Downloaded 376 times
Uploaded byJithin Kottikkal
Perception
This document discusses the perceptual process. It begins with definitions of perception from authors Udai Pareek and Stephen P. Robbins. It then outlines the 5 stages of the perceptual process: 1) Receiving stimuli through the 5 senses. 2) Selecting certain stimuli for further processing based on external and internal factors. 3) Organizing selected stimuli through grouping, closure, and simplification. 4) Interpreting organized stimuli through cognitive biases and effects like halo effect, attribution, and stereotyping. 5) Taking action based on the perception formed.
More Related Content
Perception
- 1. Perception & Perceptual Process Presented By, Anusha Ajith
- 2. “ WE DON’TSEE THINGS AS THEY ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE ”
- 3. Definition • According toUdai Pareek, “perception can be defined as the process of receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli or data”. • Stephen P. Robbins defines perception as “a process by
- 10. Perceptual Process Through Inputs Outputs puts Selection Organisation Stimuli Action Interpretation
- 11. 1. Receiving Stimuli •The perception process starts with the reception of stimuli. The stimuli are received from the various sources.
- 12. Continued… • Through the five organs, we see things/objects, hear sounds, smell, taste and touch things. In this way, the reception of stimuli is a physiological aspect of perception process.
- 13. Continued… • Stimuli maybe external to us (such as sound waves) and inside us (such as energy generation by muscles).
- 14. 2. Selection ofStimuli • People, in their everyday life, They cannot assimilate all what they observe or receive from the environment at a time. • Hence, they select some stimuli for further processing to attach meaning to them while the rest are screened out.
- 15. Continued… • Selection ofstimuli is not made at random, but depending on the two types of factors, namely external factors and internal factors. • While external factors relate to stimuli such as intensity of stimuli, its size, movement, repitition, etc.
- 16. Continued… • internal onesrelate to the perceiver such as his/her age, learning, interest, etc. • Normally people selectivity perceive objects or things which they are indifferent. • This is also called ‘selective perception’.
- 17. 3. Organisation ofStimuli • Having selected stimuli or data, these need to be organised in some form so as to assign some meaning to them. • Thus, organising the bits of information into a meaningful whole is called “organisation”. • There are three ways by which the selected data i.e., inputs are organized. These are:
- 18. a) Grouping • Itis based on the similarity or proximity of various stimuli perceived. • The tendency to group stimuli. i.e., people or things appearing similar in certain ways has been a common means of organizing the perception.
- 19. b) Closure • Whenpeople face with incomplete information, they tend to fill the gap themselves to make it more meaningful. • They may do it on the basis of their experience, guess, or past data.
- 21. c) Simplification • Whenpeople find themselves overloaded with information, they try to simplify it to make it more meaningful and understandable.
- 22. 4. Interpretation • Thedata collected and organized remain meaningless for the perceiver till these are assigned meanings. • Assigning meanings to data is called ‘interpretation’
- 23. • Halo Effect “Aneffect whereby the perception of positive qualities in one thing or part gives rise to the perception of similar qualities in related things or in the whole.
- 24. • An exampleof the halo effect would be judging a good-looking person as more intelligent. The term is commonly used in human resources recruitment. • It refers to the risk that an interviewer will notice a positive trait in an interviewee and, as a result, will overlook their negative traits.
- 26. • Attribution • Explaininghuman behaviour in terms of cause and effect is called ‘Attribution’. • However, attributing casual explanation to a particular human behaviour sometimes tends to distort perception.
- 27. • Stereotyping • Whenindividuals are judged on the basis of the characteristics of the group to which they belong, this is called ‘Stereotyping’. • e.g. ‘older workers cannot learn new skills’ • ‘Japanese are nationalistic’
- 28. • Situation • Thesituation or context in which we observe or see things also influence our perception about them.
- 29. • Perceiver • Thefactors residing in the perceiver himself/her self do also operate to shape and sometimes distort his/her perception. • The perceiver attitude, motives, interests, past experience, and expectations are among the more relevant personal factors/characteristics that affect perception.
- 30. 5. Action • Actionis the last phase in the perceptual process. • The action may be positive or negative depending upon favourable perception held by the perceiver.