Please answer all questions- 10- Antibody Function- The binding of an.docx
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Please answer all questions. 10. Antibody Function: The binding of antibody to epitope is the central functional feature of antibody adaptive immune responses. Once bound, they function in several ways. These include: a. : Stems of antibody molecules can bind and activate complement protein 1 (C1), triggering the complement cascade. IgE antibody stems attach to mast cells and eosinophils, causing them to release inflammatory chemicals. b. which antibodies achieve by binding to critical portions, or neutralization of bacteria or viruses, when bound antibodies block attachment molecules on their surfaces. c. : whereby antibodies act as opsonins to stimulate Phagocytes have receptors for antibody stems and can phagocytize them quickly. d. which is the clumping of antigen-bound antibody molecules, and which hinders the activity of pathogens and increases the chance that they will be e. (ADCC). Similar to opsonization, the stems of antibodies interact with , which then releases perforin and granzymes, which trigger in the targeted cell. Immune Response Cytokines 1. are soluble regulatory proteins that act as intercellular signals when released by certain body cells, including those of the kidney, skin, and immune system. 2. Cytokines of the immune system include: a. : which signal among leukocytes (primarily). b. : which are antiviral proteins that also act as cytokines. The most potent is gamma interferon (IFN-p). c. which stimulate leukocyte stem cells to divide. d. which is secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells and to regulate immune responses and inflammation. e. which signal leukocytes to move to a site of inflammation or infection, or to move within tissues. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses The body uses cell-mediated immune responses to endogenous antigens to fight intracellular pathogens such as viruses that have invaded body cells, as well as abnormal body cells such as cancer cells. 1. Once activated by cells, T cells (Tc cells) recognize abnormal molecules presented by MHC class foreign cells. 2. Activated Tc cells reproduce to form protein on the surface of infected, cancerous, or expansion. 3. T cells destroy their target cells via two pathways: a. The pathway, which kills the affected cells by secreting perforins and granzymes .
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IMMUNIZATION Immunization or vaccination - what's the difference? The terms 'vaccination' and 'immunization' don't mean the same thing. Immunity is a state of protection from a particular infectious disease. Immunization is the process of producing a state of immunity in a subject. Vaccine is a preparation of immunogenic material used to induce immunity against pathogenic organisms. Vaccination is the term for the process of inducing adaptive immunity. Brief History of Immunization 1. The Chinese adopted a policy of deliberately infecting young children with particles of ground smallpox scabs from children who had survived mild cases by a procedure, called 2. developed the modern practice of vaccination when he inoculated people with cowpox virus to protect them against smallpox Active Immunization 1. The basic principle behind vaccination is to stimulate a response and a memory response that primes the immune system for future exposure to a virulent pathogen. 2. Active immunization involves different vaccine types: a. also called modified live vaccines contain weakened microorganisms; and generally provide lifelong immunity b. vaccines consist of killed bacteria or viruses which include i. , which are produced with inactivated but whole microbes. ii. which are produced with antigenic fragments of microbes. iii. For these vaccines, which cannot replicate or retain residual virulence, multiple doses must be administered to achieve immunity iv. May contain , which are chemicals added to increase their ability to stimulate active immunity. c. vaccines are chemically or thermally modified toxins that stimulate immunity against toxins rather than cellular antigens d. vaccines combine antigens from several pathogens that are administered simultaneously. e. vaccines use recombinant gene technology to remove virulence genes from microbes to create attenuated vaccines, to produce large quantities of antigens for use in immunizations, or to alter cells, viruses, or plasmids by introducing genes for antigens into them.
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Place these phases of an audit in chronological order- A- Assess the r.docx
Place these phases of an audit in chronological order: A. Assess the risk of material misstatement B. Respond to assessed risks C. Perform risk assessment procedures D. Evaluate audit evidence a. A , B , C , D . b. D , C , B , A . C. C , A , B , D d. A,C,D,B.
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Petty Cash Fund Petty Cash Fund Libby Company established a petty cas.docx
Petty Cash Fund
Petty Cash Fund Libby Company established a petty cash fund on January 2 by cashing a check for NT $3 , 500 . During January, the following expenditures were paid out of the fund. The cashier handling the fund found that the amount left on January 31 was NT\$350. The fund was replenished on January 31. Prepare the journal entries for the above transactions.
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Please answer question 4b only 4- The image below (on Endomembrane Sys.docx
Briefly describe how the following structures work together: (Letters: A, C, L, and O).
A vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes fuses with a lysosome, releasing the enzymes inside the lysosome. The lysosome then digests materials in the cell and transports them to the Golgi body for secretion outside the cell through transport vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane.
Please answer all questions- b- The in which CD95L binds to CD95 on t.docx
Please answer all questions.
b. The in which CD95L binds to CD95 on the target cell, triggering target cell apoptosis. T cells, which function in memory responses. 4. Cytotoxic T cells may also form Antibody Immune Responses Inducement of T-Dependent Antibody Immunity with Clonal Selection Activation of T-dependent antibody immunity requires the assistance of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells. 1. In antibody immunity, an APC's MHC II protein-epitope complex activates a helper T cell (Th cell) bearing a complementary 2. APCs present epitopes on MHC molecules and form an immunological synapse with Th using the complementary TCR. 3. CD 4 MHC interaction stabilizes the synapse, and the delivers a second signal. 4. ( IL 4 ) then induces the Th cell to become a type T cell (Th2). 5. The Th_cell interacts with cells displaying epitope on MHC II and releases . Since only B cells displaying the epitope the Th2 cell recognizes are activated, this process is called selection. 6. The activated B cell proliferates rapidly and the clones differentiate into either B cells or cells. 7. cells live for only a short time but secrete large amounts of antibodies, beginning with and class switching as they get older. 8. B cells migrate to lymphoid tissues to await a subsequent encounter with the same antigen. Types of Acquired Immunity Specific immunity is characterized either naturally or artificially acquired and as either active or passive. 1. When the body mounts a specific immune response against an infectious agent, the result is called _ immunity. 2. The passing of maternal IgG to the fetus and the transmission of secretory IgA in breastmilk to a baby are examples of immunity. 3. immunity is achieved by deliberately injecting someone with antigens in vaccines to provoke an active response, as in the process of immunization. 4. immunotherapy involves the administration of preformed antibodies in antitoxins or antisera to a patient. Immune Responses 1. The first adaptive response to a particular antigen is called the As a result of this initial encounter, the adaptive immune system "remembers" the mechanism that was effective against that specific antigen. 2. If the same antigen is encountered later in life, a stronger antigen-specific adaptive immune response occurs, called the response.
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Please answer all questions- T Lymphocytes (T Cells) 1) T lymphocytes.docx
Please answer all questions.
T Lymphocytes (T Cells) 1) T lymphocytes act against antigens, producing -mediated immune responses. 2) T cells have (TCRs), which have an antigen- binding site for a specific epitope. 3) T cells mature under the influence of signals from the , and they attack cells that harbor endogenous pathogens during -mediated immune responses. 4) In cell-mediated immunity, - also called CD8 positive (CD8+ cells) because they have membrane protein CD8-act against infected or abnormal body cells, including virus-infected cells, bacteria-infected cells, some fungus- or protozoan-infected cells, some cancer cells, and foreign cells that enter the body as a result of organ transplantation. 5) Two types of - Th1 and Th2 - are characterized by a membrane protein, CD4, so they are CD4+ and direct cell-mediated and antibody immune responses, respectively. B Lymphocytes (B Cells) and Antibodies 1. , which in the red bone marrow, make immunoglobulins (Ig) of two types(BCRs) and 2. Immunoglobulins are complementary to epitopes and consist of two identical shorter chains and two identical longer chains joined via bonds to form Y shaped molecules. 3. are inserted into the cytoplasmic membranes of B cells via transmembrane polypeptides. 4. The arms of each heavy and light chain vary in amino acid sequence, and thus each is called a region. 5. The two variable regions form -binding sites. 6. Exact binding between an antigen-binding site and an epitope accounts for the of an antibody immune response. 7. Because an antigen typically has numerous , many different BCRs will recognize any particular antigen's epitopes, but each BCR recognizes only epitope. 8. When an antigenic epitope stimulates a specific B cell, the B cell begins reproducing. a. The daughter B lymphocytes are now called cells, secrete and no longer display 9. Antibodies: a. similar to BCRs in shape but are portion of BCRs. b. Antibodies carry the same cell. for an epitope as the BCR of the activated B c. The arms, or antigen-binding sites. (fragment, antigen-binding), of the antibody contain the d. The antibody stem is called the (fragment, crystallizable). e. There are five basic types of stems, and these form the five classes of antibodies: , and
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Please answer all questions- 5- When the inflammatory mediators excee (1).docx
Please answer all questions.
5. When the inflammatory mediators exceed the body's coping mechanisms, acute shock may occur, which requires immediate treatment with epinephrine. 6. Type I hypersensitivity can be diagnosed by and can be partially prevented by avoidance of and by 7. Some type I hypersensitivities are treated with IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISEASES 1. develop when the body cannot launch or sustain an immune response and may be classified as: a. immunodeficiency diseases, which result from mutations or developmental anomalies and occur in young children, are present from birth, resulting from a genetic defect or developmental abnormality. They are generally rare and may affect B cells, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, or complement components. b. immunodeficiency diseases, occur after birth, perhaps due . The most significant example of an acquired immunodeficiency is (AIDS). c. People with either type of immunodeficiency tend to have repeated infections; the types of infections often depend on which part of the immune system is affected.
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Phosphatidate is an intermediate in the formation of- a) phospholipids.docx
Phosphatidate is an intermediate in the formation of: a) phospholipids. b) triacylglycerols. c) urea. d) unsaturated fatty acids. e) a and b QUESTION 2 Carnitine is an amino acid derivative that functions to transport citrate molecules into the cytoplasm so they can be used as precursors for fatty acid and/or cholesterol biosynthesis. True False
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phage type of 42D- Which statement(s) are true- Check All That Apply T.docx
phage type of 42D. Which statement(s) are true? Check All That Apply The man who is suing picked up a pathogenic S . aureus from another source, perhaps even from his own normal biota. The potato salad was the source of the outbreak for all of these people. Person number 4 who ate the original potato salad did not get ill from S . aureus in that potato salad. There is no way to determine who got infected with which S. aureus. Ceck Ar That Apour phinge typed, and this is abs eone with fecil samples trom 4 of the il peogle. The 4 it people hed no potaio saisd ien. A week ister anather person, cloiming to have boughr ine potano salsd and thrown it out aftes
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Pequired informetion Learning Objective 03-P6- Prepare closing entries.docx
Pequired informetion Learning Objective 03.P6. Prepare closing entries and a post-closing triat belance. accourtiand 6 of clere Devidends ectout ta Retaned Eamings. A postcigatig trial balance is a lid of getranent accounts and theo balancws affer af cosing entries have bewh tempolafy socosits bare ierg baiancer: Closing Entries lilustration Fintmiadot Check 04
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Please update the registers at the end of the program execution- Also.docx
Please update the registers at the end of the program execution. Also write the equivalent of this code in a highlevel language like (Java or C + + )
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Please see below H10 table released by the Fed- Rates in currency unit.docx
The document provides a table of foreign exchange rates from the US Federal Reserve's H.10 report. It asks to calculate the exchange rate of Japanese yen to South African rand using data from the table on February 12.
People are perceived as being more trustworthy when they- Select one-.docx
People are perceived as being more trustworthy when they:
Select one:
A. possess an acceptable level of technical and interpersonal knowledge & skills
B. appear to maintain consistency between what they do and what they say
C. demonstrate caring and supportive behaviors that leads one to believe that the individual has their best interest at heart
D. All of these
E. A&B Only
.
Please make revision to the following program so it incorporates three.docx
Please make revision to the following program so it incorporates three different functions (other than main) without changing much of the code itself.
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
(void) argc;
string filename = argv[1];
ifstream infile;
infile.open(filename);
if (!infile.is_open())
{
cerr << "ERROR: Error opening file - ";
cerr << "please check that you specified the correct file name ";
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (infile.eof())
{
cerr << "ERROR: Letter file is not properly formatted. ";
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// Read the contents of the file into a string
string contents;
char ch;
while (infile >> ch)
{
contents += ch;
}
// Calculate the frequency distribution of letters in the text
int letter_count[26];
int size_of_file = contents.size();
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
letter_count[i] = 0;
int total_letters = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size_of_file; i++)
{
char letter = contents[i];
if (letter >= 'a' && letter <= 'z')
{
letter_count[letter - 'a']++;
total_letters++;
} else if (letter >= 'A' && letter <= 'Z')
{
letter_count[letter - 'A']++;
total_letters++;
}
}
// The expected frequency distribution of English letters
double expected_count[26] = {0.0812, 0.0149, 0.0271, 0.0432, 0.1202,
0.0230, 0.0203, 0.0592, 0.0731, 0.0010,
0.0069, 0.0398, 0.0261, 0.0695, 0.0768,
0.0182, 0.0011, 0.0602, 0.0628, 0.0910,
0.0288, 0.0111, 0.0209, 0.0017, 0.0211,
0.0007};
// Calculate the sum of squared errors between observed and expected
// frequencies
double min_error = 1e9;
int shift = 0;
for (int s = 0; s < 26; s++)
{
double error = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++)
{
int observed_count = letter_count[(i + s) % 26];
double expected = total_letters * expected_count[i];
double diff = observed_count - expected;
error += diff * diff / expected;
}
if (error < min_error)
{
min_error = error;
shift = s;
}
}
// Output the shift amount
cout << "The shift amount is: " << shift << endl;
// Close the input file
infile.close();
return 0;
}
.
Please make sure the program is in Java 2- A double-ended queue is a g.docx
Please make sure the program is in Java
2- A double-ended queue is a generalization of the queue in which elements can be added or deleted from both the front and rear ends. Write java classes to implement the double-ended queue ADT with at least the following operations: constructor, IsEmpty, IsFull, AddFront, AddRear, DeleteFront, DeleteRear, CheckFront, CheckRear, and Reverse. Write the main program to test it. (7.5 marks)
.
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