partitioning the equalized histogram of R, G and B planes of image into three parts. This generates the feature vector of dimension 27. Image database used in this work includes 2000 BMP images from 20 different classes. Three feature vector databases of four moments namely Mean, Standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis are prepared for three color intensities (R, G and B) separately. Then system enters in the second phase of comparing the query image and database images which makes of set of similarity measures mentioned above. Results obtained using all distance measures are then evaluated using three parameters PRCP, LSRR and Longest String. Results obtained are then refined and narrowed by combining the three different results of three different colors R, G and B using criterion 3. Analysis of these results with respect to similarity measures describes the effectiveness of lower orders of Minkowiski distance as compared to higher orders. Use of Correlation distance also proved its best for these CBIR results.
The document proposes a new algorithm for vectorizing line drawings that balances fidelity to the input bitmap with simplicity of the output vector curves. Existing vectorization algorithms focus only on fidelity and tend to produce overly complex results with many short curves, especially at junctions. The new algorithm casts vectorization as a global optimization that merges curves where possible to reduce complexity while maintaining accuracy. It can also disambiguate junctions by favoring the simplest interpretations. An interactive tool allows users to guide the algorithm by specifying curve mergers or separations. The algorithm produces higher quality vectorizations with fewer, smoother curves compared to previous methods.
The document proposes a new method for pose-consistent segmentation of 3D shapes based on a quantum mechanical feature descriptor called the Wave Kernel Signature (WKS). The method groups points on a shape's surface where quantum particles at different energy levels have similar probabilities of being measured. It learns clusters of points from multiple poses during training then segments new poses by assigning points to the most likely cluster. Experimental results show the segments agree with human intuition and labels are consistently transferred across poses, demonstrating the method is robust to noise and useful for shape retrieval.
This document discusses characterizing the color performance of an LCD display using two models: the linear model and masking model. The linear model uses a lookup table to relate RGB device coordinates to XYZ color coordinates. The masking model accounts for issues like channel interaction and non-constant chromaticity that the linear model cannot by transforming to an RGBCMYK color space. The authors measured an LCD's color output with a spectroradiometer across RGB color ramps. They then used the linear and masking models to process the data and compared the results to determine which model more accurately reproduced the measured colors.
Information Hiding for “Color to Gray and back” with Hartley, Slant and Kekre...IOSR Journals
This document proposes and compares three methods for converting a color image to grayscale while embedding color information, and then recovering the original color image. Method 1 embeds the normalized green and blue color planes in the low-high and high-low subbands of the wavelet-transformed red plane. Method 2 embeds the normalized green and blue planes in the high-low and high-high subbands. Method 3 embeds them in the low-high and high-high subbands. The document finds that Method 2 performed better, as it gave better color recovery results when using Kekre's wavelet transform compared to the other transforms and methods.
The document proposes a one-dimensional signature representation method for recognizing three-dimensional convex objects that is invariant to position, orientation, and scale. The method involves translating an input 3D object to the centroid, rotating to align the principal axis, converting to spherical coordinates, taking the 2D Fourier transform magnitude spectrum, and averaging into a 1D signature vector. Experimental results using simple synthesized 3D convex objects show the signature distances between objects of different shapes are larger than distances between similar objects with different positions, orientations, or scales, demonstrating the proposed signature's discriminative and invariant properties.
Content Based Image Retrieval Using Full Haar SectorizationCSCJournals
Content based image retrieval (CBIR) deals with retrieval of relevant images from the large image database. It works on the features of images extracted. In this paper we are using very innovative idea of sectorization of Full Haar Wavelet transformed images for extracting the features into 4, 8, 12 and 16 sectors. The paper proposes two planes to be sectored i.e. Forward plane (Even plane) and backward plane (Odd plane). Similarity measure is also very essential part of CBIR which lets one to find the closeness of the query image with the database images. We have used two similarity measures namely Euclidean distance (ED) and sum of absolute difference (AD). The overall performance of retrieval of the algorithm has been measured by average precision and recall cross over point and LIRS, LSRR. The paper compares the performance of the methods with respect to type of planes, number of sectors, types of similarity measures and values of LIRS and LSRR.
Effect of Similarity Measures for CBIR using Bins ApproachCSCJournals
This paper elaborates on the selection of suitable similarity measure for content based image retrieval. It contains the analysis done after the application of similarity measure named Minkowiski Distance from order first to fifth. It also explains the effective use of similarity measure named correlation distance in the form of angle ‘cosè’ between two vectors. Feature vector database prepared for this experimentation is based on extraction of first four moments into 27 bins formed by partitioning the equalized histogram of R, G and B planes of image into three parts. This generates the feature vector of dimension 27. Image database used in this work includes 2000 BMP images from 20 different classes. Three feature vector databases of four moments namely Mean, Standard deviation, Skewness and Kurtosis are prepared for three color intensities (R, G and B) separately. Then system enters in the second phase of comparing the query image and database images which makes of set of similarity measures mentioned above. Results obtained using all distance measures are then evaluated using three parameters PRCP, LSRR and Longest String. Results obtained are then refined and narrowed by combining the three different results of three different colors R, G and B using criterion 3. Analysis of these results with respect to similarity measures describes the effectiveness of lower orders of Minkowiski distance as compared to higher orders. Use of Correlation distance also proved its best for these CBIR results.
The document proposes a new algorithm for vectorizing line drawings that balances fidelity to the input bitmap with simplicity of the output vector curves. Existing vectorization algorithms focus only on fidelity and tend to produce overly complex results with many short curves, especially at junctions. The new algorithm casts vectorization as a global optimization that merges curves where possible to reduce complexity while maintaining accuracy. It can also disambiguate junctions by favoring the simplest interpretations. An interactive tool allows users to guide the algorithm by specifying curve mergers or separations. The algorithm produces higher quality vectorizations with fewer, smoother curves compared to previous methods.
The document proposes a new method for pose-consistent segmentation of 3D shapes based on a quantum mechanical feature descriptor called the Wave Kernel Signature (WKS). The method groups points on a shape's surface where quantum particles at different energy levels have similar probabilities of being measured. It learns clusters of points from multiple poses during training then segments new poses by assigning points to the most likely cluster. Experimental results show the segments agree with human intuition and labels are consistently transferred across poses, demonstrating the method is robust to noise and useful for shape retrieval.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a content-based image retrieval system using cascaded color and texture features. Color features are first extracted from images using statistical measures like mean, standard deviation, energy, entropy, skewness and kurtosis. Similarity to a query image is then measured using distance metrics. The top 150 most similar images are then analyzed to extract Haralick texture features. Similarity is again measured to retrieve the most relevant images. The paper finds that Canberra distance provides better retrieval results than other distance metrics like City Block and Minkowski.
Developing 3D Viewing Model from 2D Stereo Pair with its Occlusion RatioCSCJournals
We intend to make a 3D model using a stereo pair of images by using a novel method of local matching in pixel domain for calculating horizontal disparities. We also find the occlusion ratio using the stereo pair followed by the use of The Edge Detection and Image SegmentatiON (EDISON) system, on one the images, which provides a complete toolbox for discontinuity preserving filtering, segmentation and edge detection. Instead of assigning a disparity value to each pixel, a disparity plane is assigned to each segment. We then warp the segment disparities to the original image to get our final 3D viewing Model.
This document presents a new color image segmentation approach based on overlap wavelet transform (OWT). OWT extracts wavelet features to better separate different patterns in an image. The proposed method also uses morphological operators and 2D histogram clustering for effective segmentation. It is concluded that the proposed OWT method improves segmentation quality, is reliable, fast and computationally less complex than direct histogram clustering. When tested on various color spaces, the proposed segmentation scheme produced better results in RGB color space compared to others. The main advantages are its use of a single parameter and faster speed.
Lecture 07 leonidas guibas - networks of shapes and imagesmustafa sarac
The document discusses extracting shared structure from networks of related images and shapes through joint analysis. It proposes estimating consistent functional maps between images in a network, allowing functions like object segmentations to be transported across images. Estimating functional maps involves preserving features while enforcing cycle consistency across the network. This emerges shared "object functions" representing consistently segmented objects across related images. Experiments on object co-segmentation datasets demonstrate improved segmentation by exploiting relationships in an image network.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
This paper proposes a novel approach called R2P (Recomposition and Retargeting of Photographic Images) that can automatically alter the composition of an input source image to match a reference image, while also resizing the recomposed output image to fit the reference. The method first extracts foreground objects from the source and reference images. It then performs recomposition by solving a graph matching optimization to transfer the composition from the reference to the source. Finally, it jointly retargets the recomposed source image by optimizing a mesh warping technique to minimize distortion while fitting the size of the reference image. The approach requires no user input, pre-collected training data, or predetermined composition rules.
Extract the ancient letters from decoratedIJERA Editor
Nowadays, large databases of ornaments of the hand-press period are available and need efficient retrieval tools
for history specialists and general users. This article deals with document images analysis. The purpose of our
work is to automatically determine the letter represented in an ornamental letter image. Our process is divided
into two parts: Wavelet transformation: Segmentation of the ornamental letter followed by a recognition step.
The segmentation process uses multi-resolution analysis to filter background decorations followed by
binarisation and morphologic reconstruction of the expected letter.
Face Alignment Using Active Shape Model And Support Vector MachineCSCJournals
The document proposes improvements to the classical Active Shape Model (ASM) algorithm for face alignment. The improvements include: 1) Combining Sobel filtering and 2D profiles to build texture models, 2) Applying Canny edge detection for enhancement, 3) Using Support Vector Machines (SVM) to classify landmarks for more accurate localization, and 4) Automatically adjusting 2D profile lengths based on image size. Experimental results on two face databases show the proposed ASM-SVM method achieves better alignment accuracy than the classical ASM and other methods.
The document summarizes two incremental smoothing and mapping algorithms, iSAM and iSAM2. iSAM uses matrix factorization to efficiently update the information matrix when new measurements are obtained. However, periodic batch steps are required to avoid "fill-in", reducing efficiency. iSAM2 uses a novel Bayes tree data structure to represent the factor graph, allowing incremental updates to be made by only modifying the relevant portions of the tree. This provides an exact, incremental solution without periodic batch steps, making it more efficient than iSAM. The document provides examples of applying iSAM2 to a range odometry SLAM problem and a structure from motion application.
FREE- REFERENCE IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK USING METRICS FUSION AND D...sipij
The document presents a new no-reference image quality assessment framework that uses metrics fusion and dimensionality reduction. It extracts features from three existing no-reference metrics operating in different domains (DCT, DWT, spatial). Singular value decomposition is used to select the most relevant features, which are then input to a relevance vector machine to predict overall quality scores. Experimental results on two databases show the proposed method performs well in terms of correlation, monotonicity and accuracy for both single-database and cross-database evaluations.
This document discusses graceful graph labelings and their applications. It begins with an introduction that defines graph labelings and graceful labelings. It then examines whether specific graph types like paths, cycles, and trees admit graceful labelings. The document outlines algorithms for determining graceful labelings and describes applications in fields like communication networks, sensor networks, and X-ray crystallography where determining graceful labelings can help address problems like channel allocation and network addressing. It concludes by emphasizing how graph labelings are useful tools in communication-related domains.
COMPOSITE TEXTURE SHAPE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL SKELETON AND RE...sipij
After several decades of research, the development of an effective feature extraction method for texture
classification is still an ongoing effort. Therefore , several techniques have been proposed to resolve such
problems. In this paper a novel composite texture classification method based on innovative pre-processing
techniques, skeletonization and Regional moments (RM) is proposed. This proposed texture classification
approach, takes into account the ambiguity brought in by noise and the different caption and digitization
processes. To offer better classification rate, innovative pre-processing methods are applied on various
texture images first. Pre-processing mechanisms describe various methods of converting a grey level image
into binary image with minimal consideration of the noise model. Then shape features are evaluated using
RM on the proposed Morphological Skeleton (MS) method by suitable numerical characterization
measures for a precise classification. This texture classification study using MS and RM has given a good
performance. Good classification result is achieved from a single region moment RM10 while others failed
in classification.
Hierarchical Approach for Total Variation Digital Image InpaintingIJCSEA Journal
The art of recovering an image from damage in an undetectable form is known as inpainting. The manual work of inpainting is most often a very time consum ing process. Due to digitalization of this technique, it is automatic and faster. In this paper, after the user selects the regions to be reconstructed, the algorithm automatically reconstruct the lost regions with the help of the information surrounding them. The existing methods perform very well when the region to be reconstructed is very small, but fails in proper reconstruction as the area increases. This paper describes a Hierarchical method by which the area to be inpainted is reduced in multiple levels and Total Variation(TV) method is used to inpaint in each level. This algorithm gives better performance when compared with other existing algorithms such as nearest neighbor interpolation, Inpainting through Blurring and Sobolev Inpainting.
Image Registration using NSCT and Invariant MomentCSCJournals
Image registration is a process of matching images, which are taken at different times, from different sensors or from different view points. It is an important step for a great variety of applications such as computer vision, stereo navigation, medical image analysis, pattern recognition and watermarking applications. In this paper an improved feature point selection and matching technique for image registration is proposed. This technique is based on the ability of nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) to extract significant features irrespective of feature orientation. Then the correspondence between the extracted feature points of reference image and sensed image is achieved using Zernike moments. Feature point pairs are used for estimating the transformation parameters mapping the sensed image to the reference image. Experimental results illustrate the registration accuracy over a wide range for panning and zooming movement and also the robustness of the proposed algorithm to noise. Apart from image registration proposed method can be used for shape matching and object classification. Keywords: Image Registration, NSCT, Contourlet Transform, Zernike Moment.
A Novel Cosine Approximation for High-Speed Evaluation of DCTCSCJournals
This article presents a novel cosine approximation for high-speed evaluation of DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) using Ramanujan Ordered Numbers. The proposed method uses the Ramanujan ordered number to convert the angles of the cosine function to integers. Evaluation of these angles is by using a 4th degree Polynomial that approximates the cosine function with error of approximation in the order of 10^-3. The evaluation of the cosine function is explained through the computation of the DCT coefficients. High-speed evaluation at the algorithmic level is measured in terms of the computational complexity of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm of cosine approximation increases the overhead on the number of adders by 13.6%. This algorithm avoids floating-point multipliers and requires N/2log2N shifts and (3N/2 log2 N)- N + 1 addition operations to evaluate an N-point DCT coefficients thereby improving the speed of computation of the coefficients .
Contrast enhancement using various statistical operations and neighborhood pr...sipij
This document proposes a novel contrast enhancement algorithm using various statistical operations and neighborhood processing. It begins with an overview of histogram equalization and some of its limitations. It then discusses related work on other histogram equalization techniques including classical histogram equalization, brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization, recursive mean separate histogram equalization, and background brightness preserving histogram equalization. The proposed method is then described, which applies statistical operations like mean and standard deviation within a neighborhood to locally enhance pixels. Pixels are replaced from an initially equalized image if their difference from the local mean exceeds a threshold. This aims to preserve local brightness features. Finally, metrics for evaluating image quality like PSNR, SSIM, and CNR are defined to analyze results
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in an advanced computer aided design course, including principles of computer graphics, CAD tools, surface modeling, parametric representation of surfaces, geometric modeling in 3D, data exchange formats and standards, and collaborative engineering. The syllabus covers points plotting, lines, Bresenham's circle algorithm, transformations, hidden surface removal, CAD system evaluation criteria, modeling techniques like wireframe, surface and solid modeling, parametric surfaces, solid modeling representations, data exchange formats like IGES and DXF, and collaborative design principles and tools.
Andrew P. Coombes writes a letter of recommendation for MaryKate Hilmes. He believes that in the short time he has known MaryKate, she has proven to possess qualities and characteristics that would make her a valuable asset to any team, including her drive, perseverance, and tenacity. Coombes also expresses that MaryKate has exhibited abilities for self-improvement that will lead to continued success in any area she chooses to pursue.
Maj (Retd) Dev Raj Verma has over 40 years of experience in project execution, administration, operations, and security management. He most recently worked as Senior Manager of Operations for RRB Energy Limited, where he oversaw the procurement, design, erection, testing, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of wind turbines. Prior to that, he spent 33 years in the Indian Army's Corps of Signals, where he was responsible for general administration functions. He has extensive experience in wind turbine technology and has successfully installed, maintained, and implemented cost-saving techniques for 600KW turbines and 33KV power lines.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a content-based image retrieval system using cascaded color and texture features. Color features are first extracted from images using statistical measures like mean, standard deviation, energy, entropy, skewness and kurtosis. Similarity to a query image is then measured using distance metrics. The top 150 most similar images are then analyzed to extract Haralick texture features. Similarity is again measured to retrieve the most relevant images. The paper finds that Canberra distance provides better retrieval results than other distance metrics like City Block and Minkowski.
Developing 3D Viewing Model from 2D Stereo Pair with its Occlusion RatioCSCJournals
We intend to make a 3D model using a stereo pair of images by using a novel method of local matching in pixel domain for calculating horizontal disparities. We also find the occlusion ratio using the stereo pair followed by the use of The Edge Detection and Image SegmentatiON (EDISON) system, on one the images, which provides a complete toolbox for discontinuity preserving filtering, segmentation and edge detection. Instead of assigning a disparity value to each pixel, a disparity plane is assigned to each segment. We then warp the segment disparities to the original image to get our final 3D viewing Model.
This document presents a new color image segmentation approach based on overlap wavelet transform (OWT). OWT extracts wavelet features to better separate different patterns in an image. The proposed method also uses morphological operators and 2D histogram clustering for effective segmentation. It is concluded that the proposed OWT method improves segmentation quality, is reliable, fast and computationally less complex than direct histogram clustering. When tested on various color spaces, the proposed segmentation scheme produced better results in RGB color space compared to others. The main advantages are its use of a single parameter and faster speed.
Lecture 07 leonidas guibas - networks of shapes and imagesmustafa sarac
The document discusses extracting shared structure from networks of related images and shapes through joint analysis. It proposes estimating consistent functional maps between images in a network, allowing functions like object segmentations to be transported across images. Estimating functional maps involves preserving features while enforcing cycle consistency across the network. This emerges shared "object functions" representing consistently segmented objects across related images. Experiments on object co-segmentation datasets demonstrate improved segmentation by exploiting relationships in an image network.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
This paper proposes a novel approach called R2P (Recomposition and Retargeting of Photographic Images) that can automatically alter the composition of an input source image to match a reference image, while also resizing the recomposed output image to fit the reference. The method first extracts foreground objects from the source and reference images. It then performs recomposition by solving a graph matching optimization to transfer the composition from the reference to the source. Finally, it jointly retargets the recomposed source image by optimizing a mesh warping technique to minimize distortion while fitting the size of the reference image. The approach requires no user input, pre-collected training data, or predetermined composition rules.
Extract the ancient letters from decoratedIJERA Editor
Nowadays, large databases of ornaments of the hand-press period are available and need efficient retrieval tools
for history specialists and general users. This article deals with document images analysis. The purpose of our
work is to automatically determine the letter represented in an ornamental letter image. Our process is divided
into two parts: Wavelet transformation: Segmentation of the ornamental letter followed by a recognition step.
The segmentation process uses multi-resolution analysis to filter background decorations followed by
binarisation and morphologic reconstruction of the expected letter.
Face Alignment Using Active Shape Model And Support Vector MachineCSCJournals
The document proposes improvements to the classical Active Shape Model (ASM) algorithm for face alignment. The improvements include: 1) Combining Sobel filtering and 2D profiles to build texture models, 2) Applying Canny edge detection for enhancement, 3) Using Support Vector Machines (SVM) to classify landmarks for more accurate localization, and 4) Automatically adjusting 2D profile lengths based on image size. Experimental results on two face databases show the proposed ASM-SVM method achieves better alignment accuracy than the classical ASM and other methods.
The document summarizes two incremental smoothing and mapping algorithms, iSAM and iSAM2. iSAM uses matrix factorization to efficiently update the information matrix when new measurements are obtained. However, periodic batch steps are required to avoid "fill-in", reducing efficiency. iSAM2 uses a novel Bayes tree data structure to represent the factor graph, allowing incremental updates to be made by only modifying the relevant portions of the tree. This provides an exact, incremental solution without periodic batch steps, making it more efficient than iSAM. The document provides examples of applying iSAM2 to a range odometry SLAM problem and a structure from motion application.
FREE- REFERENCE IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK USING METRICS FUSION AND D...sipij
The document presents a new no-reference image quality assessment framework that uses metrics fusion and dimensionality reduction. It extracts features from three existing no-reference metrics operating in different domains (DCT, DWT, spatial). Singular value decomposition is used to select the most relevant features, which are then input to a relevance vector machine to predict overall quality scores. Experimental results on two databases show the proposed method performs well in terms of correlation, monotonicity and accuracy for both single-database and cross-database evaluations.
This document discusses graceful graph labelings and their applications. It begins with an introduction that defines graph labelings and graceful labelings. It then examines whether specific graph types like paths, cycles, and trees admit graceful labelings. The document outlines algorithms for determining graceful labelings and describes applications in fields like communication networks, sensor networks, and X-ray crystallography where determining graceful labelings can help address problems like channel allocation and network addressing. It concludes by emphasizing how graph labelings are useful tools in communication-related domains.
COMPOSITE TEXTURE SHAPE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL SKELETON AND RE...sipij
After several decades of research, the development of an effective feature extraction method for texture
classification is still an ongoing effort. Therefore , several techniques have been proposed to resolve such
problems. In this paper a novel composite texture classification method based on innovative pre-processing
techniques, skeletonization and Regional moments (RM) is proposed. This proposed texture classification
approach, takes into account the ambiguity brought in by noise and the different caption and digitization
processes. To offer better classification rate, innovative pre-processing methods are applied on various
texture images first. Pre-processing mechanisms describe various methods of converting a grey level image
into binary image with minimal consideration of the noise model. Then shape features are evaluated using
RM on the proposed Morphological Skeleton (MS) method by suitable numerical characterization
measures for a precise classification. This texture classification study using MS and RM has given a good
performance. Good classification result is achieved from a single region moment RM10 while others failed
in classification.
Hierarchical Approach for Total Variation Digital Image InpaintingIJCSEA Journal
The art of recovering an image from damage in an undetectable form is known as inpainting. The manual work of inpainting is most often a very time consum ing process. Due to digitalization of this technique, it is automatic and faster. In this paper, after the user selects the regions to be reconstructed, the algorithm automatically reconstruct the lost regions with the help of the information surrounding them. The existing methods perform very well when the region to be reconstructed is very small, but fails in proper reconstruction as the area increases. This paper describes a Hierarchical method by which the area to be inpainted is reduced in multiple levels and Total Variation(TV) method is used to inpaint in each level. This algorithm gives better performance when compared with other existing algorithms such as nearest neighbor interpolation, Inpainting through Blurring and Sobolev Inpainting.
Image Registration using NSCT and Invariant MomentCSCJournals
Image registration is a process of matching images, which are taken at different times, from different sensors or from different view points. It is an important step for a great variety of applications such as computer vision, stereo navigation, medical image analysis, pattern recognition and watermarking applications. In this paper an improved feature point selection and matching technique for image registration is proposed. This technique is based on the ability of nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) to extract significant features irrespective of feature orientation. Then the correspondence between the extracted feature points of reference image and sensed image is achieved using Zernike moments. Feature point pairs are used for estimating the transformation parameters mapping the sensed image to the reference image. Experimental results illustrate the registration accuracy over a wide range for panning and zooming movement and also the robustness of the proposed algorithm to noise. Apart from image registration proposed method can be used for shape matching and object classification. Keywords: Image Registration, NSCT, Contourlet Transform, Zernike Moment.
A Novel Cosine Approximation for High-Speed Evaluation of DCTCSCJournals
This article presents a novel cosine approximation for high-speed evaluation of DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) using Ramanujan Ordered Numbers. The proposed method uses the Ramanujan ordered number to convert the angles of the cosine function to integers. Evaluation of these angles is by using a 4th degree Polynomial that approximates the cosine function with error of approximation in the order of 10^-3. The evaluation of the cosine function is explained through the computation of the DCT coefficients. High-speed evaluation at the algorithmic level is measured in terms of the computational complexity of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm of cosine approximation increases the overhead on the number of adders by 13.6%. This algorithm avoids floating-point multipliers and requires N/2log2N shifts and (3N/2 log2 N)- N + 1 addition operations to evaluate an N-point DCT coefficients thereby improving the speed of computation of the coefficients .
Contrast enhancement using various statistical operations and neighborhood pr...sipij
This document proposes a novel contrast enhancement algorithm using various statistical operations and neighborhood processing. It begins with an overview of histogram equalization and some of its limitations. It then discusses related work on other histogram equalization techniques including classical histogram equalization, brightness preserving bi-histogram equalization, recursive mean separate histogram equalization, and background brightness preserving histogram equalization. The proposed method is then described, which applies statistical operations like mean and standard deviation within a neighborhood to locally enhance pixels. Pixels are replaced from an initially equalized image if their difference from the local mean exceeds a threshold. This aims to preserve local brightness features. Finally, metrics for evaluating image quality like PSNR, SSIM, and CNR are defined to analyze results
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in an advanced computer aided design course, including principles of computer graphics, CAD tools, surface modeling, parametric representation of surfaces, geometric modeling in 3D, data exchange formats and standards, and collaborative engineering. The syllabus covers points plotting, lines, Bresenham's circle algorithm, transformations, hidden surface removal, CAD system evaluation criteria, modeling techniques like wireframe, surface and solid modeling, parametric surfaces, solid modeling representations, data exchange formats like IGES and DXF, and collaborative design principles and tools.
Andrew P. Coombes writes a letter of recommendation for MaryKate Hilmes. He believes that in the short time he has known MaryKate, she has proven to possess qualities and characteristics that would make her a valuable asset to any team, including her drive, perseverance, and tenacity. Coombes also expresses that MaryKate has exhibited abilities for self-improvement that will lead to continued success in any area she chooses to pursue.
Maj (Retd) Dev Raj Verma has over 40 years of experience in project execution, administration, operations, and security management. He most recently worked as Senior Manager of Operations for RRB Energy Limited, where he oversaw the procurement, design, erection, testing, commissioning, operation, and maintenance of wind turbines. Prior to that, he spent 33 years in the Indian Army's Corps of Signals, where he was responsible for general administration functions. He has extensive experience in wind turbine technology and has successfully installed, maintained, and implemented cost-saving techniques for 600KW turbines and 33KV power lines.
La cazuela es un recipiente de barro o metal, con forma de cuenco ancho y poco profundo, que se utiliza para cocinar guisos u otros platos. Suele tener asas para poder cogerla y transportarla fácilmente. La cazuela es ideal para cocinar platos que requieren larga cocción a fuego lento, como guisos, estofados y cocidos.
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Performance Comparison of Density Distribution and Sector mean of sal and cal functions in Walsh Transform Sectors as Feature Vectors for Image Retrieval
1. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 205
Performance Comparison of Density Distribution and Sector
mean of sal and cal functions in Walsh Transform Sectors as
Feature Vectors for Image Retrieval
H.B.Kekre hbkekre@yahoo.com
Senior Professor, Computer Engineering Department
SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University)
Mumbai, 400056, INDIA
Dhirendra Mishra dhirendra.mishra@gmail.com
Assistant Professor and PhD. Research Scholar
SVKM’s NMIMS (Deemed-to-be University)
Mumbai, 400056,INDIA
Abstract
In this paper we have proposed two different approaches for feature vector
generation with absolute difference as similarity measuring parameter. Sal-cal
vectors density distribution and Individual sector mean of complex Walsh
transform. The cross over point performance of overall average of precision and
recall for both approaches on all applicable sectors sizes are compared. The
complex Walsh transform is conceived by multiplying sal components by j= √-1.
The density distribution of real (cal) and imaginary (sal) values and individual
mean of Walsh sectors in all three color planes are considered to design the
feature vector. The algorithm proposed here is worked over database of 270
images spread over 11 different classes. Overall Average precision and recall is
calculated for the performance evaluation and comparison of 4, 8, 12 & 16
Walsh sectors. The overall average of cross over points of precision and recall is
of all methods for both approaches are compared. The use of Absolute difference
as similarity measure always gives lesser computational complexity and
Individual sector mean approach of feature vector has the best retrieval.
Keywords: CBIR, Walsh Transform, Euclidian Distance, Precision, Recall, Kekre’s Algorithm
1. INTRODUCTION
The explosive growth in the digital information in the form of videos and images has given the
birth to issue of its storage and management [1].Digital information in the form of images are very
widely used on web and in various applications like medical, biometric, security etc. Management
of such large image databases requires search and retrieval of relevant images to use it in time.
The earlier methods of search and retrieval of relevant images from the database were based on
texts which used to be ambiguous and involved lot of human intervention. The need of better
method of search and retrieval of images has given the birth to the content based Image retrieval
approach. Here the image itself is used as a query and images having similar contents are
retrieved from the large database. The earliest use of the term content-based image retrieval in
2. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 206
the literature seems to have been by Kato [3] to describe his experiments into automatic retrieval
of images from a database by using color, texture and shape as features. The term has since
been widely used to describe the process of retrieving desired images from a large collection on
the basis of features (such as colors, texture and shape) that can be automatically extracted from
the images themselves. The typical CBIR system [2-6] performs two major tasks. The first one is
feature extraction (FE), where a set of features, called image signature or feature vector, is
generated to closely represent the content of each image in the database. A feature vector is
much smaller in size than the original image, typically of the order of hundreds of elements (rather
than millions). The second task is similarity measurement (SM), where a distance between the
query image and each image in the database using their signatures is computed so that the top
―closest images can be retrieved.[8-10]. Various methods of CBIR like Bit truncation coding
(BTC)[14], use of Transforms[15],[16],[18],[20],[21], Vector quantization [12],[19] has already
been proposed for feature vector generation. The basic features of images like color [12][13],
shape, texture are taken into consideration. Here in this paper we have proposed the innovative
idea of sectorization of complex Walsh transform and use of density distribution of sal and cal
elements in sectors of complex Walsh transform and individual mean of sal and cal distributions
in each sector as two different methods to generate the feature vector. We have also proposed
the use of absolute difference which is faster as similarity measuring parameter for CBIR instead
of Euclidian distance which requires large computations .
2. Walsh Transform
These Walsh transform [16] matrix is defined as a set of N rows,
denoted Wj, for j = 0, 1, .... , N - 1, which have the following properties:
Wj takes on the values +1 and -1.
Wj[0] = 1 for all j.
Wj x W
T
k=0, for j ≠ k and Wj x Wk
T
=N, for j=k.
Wj has exactly j zero crossings, for j = 0, 1, ., N-1.
Each row Wj is either even or odd with respect to
its midpoint.
Walsh transform matrix is defined using a Hadamard matrix of order N. The Walsh transform
matrix row is the row of the Hadamard matrix specified by the Walsh code index, which must be
an integer in the range [0, ..., N - 1]. For the Walsh code index equal to an integer j, the
respective Hadamard output code has exactly j zero crossings, for j = 0, 1, ... , N - 1.
Kekre’s Algorithm to generate Walsh Transform from Hadamard matrix [17]:
Step 1:
Arrange the ‘n’ coefficients in a row and then split the row in ‘n/2’, the other part is written below
the upper row but in reverse order as follows:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
Step 2:
We get two rows, each of this row is again split in ‘n/2’ and other part is written in reverse order
below the upper rows as shown below.
0 1 2 3
15 14 13 12
7 6 5 4
8 9 10 11
This step is repeated until we get a single column which gives the ordering of the Hadamard rows
according to sequency as given below:
0 ,15, 7, 8, 3,12,4,11,1,14,6,9,2,13,5,10
Step 3:
3. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 207
According to this sequence the Hadamard rows are arranged to get Walsh transform matrix. Now
a product of Walsh matrix and the image matrix is calculated. This matrix contains Walsh
transform of all the columns of the given image. Since Walsh matrix has the entries either +1 or
-1 there is no multiplication involved in computing this matrix. Since only additions are involved
computation complexity is very low.
3. Feature Vector Generation and Similarity Measure
The proposed algorithm makes novel use of Walsh transform to design the sectors to generate
the feature vectors for the purpose of search and retrieval of database images. The complex
Walsh transform is conceived by multiplying all sal functions by j= √-1 and combining them with
real cal functions of the same sequency. Thus it is possible to calculate the angle by taking tan-1
of sal/cal. However the values of tan are periodic with the period л radians hence it can resolve
these values in only two sectors. To get the angle in the range of 0-360 degrees we divide these
points in four sectors as explained below. These four sectors are further divided into 8, 12 and 16
sectors. We have proposed two different approaches for feature vector generation with absolute
difference as similarity measure which is compared with Euclidean distance [8-10], [12-15] which
is widely used as similarity measuring parameter. Sa-cal density distribution in complex transform
plane and Individual sector mean are two different approaches to generate feature vectors. In the
first approach the density distribution of sal and cal in each sector is considered for feature vector
generation. Each Walsh sector is represented by single percentage value of sal cal distribution in
particular sector w.r.t. all sectors for feature vector generation; calculated as follows:
(Total number of sal in particular sector)
----------------------------------------------------- X 100 (1)
(Total number of sal in all sectors)
Thus for 8, 12 and 16 Walsh sectors with 8, 12 and 16 feature components for each color planes
i.e. R, G and B are generated. The feature vector is of dimension 24, 36 and 48 components. In
the second approach mean of the vectors which has sal and cal as components in each sector is
calculated to represent each sector for all three color planes i.e. R. G and B. Thus forming the
feature vector of dimension 12, 24, 36 and 48 for 4, 8, 12 and 16 complex Walsh transform
sectors.
3.1 Four Walsh Transform Sectors:
To get the angle in the range of 0-360 degrees, the steps as given in Table 1 are followed to
separate these points into four quadrants of the complex plane. The Walsh transform of the color
image is calculated in all three R, G and B planes. The complex rows representing sal
components of the image and the real rows representing cal components are checked for
positive and negative signs. The sal and cal Walsh values are assigned to each quadrant. as
follows:
Sign of Sal Sign of
Cal
Quadrant Assigned
+ + I (0 – 90 Degrees)
+ - II ( 90 – 180 Degrees)
- - III( 180- 270 Degrees)
- + IV(270–360 Degrees)
TABLE 1. Four Walsh Sector formation
The equation (1) is used to generate individual components to generate the feature vector of
dimension 12 considering three R, G and B Planes. The sal and cal density distribution in all
sectors is used for feature vector generation. However, it is observed that the density variation in
4. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 208
4 quadrants is very small for all the images. Thus the feature vectors have poor discretionary
power and hence higher number of sectors such as 8,12 and 16 were tried. In the case of second
approach of feature vector generation i.e. individual sector mean has better discretionary power
in all sectors. Absolute difference measure is used to check the closeness of the query image
from the database image and precision recall are calculated to measure the overall performance
of the algorithm. These results are compared with Eucledian distance as a similarity measure.
3.2 Eight Walsh Transform Sectors:
Each quadrants formed in the previous section obtained 4 sectors. Each of these sectors are
individually divided into 2 sectors using angle of 45 degree as the partitioning boundary. In all we
form 8 sectors for R,G and B planes separately as shown in the Table 2. The percentage density
distribution of sal and cal in all 8 sectors are determined using equation (1) to generate the
feature vector.
Quadrant of 4
Walsh sectors
Condition New sectors Formed
I (0 – 90 0
) Cal >= Sal I (0-45 Degrees)
Sal > Cal II (45-90 Degrees)
II ( 90 – 180
0
) |Sal | > |Cal| III(90-135 Degrees)
|Cal| >= |Sal| IV(135-180 Degrees)
III ( 180- 270
0
) |Cal| >= |Sal| V (180-225 Degrees )
|Sal| > |Cal| VI (225-270 Degrees)
IV ( 270 – 360
0
) |Sal| > |Cal| VII (270-315 Degrees)
|Cal| >= |Sal| VIII (315-360 Degrees )
TABLE 2. Eight Walsh Sector formation
3.3 Twelve Walsh Transform Sectors:
Each quadrants formed in the previous section of 4 sectors are individually divided into 3 sectors
each considering the angle of 30 degree. In all we form 12 sectors for R,G and B planes
separately as shown in the Table 3. The percentage density distribution and mean value of sal
and cal in all 12 sectors are determined to generate the feature vector
4 Quadrants Condition New sectors
I (0 – 90
0
) Cal >= √3 * Sal I (0-30
0
)
1/√3 cal <=sal<= √3 cal II (30-60
0
)
Otherwise III (60-90
0
)
II ( 90 – 180
0
) Cal >= √3 * Sal IV (90-120
0
)
1/√3 |cal| <=|sal|<= √3 |cal| V (120-150
0
)
Otherwise VI (150-180
0
)
III ( 180- 270
0
) |Cal|>= √3 * |Sal| VII (180-210
0
)
1/√3 cal <=|sal|<= √3 |cal| VIII(210- 240
0
)
Otherwise IX (240-270
0
)
IV ( 270 – 360
0
) |Cal|>= √3 * |Sal| X (270-300
0
)
1/√3 |cal| <=|sal|<= √3 |cal| XI (300-330
0
)
Otherwise XII (330-360
0
)
TABLE3. Twelve Walsh Sector formation
5. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 209
4. Results and Discussion
FIGURE 2: Query Image
The image of the class Bus is taken as sample query image as shown in the FIGURE. 2 for both
approaches of sal cal density distribution and individual sector mean. The first 21 images
retrieved in the case of sector mean in 12 Walsh sector used for feature vectors and Absolute
difference as similarity measure are shown in the FIGURE, 3. It is seen that only 7 images of
irrelevant class are retrieved among first 21 images and rest are of query image class i.e. Bus.
Whereas in the case of sal cal density in 12 Walsh Sectors with Absolute Difference as similarity
measures there are only 3 images of irrelevant class and 18 images of the query class i.e. Bus is
retrieved as shown in the FIGURE.4.
6. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 210
FIGURE 3: First 21 Retrieved Images based on individual sector mean of 12 Walsh Sectors with
Absolute Difference as similarity measures for the query image shown in the FIGURE 2.
FIGURE 4: First 21 Retrieved Images based on individual sector sal cal density in 12 Walsh
Sectors with Absolute Difference as similarity measures for the query image shown in the
FIGURE 2.
7. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 211
Once the feature vector is generated for all images in the database a feature database is created.
A query image of each class is produced to search the database. The image with exact match
gives minimum absolute difference. To check the effectiveness of the work and its performance
with respect to retrieval of the images we have calculated the precision and recall as given in
Equations (2) & (3) below:
Number of relevant images retrieved
Precision=----------------------------------------------- (2)
Total Number of images retrieved
Number of Relevant images retrieved
Recall=------------------------------------------------- (3)
Total number of relevant images in database
The FIGURE.5 - FIGURE.7 shows Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of sal cal
density distribution in 8, 12 and 16 complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance
(ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as similarity measures. The bar chart Comparison of Overall
Precision and Recall cross over points based on individual sector mean of Walsh 4, 8,12 and 16
sectors and sal and cal density distribution with Euclidian distance (ED) and Absolute difference
(AD) as similarity measure are shown in FIGURE 12 and FIGURE 13 respectively. It is observed
that the Individual sector mean approach of feature vector generation gives the better retrieval
compared to sal cal density distribution with both methods of similarity measures i.e. ED and AD.
FIGURE. 5: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of sal cal density distribution in 8
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
8. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 212
FIGURE. 6: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of sal cal density distribution in 12
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
FIGURE 7: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of sal cal density distribution in 16
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
.
The FIGURE.8 - FIGURE.11 shows the Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of
individual sector mean of 4, 8, 12 and 16 Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance(ED)
and Absolute Difference (AD) respectively. The performance of 4, 8, and 12 sectors give better
retrieval rate of 0.59,0.568,0.512 in case of ED and 0.54,0.54 and 0.50 in case of AD .
9. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 213
FIGURE 8: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of individual sector mean in 4
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
.
FIGURE 9: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of individual sector mean in 8
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
10. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 214
FIGURE 10: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of individual sector mean in 12
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
.
FIGURE 11: Overall Average Precision and Recall performance of individual sector mean in 16
complex Walsh Transform sectors with Euclidian Distance (ED) and Absolute difference (AD) as
similarity measures.
11. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 215
FIGURE 12: Comparison of Overall Precision and Recall cross over points based on individual
sector mean of Walsh 4, 8,12 and 16 sectors with Euclidian distance (ED) and Absolute
difference (AD) as similarity measure.
FIGURE 13: Comparison of Overall Precision and Recall cross over points based on sal and cal
density distribution in Walsh 8,12 and 16 sectors with Euclidian distance (ED) and Absolute
difference (AD) as similarity measure.
.5. CONCLUSION
The Innovative idea of using complex Walsh transform 4, 8, 12 and 16 sectors of the images to
generate the feature vectors for content based image retrieval is proposed. We have proposed
two different approaches for feature vector generation namely density distribution and mean
value of the vectors having sal and cal components of same sequency. In addition we have
proposed a new similarity measure namely sum of absolute difference of feature vector
12. H.B.Kekre & Dhirendra Mishra
International Journal Of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (4): Issue (3) 216
components and its results are compared with commonly used Euclidian distance. The cross over
point performance of overall average of precision and recall for both approaches on all applicable
sectors are compared. We have used the database of 270 images having 11 different classes.
The results are summarized below:
Using Walsh transform and absolute difference as similarity measuring parameter which requires
no multiplications reduces the computational complexity reducing the search time and
calculations by a factor of 8.
The performance of 8, 12 and 16 sectors is compared for density distribution. It is found that 12
sectors give the best result followed by 16 and 8. 12 sectors give the best outcome of overall
average precision and recall cross over point at 0.503 compared to 0.184 and 0.272 for 8 and 16
sectors respectively as shown in the FIGURE. 12.
For mean value the best results are obtained for sector 4. Here also the Euclidian distance
measure gives cross over point as 0.59 compared to 0.541 in case of Absolute difference. It is
also observed that the mean value approach has better discretion as compared to density
distribution. Finally it seems that absolute difference similarity measure is much faster than
Euclidian distance measure but this happens at slight degradation of the performance.
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