Pedigree 1: An individual with albinism lacks an enzyme needed to form the skin pigment melanin. This condition is controlled by a recessive allele. Use DD to represent the allele for normal skin and dd to represent the genotype for albinism. Fill in the genotypes below each individual in the pedigree below. If individuals 1&2 in generation II were to have another child, what is the chance the next child will be normal? Pedigree 2: Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disease caused by recessive allele ( X 2 ) which doesn"t allow the blood to clot. Female hemophiliaes are homoxygous recestive, but carrier female have only one allele and their blood clots normally. List the genotypes of each individual in the pedigree below. If individual 2 in generation III were to marry a woman that was normal for blood clotting. what is the chance that their first child will be a hemophiliac?
.
Problem 13.32 Copy For the following crosses, determine as accurately.pdfferoz544
Present value calculations allow one to determine
A. the return to an uncertain asset.
B. the present-day costs and/or benefits of various options.
C. the utility value of a particular option.
D. the social cost of financial calculations.
E. the real wage.
Solution
B. the present-day costs and/or benefits of various options.
Present value calculations involve discounting future costs and/or benefits of a project so that
they can be compared with other available alternatives..
1 Huntington disease HD is a genetic disorder caused by a.pdfsales79
1. Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele-we will call it H-that
is located on an autosome. What are the chances that parents with the following genotypes will
have a child with HD?
Aa X Aa ll. aa X Aa III. AA X aa IV. Aa X AA
Hemophilia is a genetic disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele-we will call
it h-that is located on the X chromosome. What are the chances that parents with the following
genotypes will have a child with hemophilia?
1. XAxA x Xay
II. XAya x Xay Ill. XAXa x XAy IV. Xaya x XAy
3. Study the pedigree shown below. Is the disorder allele dominant or recessive? Is the disorder
allele located on an autosome or on the X chromosome? What are the genotypes of the
individuals 1 in and 2 in generation I?
A Hacked
In humans one of the genes determining color vision is located on the X chromosome. The
dominant form (C) produces a normal color vision; red-green deficiency (c) is recessive. If a man
with normal color vision marries a color-deficient woman, what are the probability of them having a
color-blind son? A colorblind daughter?
If the phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two
homozygous, this pattern of inheritance is called
If the heterozygous expresses of both homozygous and
heterozygous(not intermediate, but showing both traits), this called
. In many genes, usually with similar effects, on a phenotype, control the inheritance of a trait..
Problem 13.32 Copy For the following crosses, determine as accurately.pdfferoz544
Present value calculations allow one to determine
A. the return to an uncertain asset.
B. the present-day costs and/or benefits of various options.
C. the utility value of a particular option.
D. the social cost of financial calculations.
E. the real wage.
Solution
B. the present-day costs and/or benefits of various options.
Present value calculations involve discounting future costs and/or benefits of a project so that
they can be compared with other available alternatives..
1 Huntington disease HD is a genetic disorder caused by a.pdfsales79
1. Huntington disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele-we will call it H-that
is located on an autosome. What are the chances that parents with the following genotypes will
have a child with HD?
Aa X Aa ll. aa X Aa III. AA X aa IV. Aa X AA
Hemophilia is a genetic disease (HD) is a genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele-we will call
it h-that is located on the X chromosome. What are the chances that parents with the following
genotypes will have a child with hemophilia?
1. XAxA x Xay
II. XAya x Xay Ill. XAXa x XAy IV. Xaya x XAy
3. Study the pedigree shown below. Is the disorder allele dominant or recessive? Is the disorder
allele located on an autosome or on the X chromosome? What are the genotypes of the
individuals 1 in and 2 in generation I?
A Hacked
In humans one of the genes determining color vision is located on the X chromosome. The
dominant form (C) produces a normal color vision; red-green deficiency (c) is recessive. If a man
with normal color vision marries a color-deficient woman, what are the probability of them having a
color-blind son? A colorblind daughter?
If the phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two
homozygous, this pattern of inheritance is called
If the heterozygous expresses of both homozygous and
heterozygous(not intermediate, but showing both traits), this called
. In many genes, usually with similar effects, on a phenotype, control the inheritance of a trait..
Breaking down Biology into simpler bits is the most effective way to learn hence this presentation aims to simplify the concept of 'Linked Inheritance' which makes understanding Inheritance better.
Lecture given by Leon MUTESA, MD,PhD , a genetician teaching at UR( UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA, HUYE CAMPUS,SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY, DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY).
1. Dwarfism is a dominant trait in humans but the homozygous dominan.pdfalimacal
1. Dwarfism is a dominant trait in humans but the homozygous dominant (DD) genotype is fatal.
Could a dwarf couple have a child that is normal in height?
2. Albinism is recessive and a pair of albinism alleles prevents the production of melanin; this is
the pigment that creates brown coloration. Show how two parents that have in skin pigmentation
could have a child with no skin color at all (albinism).
3. In parts of the world where malaria prevails, what is the selective advantage of having sickle
cell trait (heterozygous, Aa)? Sickle cell anemia (aa) is a recessive disorder. This is an example
of pleiotropy where one gene influences other aspects of the phenotype. Extensions to Mendels
Principles/Laws
4. Incomplete Dominance: Mary and Bob have wavy hair their child has straight hair. Show the
genotypes of Mary, Bob and child.
5. Co-dominance: A man has type AB blood. Could this man be the father of a child with type B
blood? If so, what blood type(s) could the mother have (if the man IS the father and the child has
type B blood)?.
Please discuss the bone growth abnormality achondroplasia (achondropla.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please discuss the bone growth abnormality achondroplasia (achondroplastic dwarfism), including its cause, its resulting effects on the skeleton, its frequency of occurrence from a genetic standpoint, how it differs from pituitary dwarfism, and finally, give an example of at least one celebrity or public figure with this disorder.
.
Please answer all questions- Will upvote! Profitability ratios help in.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer all questions. Will upvote!
Profitability ratios help in the analysis of the combined impact of liquidity ratios, asset management ratios, and debt management ratios on the operating performance of a firm. Your boss has asked you to calculate the profitability ratios of Randall and Arts Inc. and make comments on its second-year performance as compared with its first-year performance. The following shows Randall and Arts Inc.'s income statement for the last two years. The company had assets of $10 , 575 million in the first year and $16 , 916 million in the second year. Common equity was equal to $5 , 625 million in the first year, and the company distributed 100% of its earnings out as dividends during the first and the second years. In addition, the firm did not issue new stock during either year. Randall and Arts Inc. Income Statement For the Year Ending on December 31 (Millions of dollars) Calculate the profitability ratios of Randall and Arts Inc. in the following table. Convert all calculations to a percentage rounded to two decimal places. Decision makers and analysts look deeply into profitability ratios to identify trends in a company's profitability. Profitability ratios give insights into both the survivability of a company and the benefits that shareholders receive. Identify which of the following statements are true about profitability ratios. Check all that apply. A higher operating margin than the industry average indicates either lower operating costs, higher product pricing, or both. If a company's operating margin increases but its profit margin decreases, it could mean that the company paid more in interest or taxes. An increase in the return on assets ratio implies an increase in the assets a firm owns. If a company issues new common shares but its net income does not increase, return on common equity will increase.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Pedigree 1- An individual with albinism lacks an enzyme needed to form.docx
Breaking down Biology into simpler bits is the most effective way to learn hence this presentation aims to simplify the concept of 'Linked Inheritance' which makes understanding Inheritance better.
Lecture given by Leon MUTESA, MD,PhD , a genetician teaching at UR( UNIVERSITY OF RWANDA, HUYE CAMPUS,SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY, DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY).
1. Dwarfism is a dominant trait in humans but the homozygous dominan.pdfalimacal
1. Dwarfism is a dominant trait in humans but the homozygous dominant (DD) genotype is fatal.
Could a dwarf couple have a child that is normal in height?
2. Albinism is recessive and a pair of albinism alleles prevents the production of melanin; this is
the pigment that creates brown coloration. Show how two parents that have in skin pigmentation
could have a child with no skin color at all (albinism).
3. In parts of the world where malaria prevails, what is the selective advantage of having sickle
cell trait (heterozygous, Aa)? Sickle cell anemia (aa) is a recessive disorder. This is an example
of pleiotropy where one gene influences other aspects of the phenotype. Extensions to Mendels
Principles/Laws
4. Incomplete Dominance: Mary and Bob have wavy hair their child has straight hair. Show the
genotypes of Mary, Bob and child.
5. Co-dominance: A man has type AB blood. Could this man be the father of a child with type B
blood? If so, what blood type(s) could the mother have (if the man IS the father and the child has
type B blood)?.
Please discuss the bone growth abnormality achondroplasia (achondropla.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please discuss the bone growth abnormality achondroplasia (achondroplastic dwarfism), including its cause, its resulting effects on the skeleton, its frequency of occurrence from a genetic standpoint, how it differs from pituitary dwarfism, and finally, give an example of at least one celebrity or public figure with this disorder.
.
Please answer all questions- Will upvote! Profitability ratios help in.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer all questions. Will upvote!
Profitability ratios help in the analysis of the combined impact of liquidity ratios, asset management ratios, and debt management ratios on the operating performance of a firm. Your boss has asked you to calculate the profitability ratios of Randall and Arts Inc. and make comments on its second-year performance as compared with its first-year performance. The following shows Randall and Arts Inc.'s income statement for the last two years. The company had assets of $10 , 575 million in the first year and $16 , 916 million in the second year. Common equity was equal to $5 , 625 million in the first year, and the company distributed 100% of its earnings out as dividends during the first and the second years. In addition, the firm did not issue new stock during either year. Randall and Arts Inc. Income Statement For the Year Ending on December 31 (Millions of dollars) Calculate the profitability ratios of Randall and Arts Inc. in the following table. Convert all calculations to a percentage rounded to two decimal places. Decision makers and analysts look deeply into profitability ratios to identify trends in a company's profitability. Profitability ratios give insights into both the survivability of a company and the benefits that shareholders receive. Identify which of the following statements are true about profitability ratios. Check all that apply. A higher operating margin than the industry average indicates either lower operating costs, higher product pricing, or both. If a company's operating margin increases but its profit margin decreases, it could mean that the company paid more in interest or taxes. An increase in the return on assets ratio implies an increase in the assets a firm owns. If a company issues new common shares but its net income does not increase, return on common equity will increase.
.
Please answer all questions- 1) Adaptive immunity has five distinct a.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer all questions.
1) Adaptive immunity has five distinct attributes: a) ___ : Adaptive immune responses are precisely tailored reactions against specific attackers. b) : Cells of adaptive immunity activate only in response to specific pathogens. c) : Once induced, cells of adaptive immunity proliferate to form many generations of nearly identical cells called clones. d) : As a rule, adaptive immunity does not act against normal body cells. e) : An adaptive immune response has immunological memory and is able to generate faster and more effective responses in subsequent encounters with a particular pathogen or toxin. 2) These characteristics of adaptive immunity involve the activities of which are a type of leukocyte (white blood cell) that acts against specific pathogens. 3) Human lymphocytes of humans form in the where blood stem cells produce all types of blood cells. 4) There are two main types of lymphocytes, and a) arise and mature in the red bone marrow of adults. b) begin in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus. 5) Adaptive immunity consists of two basic types of responses, a) immune responses and often act against intracellular pathogens. b) immune responses and often act against extracellular pathogens and toxins 6) The long-term ability of descendants of B and T cells to mount adaptive immunological responses against specific pathogens is called immunological 7) An is a protein secreted by the descendant of a B cell that recognizes and strongly binds to the specific biochemical shape. ELEMENTS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY 1) The is composed of lymphatic vessels, which conduct the flow of lymph, and lymphoid and that are directly involved in specific immunity. 2) The lymphoid organs include nodes, the , the the and (MALT).
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Please answer all questions- IMMUNIZATION Immunization or vaccination.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer all questions.
IMMUNIZATION Immunization or vaccination - what's the difference? The terms 'vaccination' and 'immunization' don't mean the same thing. Immunity is a state of protection from a particular infectious disease. Immunization is the process of producing a state of immunity in a subject. Vaccine is a preparation of immunogenic material used to induce immunity against pathogenic organisms. Vaccination is the term for the process of inducing adaptive immunity. Brief History of Immunization 1. The Chinese adopted a policy of deliberately infecting young children with particles of ground smallpox scabs from children who had survived mild cases by a procedure, called 2. developed the modern practice of vaccination when he inoculated people with cowpox virus to protect them against smallpox Active Immunization 1. The basic principle behind vaccination is to stimulate a response and a memory response that primes the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen. 2. Active immunization involves different vaccine types: a. also called modified live vaccines contain weakened microorganisms; and generally provide lifelong immunity b. vaccines consist of killed bacteria or viruses which include i. , which are produced with inactivated but whole microbes. ii. which are produced with antigenic fragments of microbes. iii. For these vaccines, which cannot replicate or retain residual virulence, multiple doses must be administered to achieve immunity iv. May contain , which are chemicals added to increase their ability to stimulate active immunity. c. vaccines are chemically or thermally modified toxins that stimulate immunity against toxins rather than cellular antigens d. vaccines combine antigens from several pathogens that are administered simultaneously. e. vaccines use recombinant gene technology to remove virulence genes from microbes to create attenuated vaccines, to produce large quantities of antigens for use in immunizations, or to alter cells, viruses, or plasmids by introducing genes for antigens into them.
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Place these phases of an audit in chronological order- A- Assess the r.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Place these phases of an audit in chronological order: A. Assess the risk of material misstatement B. Respond to assessed risks C. Perform risk assessment procedures D. Evaluate audit evidence a. A , B , C , D . b. D , C , B , A . C. C , A , B , D d. A,C,D,B.
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Petty Cash Fund Petty Cash Fund Libby Company established a petty cas.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Petty Cash Fund
Petty Cash Fund Libby Company established a petty cash fund on January 2 by cashing a check for NT $3 , 500 . During January, the following expenditures were paid out of the fund. The cashier handling the fund found that the amount left on January 31 was NT\$350. The fund was replenished on January 31. Prepare the journal entries for the above transactions.
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Please answer question 4b only 4- The image below (on Endomembrane Sys.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer question 4b only
4. The image below (on Endomembrane System) has been labeled. Refer to the key as you answer the two questions ( 4 a and 4 b ) that follow. Key for Image > A. Vesicle B. Hydrolytic enzymes C. Lysosome D. Transport vesicle E. Lipids F. Smooth ER G. Ribosome H. Nucleus I. Rough ER J. Transport vesicle K. Proteins L. Golgi body M. Cytoplasm N. Secretory vesicle O. Cell membrane Follow-up questions corresponding to image above. 4a. Briefly describe how the following structures work together: (Letters: G, I, J, L, N, and O). 4b. Briefly describe how the following structures work together: (Letters: A, C, L, and O).
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Please answer all questions- b- The in which CD95L binds to CD95 on t.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer all questions.
b. The in which CD95L binds to CD95 on the target cell, triggering target cell apoptosis. T cells, which function in memory responses. 4. Cytotoxic T cells may also form Antibody Immune Responses Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection Activation of T-dependent antibody immunity requires the assistance of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells. 1. In antibody immunity, an APC's MHC II protein-epitope complex activates a helper T cell (Th cell) bearing a complementary 2. APCs present epitopes on MHC molecules and form an immunological synapse with Th using the complementary TCR. 3. CD 4 MHC interaction stabilizes the synapse, and the delivers a second signal. 4. ( IL 4 ) then induces the Th cell to become a type T cell (Th2). 5. The Th_cell interacts with cells displaying epitope on MHC II and releases . Since only B cells displaying the epitope the Th2 cell recognizes are activated, this process is called selection. 6. The activated B cell proliferates rapidly and the clones differentiate into either B cells or cells. 7. cells live for only a short time but secrete large amounts of antibodies, beginning with and class switching as they get older. 8. B cells migrate to lymphoid tissues to await a subsequent encounter with the same antigen. Types of Acquired Immunity Specific immunity is characterized either naturally or artificially acquired and as either active or passive. 1. When the body mounts a specific immune response against an infectious agent, the result is called _ immunity. 2. The passing of maternal IgG to the fetus and the transmission of secretory IgA in breastmilk to a baby are examples of immunity. 3. immunity is achieved by deliberately injecting someone with antigens in vaccines to provoke an active response, as in the process of immunization. 4. immunotherapy involves the administration of preformed antibodies in antitoxins or antisera to a patient. Immune Responses 1. The first adaptive response to a particular antigen is called the As a result of this initial encounter, the adaptive immune system "remembers" the mechanism that was effective against that specific antigen. 2. If the same antigen is encountered later in life, a stronger antigen-specific adaptive immune response occurs, called the response.
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T Lymphocytes (T Cells) 1) T lymphocytes act against antigens, producing -mediated immune responses. 2) T cells have (TCRs), which have an antigen- binding site for a specific epitope. 3) T cells mature under the influence of signals from the , and they attack cells that harbor endogenous pathogens during -mediated immune responses. 4) In cell-mediated immunity, - also called CD8 positive (CD8+ cells) because they have membrane protein CD8-act against infected or abnormal body cells, including virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells, some fungus- or protozoan-infected cells, some cancer cells, and foreign cells that enter the body as a result of organ transplantation. 5) Two types of - Th1 and Th2 - are characterized by a membrane protein, CD4, so they are CD4+ and direct cell-mediated and antibody immune responses, respectively. B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies 1. , which in the red bone marrow, make immunoglobulins (Ig) of two types(BCRs) and 2. Immunoglobulins are complementary to epitopes and consist of two identical shorter chains and two identical longer chains joined via bonds to form Y shaped molecules. 3. are inserted into the cytoplasmic membranes of B cells via transmembrane polypeptides. 4. The arms of each heavy and light chain vary in amino acid sequence, and thus each is called a region. 5. The two variable regions form -binding sites. 6. Exact binding between an antigen-binding site and an epitope accounts for the of an antibody immune response. 7. Because an antigen typically has numerous , many different BCRs will recognize any particular antigen's epitopes, but each BCR recognizes only epitope. 8. When an antigenic epitope stimulates a specific B cell, the B cell begins reproducing. a. The daughter B lymphocytes are now called cells, secrete and no longer display 9. Antibodies: a. similar to BCRs in shape but are portion of BCRs. b. Antibodies carry the same cell. for an epitope as the BCR of the activated B c. The arms, or antigen-binding sites. (fragment, antigen-binding), of the antibody contain the d. The antibody stem is called the (fragment, crystallizable). e. There are five basic types of stems, and these form the five classes of antibodies: , and
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Please answer all questions- 5- When the inflammatory mediators excee (1).docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please answer all questions.
5. When the inflammatory mediators exceed the body's coping mechanisms, acute shock may occur, which requires immediate treatment with epinephrine. 6. Type I hypersensitivity can be diagnosed by and can be partially prevented by avoidance of and by 7. Some type I hypersensitivities are treated with IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES 1. develop when the body cannot launch or sustain an immune response and may be classified as: a. immunodeficiency diseases, which result from mutations or developmental anomalies and occur in young children, are present from birth, resulting from a genetic defect or developmental abnormality. They are generally rare and may affect B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, or complement components. b. immunodeficiency diseases, occur after birth, perhaps due . The most significant example of an acquired immunodeficiency is (AIDS). c. People with either type of immunodeficiency tend to have repeated infections; the types of infections often depend on which part of the immune system is affected.
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Please answer all questions- 10- Antibody Function- The binding of an.docxJakeT2gGrayp
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10. Antibody Function: The binding of antibody to epitope is the central functional feature of antibody adaptive immune responses. Once bound, they function in several ways. These include: a. : Stems of antibody molecules can bind and activate complement protein 1 (C1), triggering the complement cascade. IgE antibody stems attach to mast cells and eosinophils, causing them to release inflammatory chemicals. b. which antibodies achieve by binding to critical portions, or neutralization of bacteria or viruses, when bound antibodies block attachment molecules on their surfaces. c. : whereby antibodies act as opsonins to stimulate Phagocytes have receptors for antibody stems and can phagocytize them quickly. d. which is the clumping of antigen-bound antibody molecules, and which hinders the activity of pathogens and increases the chance that they will be e. (ADCC). Similar to opsonization, the stems of antibodies interact with , which then releases perforin and granzymes, which trigger in the targeted cell. Immune Response Cytokines 1. are soluble regulatory proteins that act as intercellular signals when released by certain body cells, including those of the kidney, skin, and immune system. 2. Cytokines of the immune system include: a. : which signal among leukocytes (primarily). b. : which are antiviral proteins that also act as cytokines. The most potent is gamma interferon (IFN-p). c. which stimulate leukocyte stem cells to divide. d. which is secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and to regulate immune responses and inflammation. e. which signal leukocytes to move to a site of inflammation or infection, or to move within tissues. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses The body uses cell-mediated immune responses to endogenous antigens to fight intracellular pathogens such as viruses that have invaded body cells, as well as abnormal body cells such as cancer cells. 1. Once activated by cells, T cells (Tc cells) recognize abnormal molecules presented by MHC class foreign cells. 2. Activated Tc cells reproduce to form protein on the surface of infected, cancerous, or expansion. 3. T cells destroy their target cells via two pathways: a. The pathway, which kills the affected cells by secreting perforins and granzymes
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Phosphatidate is an intermediate in the formation of: a) phospholipids. b) triacylglycerols. c) urea. d) unsaturated fatty acids. e) a and b QUESTION 2 Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that functions to transport citrate molecules into the cytoplasm so they can be used as precursors for fatty acid and/or cholesterol biosynthesis. True False
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phage type of 42D- Which statement(s) are true- Check All That Apply T.docxJakeT2gGrayp
phage type of 42D. Which statement(s) are true? Check All That Apply The man who is suing picked up a pathogenic S . aureus from another source, perhaps even from his own normal biota. The potato salad was the source of the outbreak for all of these people. Person number 4 who ate the original potato salad did not get ill from S . aureus in that potato salad. There is no way to determine who got infected with which S. aureus. Ceck Ar That Apour phinge typed, and this is abs eone with fecil samples trom 4 of the il peogle. The 4 it people hed no potaio saisd ien. A week ister anather person, cloiming to have boughr ine potano salsd and thrown it out aftes
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Pequired informetion Learning Objective 03.P6. Prepare closing entries and a post-closing triat belance. accourtiand 6 of clere Devidends ectout ta Retaned Eamings. A postcigatig trial balance is a lid of getranent accounts and theo balancws affer af cosing entries have bewh tempolafy socosits bare ierg baiancer: Closing Entries lilustration Fintmiadot Check 04
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Please update the registers at the end of the program execution- Also.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please update the registers at the end of the program execution. Also write the equivalent of this code in a highlevel language like (Java or C + + )
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Please see below H10 table released by the Fed- Rates in currency unit.docxJakeT2gGrayp
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People are perceived as being more trustworthy when they- Select one-.docxJakeT2gGrayp
People are perceived as being more trustworthy when they:
Select one:
A. possess an acceptable level of technical and interpersonal knowledge & skills
B. appear to maintain consistency between what they do and what they say
C. demonstrate caring and supportive behaviors that leads one to believe that the individual has their best interest at heart
D. All of these
E. A&B Only
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Please make revision to the following program so it incorporates three.docxJakeT2gGrayp
Please make revision to the following program so it incorporates three different functions (other than main) without changing much of the code itself.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
(void) argc;
string filename = argv[1];
ifstream infile;
infile.open(filename);
if (!infile.is_open())
{
cerr << "ERROR: Error opening file - ";
cerr << "please check that you specified the correct file name ";
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (infile.eof())
{
cerr << "ERROR: Letter file is not properly formatted. ";
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// Read the contents of the file into a string
string contents;
char ch;
while (infile >> ch)
{
contents += ch;
}
// Calculate the frequency distribution of letters in the text
int letter_count[26];
int size_of_file = contents.size();
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
letter_count[i] = 0;
int total_letters = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size_of_file; i++)
{
char letter = contents[i];
if (letter >= 'a' && letter <= 'z')
{
letter_count[letter - 'a']++;
total_letters++;
} else if (letter >= 'A' && letter <= 'Z')
{
letter_count[letter - 'A']++;
total_letters++;
}
}
// The expected frequency distribution of English letters
double expected_count[26] = {0.0812, 0.0149, 0.0271, 0.0432, 0.1202,
0.0230, 0.0203, 0.0592, 0.0731, 0.0010,
0.0069, 0.0398, 0.0261, 0.0695, 0.0768,
0.0182, 0.0011, 0.0602, 0.0628, 0.0910,
0.0288, 0.0111, 0.0209, 0.0017, 0.0211,
0.0007};
// Calculate the sum of squared errors between observed and expected
// frequencies
double min_error = 1e9;
int shift = 0;
for (int s = 0; s < 26; s++)
{
double error = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
{
int observed_count = letter_count[(i + s) % 26];
double expected = total_letters * expected_count[i];
double diff = observed_count - expected;
error += diff * diff / expected;
}
if (error < min_error)
{
min_error = error;
shift = s;
}
}
// Output the shift amount
cout << "The shift amount is: " << shift << endl;
// Close the input file
infile.close();
return 0;
}
.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Pedigree 1- An individual with albinism lacks an enzyme needed to form.docx
1. Pedigree 1: An individual with albinism lacks an enzyme needed to form the skin pigment
melanin. This condition is controlled by a recessive allele. Use DD to represent the allele for
normal skin and dd to represent the genotype for albinism. Fill in the genotypes below each
individual in the pedigree below. If individuals 1&2 in generation II were to have another child,
what is the chance the next child will be normal? Pedigree 2: Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic
disease caused by recessive allele ( X 2 ) which doesn"t allow the blood to clot. Female
hemophiliaes are homoxygous recestive, but carrier female have only one allele and their blood
clots normally. List the genotypes of each individual in the pedigree below. If individual 2 in
generation III were to marry a woman that was normal for blood clotting. what is the chance that
their first child will be a hemophiliac?
