This document provides an introduction to research. It defines research and explains that true research is driven by a specific question aimed at discovering something previously unknown. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive, explanatory, and evaluative research. It discusses why studying research is important, who conducts research, and research paradigms including positivism and phenomenology. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are compared, and elements of the research process like deductive and inductive reasoning are explained. Common data collection methods like interviews and observation are also introduced. The document provides a high-level overview of key concepts in understanding and conducting research.

1. PM DR ABDUL RASID ABDUL
RAZZAQ/DR BADARUDIN
FPTV, UTHM
PENGENALAN KEPADA
PENYELIDIKAN

2. Kajian?
• Research is not just information gathering.
• Research is not rearranging facts.
• True research is a quest driven by a specific
question which needs an answer
• Research originates with a question or a
problem.
• Research requires a clear articulation of a
goal.

3. PENYELIDIKAN?
• …the aim is to make known something
previously unknown to human beings. It is to
advance human knowledge, to make it more
certain or better fitting…the aim is.. discovery
(Elias, 1986).

4. Research Spiral (Lingkaran Kajian)

5. TYPES OF RESEARCH
1 Descriptive Research Finding out, describing what is
-eg: market profile study, tourist satisfaction
2 Explanatory Research Explaining how or why things are as they are
(and using this to predict)
-causality
3 Evaluating Research Evaluation of policies and program

6. WHY STUDY RESEARCH?
• Understand research report, etc
• Academic research projects
• Management tool in:
– Policy making
– Planning
– managing

7. WHO DOES RESEARCH?
• Academics
• Students
• Government and Commercial Organisations
• Consultants
• Managers

8. RESEARCH PARADIGM
RP
Positivism Fenomenologikal
Pendekatan
Kuantitatif
Pendekatan
Kualitatif

9. • Sosial sains ada dua falsafah utama
1. Positivisme-siasat fakta & sebab fenomena
sosial secara objektif
2. Fenomenologikal/Interpretivisme-fahami
fenomena sosial dari pandangan subjek,
bagaimana manusia melihat dan memberi
makna pada sesuatu
3. Pragmatik-1990 (complement)
Cont’

10. Definisi Kajian Kualitatif
• “ Qualitative research is an inquiry process of
understanding based on distinct
methodological traditions of inquiry that
explore a social or human problem. The
researcher builds a complex, holistic picture,
analyzes words, reports detailed views of
informants, and conducts the study in a
natural setting” (Creswell, 1998).

11. Fahami Konsep Kajian Kualitatif
• Bagaimana manusia memberi makna, fahami dari
perspektif subjek dan bukan penyelidik
• Pentingnya kajian dalam latar yang sebenar dan
semulajadi
• Fahami dari segi pendapat, pengalaman dan perasaan
subjek
• Pendekatan induktif dalam mengumpul dan analisis
data
• Rekabentuk kajian berkembang (emergent design)
• Laporan kajian adalah berbentuk deskriptif, gunakan
bahasa ekspresif dan memaparkan suara subjek dalam
bentuk teks
Quali vs Quant

13. DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE REASONING

14. Elements of the Research Process
Deductive thinking (Quantitative)
THEORY
HYPOTHESIS
OBSERVATION
CONFIRMATION

15. Elements of the Research Process (Cont.)
Inductive thinking (Qualitative)
OBSERVATION
PATTERNS
HYPOTHESIS
THEORY

16. When should I use qualitative methods?
•When variables cannot be quantified
•When variables are best understood in their natural
settings
•When variables are studied over real time
•When studying intimate details of roles, processes,
and groups
•When the paramount objective is “understanding”
Qualitative Methods

17. Aspek
Perbandingan
P.Kualitatif P. Kuantitatif
Fokus kajian Kualiti (bentuk, intipati kandungan) Kuantiti (berapa banyak)
Asas Falsafah Fenomenologi Positivisme
Frasa Berkaitan Kajian lapangan, ethnografi,
naturalistik, grounded study, case
study
Eksperimental, statistik
Matlamat Pemahaman, deskripsi,
penerokaan, makna
Ramalan, deskripsi,
pengesahan, ujian hipotesis
Ciri Reka bentuk Fleksibel, berkembang Berstruktur, ditetapkan lebih
awal
Sampel Kecil, bukan rawak, bertujuan Besar, rawak
Pengumpulan data Penyelidik instrumen utama, temu
bual, pemerhatian, dokumen
Skala, ujian, soal selidik,
tinjauan
Mod analisis Induktif (oleh penyelidik) Deduktif (statistik)
Dapatan Komprehensif, holistik, deskriptif Tetap, numerikal
Ciri-Ciri Penyelidikan Kualitatif vs Kuantitatif

18. Prosedur Pengumpulan Data/Sumber

19. Kaedah Temu bual
• Structured Interview
• Semi Structured Interview
• Unstructured Interview

20. Prosedur Pemerhatian (Observation)

21. Triangulasi (Validiti)
• Dalaman –Peserta Kajian
• Metod
• Sumber
• Pakar Luar

22. 1. Read Data, develop ideas and
feelings
2. Code Data, tag items with same
meaning using a unique code
3. Search and extract instances of codes
4. Identify patterns among codes
(pattern coding)
5. Create figures, tables, or descriptions
of patterns
ANALYSIS
THEMES

23. Analysis
• Process of Qualitative Analysis:
– Data Reduction
– Data Display
– Conclusion Drawing and Verification

24. Coding
Source: http://onlineqda.hud.ac.uk/Intro_QDA/phpechopage_titleOnlineQDA-Examples_QDA.php
An example of
“old school”
coding

25. Pengumpulan Data
(Nota lapangan, transkrip, lain-lain)
Persediaan Data untuk Analisis
(Transkrip atau nota lapangan)
Membaca/Membiasakan Dengan Data
(Dapatkan kefahaman umum)
Mengkodkan Data
(Membahagikan segmen-segmen teks dan
melabelkan kod-kod yang berkaitan)
Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan penerangan
dalam penulisan laporan
Mengkodkan teks untuk tujuan tema yang
digunakan dalam penulisan laporan
Simultaneous
Iterative

26. Initial Read through Text
Data
Divide Text Into
Segments
Label the Segments with
Codes
Reduce overlap
And redundancy of
codes
Collapse Codes
Into themes
Many ages of text Many segments of text 30-40 codes
Codes reduced to 20 Codes reduced to 5-7
themes
Model Visual Proses Pengkodan Data Kualitatif
Sumber: Adaptasi daripada Creswell, 2012

27. 1. Pendahuluan
Kenapa, mengapa
menjalankan kajian
1. Pengenalan
2. Latar belakang Masalah
3. Pernyataan Masalah
4. Tujuan/ Objektif
5. Persoalan Kajian
6. Kepentingan kajian
7. Kekangan
8. Konsep
1. Pengenalan pd isu
2. Masalah ingin dikaji
secara khusus
3. Apakah masalah yg ingin
dikaji
4. Apa tujaun
5. Apa yang nak dicapai
6. Penting pada..
7. Adakah semua aspek
boleh dikaji
8. Konsep yg perlu diberi
penjelasan
2 Sorotan Penulisan 1. Ada sokongan pd
isu/landasan empirikal
3 Metodologi
Bagaimana, siapa dan bila?
1. Kaedah/ prosedur
2. Sampel dan populasi
3. Tempat
4. Instrumentasi
5. Jangkamasa
1. Cara bagaimana
2. Siapa yg dikaji
3. Dimana di kaji
4. Apa alat yg digunakan
5. Bila masa/sertakan jadual
4 Keputusan 1. Pendahuluan
2. Keputusan-tema/tema
5 Perbincangan & Kesimpulan 1. Pendahuluan
2. Perbincangan
3. Kesimpulan
4. Cadangan
1. Diceritakan ringkasan L/b
2. Bincang keputusan/LR
3. Sintensis & penilaian
4. cadangan
Kandungan Kajian

28. Bidang Kajian/Fokus/isu
• Pengurusan
• Organisasi
• Gelagat
• Sikap
• Pelancong-motivasi, jangkaan,Kepuasan dll
• Penerimaan komuniti
• Impak
• Kebolehpasaraan
• Kompetensi
• Kurikulum
• Stakeholder
• Soft skills
• Penguasaan kemahiran
• Pendekata pengajaran & pembelajaran
• Student attachment
• ICT
• Produk
• Kualiti perkhidmatan
• Industri-persepsi/penerimaan
• OKU