This document discusses pediatric operative dentistry and cavity preparation in primary teeth. It provides information on the objectives of restorative treatment in primary teeth, reasons for preservation of primary teeth, anatomical differences between primary and permanent teeth, and classifications and preparation of different cavity types (Class I-VI) in primary teeth. It also describes different matrix bands and retainers used for various cavity preparations in primary teeth.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document provides an overview of minimally invasive dentistry (MID), including:
1. MID aims to conserve healthy tooth structure using prevention, remineralization, and minimal intervention. It focuses on performing only necessary dentistry using long-lasting materials.
2. Key principles of MID include disease control, remineralization of early lesions, avoiding removal of excess tooth structure, and using strong, long-lasting materials.
3. Techniques discussed include caries diagnosis/risk assessment, various caries removal methods like air abrasion and lasers, fissure sealants, preventive resin restorations, ART, and chemo-mechanical caries removal.
This document discusses fluorides in dentistry. It describes the sources of fluoride, mechanisms of how fluoride prevents tooth decay, and methods of fluoride delivery topically and systemically. It also addresses the indications for topical fluoride use, recommended dosages of fluoride tablets/drops, and potential toxicities like dental and skeletal fluorosis from inadequate or excessive fluoride intake. When used appropriately, fluoride is an effective cariostatic agent for improving dental health.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
The document discusses various types of full coverage restorations for primary anterior teeth including stainless steel crowns with composite facings, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, New Millennium crowns, Kudos crowns, Pedo jacket crowns, and Artglass crowns. It describes the materials, advantages, disadvantages, and placement techniques for each type of crown. Stainless steel crowns with composite facings combine strength, durability and improved aesthetics but take longer to place. Composite strip crowns provide good aesthetics but are technique sensitive. Polycarbonate crowns and Kudos crowns are more durable alternatives that are easier to place than composite strip crowns.
This document presents a case report on using microabrasion and remineralization (MAB-RE) to treat dental fluorosis. A 12-year-old patient presented with brown-yellow stains on their teeth due to moderate fluorosis. Over 10 weeks, microabrasion was performed using acid etching and pumice, followed by application of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) cream. This non-invasive technique successfully removed the stains without removing tooth structure. The combination of microabrasion and remineralization provides a conservative long-term approach for treating enamel defects from conditions like dental fluorosis.
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major public health problem affecting young children worldwide. ECC can develop soon after teeth erupt and involves colonization of the oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Clinical features include rapid progression of decay affecting maxillary anterior teeth first in a rampant pattern. Multiple factors contribute to ECC risk including prolonged bottle feeding with sugary liquids, genetic and socioeconomic factors. Management focuses on prevention through education and early intervention to arrest non-cavitated lesions.
Minimally invasive dentistry aims to control dental disease through early detection and least invasive treatment methods. It focuses on remineralizing early lesions and performing minimal surgical procedures. Recent advances include new cavity classification systems, preparation techniques like tunnels and slots, and caries removal methods like air abrasion, sonoabrasion, and chemomechanical removal. The Atraumatic Restorative Technique and Interim Therapeutic Restoration were developed to provide basic dental care using only hand instruments and restorative materials like glass ionomer cement. Lasers can also be used for caries prevention, removal and cavity preparation with minimal thermal damage to surrounding tooth structure.
This document provides an overview of minimally invasive dentistry (MID), including:
1. MID aims to conserve healthy tooth structure using prevention, remineralization, and minimal intervention. It focuses on performing only necessary dentistry using long-lasting materials.
2. Key principles of MID include disease control, remineralization of early lesions, avoiding removal of excess tooth structure, and using strong, long-lasting materials.
3. Techniques discussed include caries diagnosis/risk assessment, various caries removal methods like air abrasion and lasers, fissure sealants, preventive resin restorations, ART, and chemo-mechanical caries removal.
This document discusses fluorides in dentistry. It describes the sources of fluoride, mechanisms of how fluoride prevents tooth decay, and methods of fluoride delivery topically and systemically. It also addresses the indications for topical fluoride use, recommended dosages of fluoride tablets/drops, and potential toxicities like dental and skeletal fluorosis from inadequate or excessive fluoride intake. When used appropriately, fluoride is an effective cariostatic agent for improving dental health.
This document provides information on band and loop space maintainers. It begins by introducing space maintainers and their objectives in maintaining arch integrity and guiding eruption of permanent teeth. It then discusses different types of space maintainers, including removable, fixed, functional and non-functional varieties. Specific appliances like band and loop, lingual arch, and distal shoe are explained. The document outlines the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of band and loop space maintainers. It provides details on the materials and instrumentation used in fabricating band and loop space maintainers. Overall, the document serves as an overview of band and loop space maintainers, their classification, objectives, considerations and fabrication.
The document discusses various types of full coverage restorations for primary anterior teeth including stainless steel crowns with composite facings, composite strip crowns, polycarbonate crowns, New Millennium crowns, Kudos crowns, Pedo jacket crowns, and Artglass crowns. It describes the materials, advantages, disadvantages, and placement techniques for each type of crown. Stainless steel crowns with composite facings combine strength, durability and improved aesthetics but take longer to place. Composite strip crowns provide good aesthetics but are technique sensitive. Polycarbonate crowns and Kudos crowns are more durable alternatives that are easier to place than composite strip crowns.
This document presents a case report on using microabrasion and remineralization (MAB-RE) to treat dental fluorosis. A 12-year-old patient presented with brown-yellow stains on their teeth due to moderate fluorosis. Over 10 weeks, microabrasion was performed using acid etching and pumice, followed by application of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) cream. This non-invasive technique successfully removed the stains without removing tooth structure. The combination of microabrasion and remineralization provides a conservative long-term approach for treating enamel defects from conditions like dental fluorosis.
Early childhood caries (ECC) is a major public health problem affecting young children worldwide. ECC can develop soon after teeth erupt and involves colonization of the oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria like Streptococcus mutans. Clinical features include rapid progression of decay affecting maxillary anterior teeth first in a rampant pattern. Multiple factors contribute to ECC risk including prolonged bottle feeding with sugary liquids, genetic and socioeconomic factors. Management focuses on prevention through education and early intervention to arrest non-cavitated lesions.
This document summarizes recent advances in rebuilding lost enamel structure through biomimetics. It discusses the mechanisms of demineralization and remineralization, and the requirements of effective remineralizing agents. Both fluoride and non-fluoride strategies are examined, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, arginine, and tricalcium phosphate. CPP-ACP, which mimics proteins found in saliva, and bioactive glass materials like NovaMin and bioglass, are highlighted as effective remineralizing agents. The document provides details on the compositions and mechanisms of various strategies to promote remin
Saliva plays an important role in oral health by forming a protective coating, regulating pH, and providing minerals that strengthen teeth. Reduced saliva flow can be caused by radiation, certain drugs, or illness and increases the risk of dental caries. For patients with dry mouth, conservative measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants can help. Stimulating saliva production with gum or lozenges and using saliva substitutes can also relieve symptoms. Close dental monitoring and preventive strategies like excellent plaque control, fluoride use, and chlorhexidine application are needed to manage caries risk.
Dental management of handicapped childrenSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses dental management of handicapped children, including those with mental, physical, medical, or social conditions that interfere with normal functioning. It outlines considerations for the initial dental visit such as medical history and discussing treatment with physicians. Common oral issues in these patients include poor hygiene, cavities, malocclusion, and parafunctional habits. Treatment must be tailored based on a patient's level of dependency, disability type, health issues, oral hygiene, and behavior. Classification systems divide patients based on specific dental problems or conditions like physical, sensory, neurological, or chronic diseases. Guidelines are provided for treating patients with mental retardation or cerebral palsy.
A post and core restoration is used to build up tooth structure for a crown when there is not enough structure remaining. A post is placed in the root canal and a core is built up around the post to provide support and retention for the crown. Key factors in post and core design include post length and diameter, surface texture, and luting agents to provide retention, as well as post design and cement layer to provide resistance to stresses. Custom post and cores are made using direct or indirect techniques involving impression taking, while prefabricated posts are used for circular root canals.
This document discusses dentin bonding agents. It provides background on adhesion and the challenges of bonding to dentin compared to enamel. Key points discussed include:
- Conditioning of dentin is needed to remove the smear layer and expose collagen fibers. This can be done chemically using acids or chelators.
- Primers are then used which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. They displace water from the moist collagen network and allow resin infiltration.
- The concept of "wet bonding" was introduced, in which acid-etched dentin is kept moist during bonding to maintain the expanded collagen network for resin penetration.
Tooth Colored Restorative Materials describes in brief regarding the various materials used as cements and crown for loss of tooth structure either by caries or other factors like trauma, GERD, Abrasion etc
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
This document provides an overview of child psychology presented by Dr. Shivani S. Singh. It defines key terms like child psychology, emotion, and behavior. It discusses the importance of understanding child psychology for dental care. Several theories of child development are explained, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, classical conditioning theory, and social learning theory. The document focuses on Freud's psychodynamic theories including the psychic model of id, ego, and superego.
Remineralization is defined as the process whereby calcium and phosphate ions are supplied from an external source to the tooth thereby, causing ion deposition into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, thus producing net mineral gain.
Remineralization Agents - Biomimetic approaches to stabilization of bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and the localization of these ions to non-cavitated caries lesions for controlled remineralization.
Fermentable carbohydrates provide plaque bacteria with substrate for acid production.
This causes a rapid drop in plaque pH and when pH becomes less than 5.5, hydroxyapatite in enamel breaks down and calcium and phosphate ions diffuse out from the enamel.
5.5 is the “critical pH”, the point where equilibrium exists. There is no mineral dissolution and no mineral precipitation.
The plaque remains acidic for about 30-60 minutes after which normal pH is restored gradually.
The calcium and phosphate ions re-enter enamel when normal pH is restored and thus remineralization occurs.
LSTR is a new pulp therapy technique used in pediatric dentistry.
This presentation illustrated some studies which ensures the high success probability of the new technique
The lingual arch space maintainer is a passive bilateral mandibular appliance used to control tooth movement and arch perimeter after the loss of lower primary molars. It consists of bands on the first molars connected by a stainless steel wire. The wire is positioned to contact the lower incisors and rest on the gingiva of the molared and molar bands. It maintains the arch shape and leeway space until the permanent teeth erupt. Advantages include allowing eruption of permanents without interference and maintaining oral hygiene, while disadvantages include not preventing opposing tooth extrusion and potential for distortion.
This document provides an overview of regenerative endodontics, which aims to regenerate dental tissues through biologically-based procedures using stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Key elements for pulp regeneration include reliable stem cell sources, such as dental pulp stem cells, growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate scaffolds. Potential regenerative therapies include revascularization, stem cell therapy, scaffold implantation, and gene delivery. Measuring clinical outcomes and further applications are areas of future focus to develop regenerative endodontic therapies.
This document provides information on various materials used for obturation in primary teeth pulpectomy procedures. It discusses the properties, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used materials like zinc oxide eugenol, iodoform-based pastes (Walcoff paste, KRI paste, Maisto paste), Vitapex, and calcium hydroxide mixtures. It summarizes studies comparing the success rates, resorption rates, and antibacterial effects of these materials. The goal of obturation is to disinfect the root canal system and create an effective seal, while using a material that will resorb at a rate similar to root resorption in primary teeth. No single material meets all ideal criteria.
The document discusses the history and development of porcelain jacket crowns (PJCs). The first all-ceramic crown was developed by Land in 1886 and was called a PJC. Originally made of feldspathic porcelain, PJCs are now made of advanced ceramics like aluminum oxide and zirconium. PJCs offer esthetic benefits but require more tooth reduction than metal crowns. They are best for anterior teeth but have limitations for posterior teeth or situations without adequate tooth structure.
1. The Cariogram is a graphical model that illustrates an individual's risk for developing new caries based on various etiological factors. It was originally developed as an educational tool.
2. Three studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to assess caries risk profiles of different populations. One study compared children in Laos and Sweden, finding higher caries rates and risk profiles in Laotian children. Another evaluated risk profile changes over two years in Swedish children. A third compared orthodontic patients in private vs. government clinics.
3. Additional studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to predict caries development. One found no association between risk profile and root-filled teeth but higher car
gingiva and periodontal problems in childrenGarima Singh
This document provides an overview of gingival and periodontal diseases in children. It begins with an introduction stating that many periodontal diseases originate during childhood, so early detection and treatment are important. It then covers topics such as the normal periodontium in children, classifications of gingival diseases including gingivitis, acute gingival diseases like herpetic gingivostomatitis, and gingival enlargement. It also discusses periodontitis, specifically aggressive periodontitis which can occur in adolescents, as well as systemic diseases associated with periodontal problems. The conclusion emphasizes that early detection and treatment of periodontal issues in children can prevent more advanced diseases and also identify underlying systemic conditions.
The document discusses tooth preparation for dental restorations. It describes the objectives of tooth preparation as removing defects, protecting the pulp, extending restorations conservatively, and allowing functional and esthetic placement of restorative materials. Factors that affect tooth preparation include pulpal and periodontal status, dental anatomy, occlusion, patient factors, affected dentin, and restorative materials. Different types of cavity preparations are also described, including simple, compound, and complex cavities as well as Class I, Class II, and modified cavity preparations for both amalgam and composite restorations. Techniques for cavity preparation are provided for both conventional and modified designs depending on the restoration needs.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants. Colostrum produced in the first few days after birth is higher in protein and electrolytes compared to mature breast milk produced after 3 weeks. Breast milk supports the infant's oral health by protecting against colonization of cariogenic bacteria and reducing the risk of early childhood caries, especially if nocturnal breastfeeding is avoided after teeth erupt. Diet counseling during infant oral health visits focuses on appropriate breastfeeding and weaning practices, use of bottles, and dietary fluoride supplementation based on water fluoride levels.
Strip Crowns Technique for Restoration of Primary Anterior Teeth: Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Dental caries is the single most common chronic childhood disease affecting worldwide. In early childhood caries, there is early pulp involvement and gross destruction of maxillary anterior teeth as well as posterior teeth. Treatment of such caries represents a challenge to pediatric dentists especially, when teeth are badly destroyed. By the time the dentist sees the child, most of the coronal structure is lost. This case report describes challenging task of a Case of early childhood caries patients with mutilated maxillary incisors restored with a strip form composite restorations.
Operative Dentistry in pediatric department.pptrbpawar114
This document discusses pediatric operative dentistry and cavity preparation for primary teeth. It provides details on the classification of dental cavities and describes the objectives of restorative treatment for primary teeth. Specifically, it aims to repair damage from dental caries, protect tooth structure, re-establish function, restore esthetics where possible, and make oral hygiene easier. The document also covers cavity preparation for different classes of cavities in primary molars and the various matrix bands and retainers used.
silver Amalgam cavity preparation for class 1 /certified fixed orthodontic co...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document summarizes recent advances in rebuilding lost enamel structure through biomimetics. It discusses the mechanisms of demineralization and remineralization, and the requirements of effective remineralizing agents. Both fluoride and non-fluoride strategies are examined, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, arginine, and tricalcium phosphate. CPP-ACP, which mimics proteins found in saliva, and bioactive glass materials like NovaMin and bioglass, are highlighted as effective remineralizing agents. The document provides details on the compositions and mechanisms of various strategies to promote remin
Saliva plays an important role in oral health by forming a protective coating, regulating pH, and providing minerals that strengthen teeth. Reduced saliva flow can be caused by radiation, certain drugs, or illness and increases the risk of dental caries. For patients with dry mouth, conservative measures like drinking water and avoiding irritants can help. Stimulating saliva production with gum or lozenges and using saliva substitutes can also relieve symptoms. Close dental monitoring and preventive strategies like excellent plaque control, fluoride use, and chlorhexidine application are needed to manage caries risk.
Dental management of handicapped childrenSaeed Bajafar
This document discusses dental management of handicapped children, including those with mental, physical, medical, or social conditions that interfere with normal functioning. It outlines considerations for the initial dental visit such as medical history and discussing treatment with physicians. Common oral issues in these patients include poor hygiene, cavities, malocclusion, and parafunctional habits. Treatment must be tailored based on a patient's level of dependency, disability type, health issues, oral hygiene, and behavior. Classification systems divide patients based on specific dental problems or conditions like physical, sensory, neurological, or chronic diseases. Guidelines are provided for treating patients with mental retardation or cerebral palsy.
A post and core restoration is used to build up tooth structure for a crown when there is not enough structure remaining. A post is placed in the root canal and a core is built up around the post to provide support and retention for the crown. Key factors in post and core design include post length and diameter, surface texture, and luting agents to provide retention, as well as post design and cement layer to provide resistance to stresses. Custom post and cores are made using direct or indirect techniques involving impression taking, while prefabricated posts are used for circular root canals.
This document discusses dentin bonding agents. It provides background on adhesion and the challenges of bonding to dentin compared to enamel. Key points discussed include:
- Conditioning of dentin is needed to remove the smear layer and expose collagen fibers. This can be done chemically using acids or chelators.
- Primers are then used which contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers. They displace water from the moist collagen network and allow resin infiltration.
- The concept of "wet bonding" was introduced, in which acid-etched dentin is kept moist during bonding to maintain the expanded collagen network for resin penetration.
Tooth Colored Restorative Materials describes in brief regarding the various materials used as cements and crown for loss of tooth structure either by caries or other factors like trauma, GERD, Abrasion etc
An inlay may cap none, or may cap all but one cusp.
Sturdevant’s 4th ed. page579
Inlays may be used as single-tooth restorations for proximo-occlusal or gingival lesions with minimal to moderate extensions
Shillingburg page 1
An inlay may be defined as a restoration which has been constructed out of mouth from gold, porcelain, or other material & then cemented into the prepared cavity of a tooth.
William McGehee pg410
This document provides an overview of child psychology presented by Dr. Shivani S. Singh. It defines key terms like child psychology, emotion, and behavior. It discusses the importance of understanding child psychology for dental care. Several theories of child development are explained, including psychoanalytic theory, psychosocial theory, classical conditioning theory, and social learning theory. The document focuses on Freud's psychodynamic theories including the psychic model of id, ego, and superego.
Remineralization is defined as the process whereby calcium and phosphate ions are supplied from an external source to the tooth thereby, causing ion deposition into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, thus producing net mineral gain.
Remineralization Agents - Biomimetic approaches to stabilization of bioavailable calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions and the localization of these ions to non-cavitated caries lesions for controlled remineralization.
Fermentable carbohydrates provide plaque bacteria with substrate for acid production.
This causes a rapid drop in plaque pH and when pH becomes less than 5.5, hydroxyapatite in enamel breaks down and calcium and phosphate ions diffuse out from the enamel.
5.5 is the “critical pH”, the point where equilibrium exists. There is no mineral dissolution and no mineral precipitation.
The plaque remains acidic for about 30-60 minutes after which normal pH is restored gradually.
The calcium and phosphate ions re-enter enamel when normal pH is restored and thus remineralization occurs.
LSTR is a new pulp therapy technique used in pediatric dentistry.
This presentation illustrated some studies which ensures the high success probability of the new technique
The lingual arch space maintainer is a passive bilateral mandibular appliance used to control tooth movement and arch perimeter after the loss of lower primary molars. It consists of bands on the first molars connected by a stainless steel wire. The wire is positioned to contact the lower incisors and rest on the gingiva of the molared and molar bands. It maintains the arch shape and leeway space until the permanent teeth erupt. Advantages include allowing eruption of permanents without interference and maintaining oral hygiene, while disadvantages include not preventing opposing tooth extrusion and potential for distortion.
This document provides an overview of regenerative endodontics, which aims to regenerate dental tissues through biologically-based procedures using stem cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. Key elements for pulp regeneration include reliable stem cell sources, such as dental pulp stem cells, growth factors to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation, and appropriate scaffolds. Potential regenerative therapies include revascularization, stem cell therapy, scaffold implantation, and gene delivery. Measuring clinical outcomes and further applications are areas of future focus to develop regenerative endodontic therapies.
This document provides information on various materials used for obturation in primary teeth pulpectomy procedures. It discusses the properties, advantages and disadvantages of commonly used materials like zinc oxide eugenol, iodoform-based pastes (Walcoff paste, KRI paste, Maisto paste), Vitapex, and calcium hydroxide mixtures. It summarizes studies comparing the success rates, resorption rates, and antibacterial effects of these materials. The goal of obturation is to disinfect the root canal system and create an effective seal, while using a material that will resorb at a rate similar to root resorption in primary teeth. No single material meets all ideal criteria.
The document discusses the history and development of porcelain jacket crowns (PJCs). The first all-ceramic crown was developed by Land in 1886 and was called a PJC. Originally made of feldspathic porcelain, PJCs are now made of advanced ceramics like aluminum oxide and zirconium. PJCs offer esthetic benefits but require more tooth reduction than metal crowns. They are best for anterior teeth but have limitations for posterior teeth or situations without adequate tooth structure.
1. The Cariogram is a graphical model that illustrates an individual's risk for developing new caries based on various etiological factors. It was originally developed as an educational tool.
2. Three studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to assess caries risk profiles of different populations. One study compared children in Laos and Sweden, finding higher caries rates and risk profiles in Laotian children. Another evaluated risk profile changes over two years in Swedish children. A third compared orthodontic patients in private vs. government clinics.
3. Additional studies evaluated the Cariogram model's ability to predict caries development. One found no association between risk profile and root-filled teeth but higher car
gingiva and periodontal problems in childrenGarima Singh
This document provides an overview of gingival and periodontal diseases in children. It begins with an introduction stating that many periodontal diseases originate during childhood, so early detection and treatment are important. It then covers topics such as the normal periodontium in children, classifications of gingival diseases including gingivitis, acute gingival diseases like herpetic gingivostomatitis, and gingival enlargement. It also discusses periodontitis, specifically aggressive periodontitis which can occur in adolescents, as well as systemic diseases associated with periodontal problems. The conclusion emphasizes that early detection and treatment of periodontal issues in children can prevent more advanced diseases and also identify underlying systemic conditions.
The document discusses tooth preparation for dental restorations. It describes the objectives of tooth preparation as removing defects, protecting the pulp, extending restorations conservatively, and allowing functional and esthetic placement of restorative materials. Factors that affect tooth preparation include pulpal and periodontal status, dental anatomy, occlusion, patient factors, affected dentin, and restorative materials. Different types of cavity preparations are also described, including simple, compound, and complex cavities as well as Class I, Class II, and modified cavity preparations for both amalgam and composite restorations. Techniques for cavity preparation are provided for both conventional and modified designs depending on the restoration needs.
Fluoride reduces dental caries through multiple mechanisms including:
1) Incorporation into tooth enamel and dentin during development and after eruption, making the tooth structure less soluble in acid.
2) Interacting with the bacterial enzymes and metabolic processes that produce acid in dental plaque, reducing acid production.
3) Promoting remineralization of enamel and dentin that have been demineralized by acid from plaque bacteria.
Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition for infants. Colostrum produced in the first few days after birth is higher in protein and electrolytes compared to mature breast milk produced after 3 weeks. Breast milk supports the infant's oral health by protecting against colonization of cariogenic bacteria and reducing the risk of early childhood caries, especially if nocturnal breastfeeding is avoided after teeth erupt. Diet counseling during infant oral health visits focuses on appropriate breastfeeding and weaning practices, use of bottles, and dietary fluoride supplementation based on water fluoride levels.
Strip Crowns Technique for Restoration of Primary Anterior Teeth: Case ReportAbu-Hussein Muhamad
Dental caries is the single most common chronic childhood disease affecting worldwide. In early childhood caries, there is early pulp involvement and gross destruction of maxillary anterior teeth as well as posterior teeth. Treatment of such caries represents a challenge to pediatric dentists especially, when teeth are badly destroyed. By the time the dentist sees the child, most of the coronal structure is lost. This case report describes challenging task of a Case of early childhood caries patients with mutilated maxillary incisors restored with a strip form composite restorations.
Operative Dentistry in pediatric department.pptrbpawar114
This document discusses pediatric operative dentistry and cavity preparation for primary teeth. It provides details on the classification of dental cavities and describes the objectives of restorative treatment for primary teeth. Specifically, it aims to repair damage from dental caries, protect tooth structure, re-establish function, restore esthetics where possible, and make oral hygiene easier. The document also covers cavity preparation for different classes of cavities in primary molars and the various matrix bands and retainers used.
silver Amalgam cavity preparation for class 1 /certified fixed orthodontic co...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The document discusses the principles of tooth preparation for cast restorations:
1) Preservation of tooth structure by using minimal preparation and taper, following anatomical planes, and selecting conservative margins.
2) Providing retention and resistance through opposing axial walls, taper, length, and limiting freedom of displacement.
3) Ensuring structural durability with adequate occlusal reduction and clearance, functional cusp bevels, and axial reduction to allow for bulk.
4) Maintaining marginal integrity with supragingival margins where possible and accurate margin adaptation.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation (conservative dentistry)Adwiti Vidushi
Tooth preparation involves altering a tooth to receive a restorative material and reestablish health. It has initial and final stages. The initial stage establishes an outline form and primary resistance and retention forms. The outline form removes weakened enamel and extends to sound margins. Primary resistance form uses a box shape to resist forces, while primary retention form uses converging walls for amalgam and bonding for composites. Convenience form provides access and ease of operation.
Tooth preparation involves altering a tooth to receive a restorative material and reestablish health. It has initial and final stages. The initial stages establish an outline form for access and limited depth, then primary resistance and retention forms. Resistance form uses a box shape to resist forces, while retention form uses converging walls for amalgam and bonding for composites. Convenience form provides access and ease of restoration.
1. Management of dental caries includes identifying an individual's risk, understanding the disease process, and active surveillance to assess progression and provide preventive services or restorative therapy when needed.
2. Decisions for restoring carious lesions should consider visual detection of enamel cavitation, shadowing, or radiographic enlargement over time.
3. Evidence shows incomplete caries excavation in primary and permanent teeth with normal or reversible pulps results in fewer pulp exposures and less pulpal disease than complete excavation, and restoration failure rates are no higher after incomplete versus complete excavation. Partial (one-step) excavation leads to higher pulp vitality maintenance than stepwise (two-step) excavation.
This document provides information on class II cavity preparation. It begins by defining dental caries and tooth preparation. It then classifies cavities, including class II cavities which involve the proximal surfaces of bicuspids and molars. The document outlines the principles and steps of cavity preparation, including initial cavity preparation, final cavity preparation, and modifications for primary teeth. It emphasizes removing infected dentin, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls. The document provides details on techniques for class II cavity preparation and references further resources.
This document provides information on class II cavity preparation. It begins by defining dental caries and tooth preparation. It then classifies cavities, including class II cavities which involve the proximal surfaces of bicuspids and molars. The principles of cavity preparation are outlined, including initial cavity preparation to establish form and depth, and final preparation involving removal of infected dentin and pulp protection. Modifications for cavity preparation in primary teeth are also discussed.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
This document discusses the principles and steps of tooth preparation for dental restorations. It describes 10 steps in the initial and final stages:
1) Outlining the preparation margins and initial depth
2) Establishing primary resistance form with a box shape and flat floor
3) Providing primary retention form with converging walls for amalgam or etching for composite
4) Ensuring convenience form for access
5) Removing any remaining enamel, infected dentin or old materials
6) Applying pulp protection if needed with liners or bases
7) Adding secondary retention/resistance features like locks or grooves
8) Finishing external walls considering enamel rod direction and restorative material
9) Cleaning,
This document discusses principles of cavity preparation for class I and class II cavities. Class I cavities involve lesions on tooth surfaces that do not extend beyond the external wall. Class II cavities involve proximal lesions between teeth. The key steps for class II preparation are to first prepare the occlusal surface, then use a bur to create a box-shaped cavity extending just past the contact point between teeth while avoiding cutting the adjacent tooth. Matrix bands should be used to isolate the tooth and protect the adjacent tooth during preparation.
This document discusses cavity preparation in primary teeth. It covers the basic principles, which involve opening the cavity with a high-speed bur and then eliminating caries from all walls. It describes cavity preparations for different tooth surfaces and classes of cavities. For class I cavities, it recommends rounding internal line angles and converging side walls. For class II cavities, it suggests dovetail-shaped occlusal steps and convergence of proximal walls. Stainless steel crowns are indicated for restoring heavily decayed primary molars.
Principles of tooth prep /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
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Principles of tooth prep /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
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Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
crown lec1- principles of tooth preparation(v.good)Yahya Almoussawy
The document discusses various aspects of tooth preparation for dental restorations. It covers principles such as retention, resistance and prevention of undercuts. It describes preparation designs for different types of restorations like crowns, bridges, veneers and describes finish lines. Biologic considerations like preventing damage to adjacent teeth and pulp are covered. Mechanical principles like adequate tooth reduction, taper, and smoothing of line angles are explained.
The document discusses principles of tooth preparation for dental restorations. It covers biological considerations like preserving tooth structure, margin placement, and preventing pulp injury. Mechanical considerations include providing retention and resistance form to prevent restoration deformation or displacement. Ideal preparation taper is 2.5-6.5 degrees. Surface area and roughness increase retention while resistance depends on forces and preparation geometry. Margin types include featheredge, chamfer, bevel and shoulder. Occlusal and axial reduction are needed with functional cusp bevels. Esthetic results factor preparation for all-ceramic, metal-ceramic or partial coverage restorations.
The document discusses cavity preparation in primary teeth. It outlines the basic principles of Black's cavity preparation and describes how to prepare cavities for each class: Class I cavities involve occlusal surfaces, Class II cavities involve occlusal and proximal surfaces, Class III cavities involve proximal surfaces of anterior teeth, Class IV cavities extend into the proximal incisal angle, and Class V cavities involve cervical lesions. Stainless steel crowns are recommended for restoring teeth with large cavities or poor oral hygiene. Pit and fissure sealants can prevent cavities by protecting tooth surfaces.
The document discusses the fundamentals of tooth preparation. It defines tooth preparation as the mechanical alteration of a tooth to receive a restorative material. The objectives are to remove defects, extend restorations conservatively, form preparations to resist fracture under force and allow for esthetic and functional placement of material. Key terminology includes walls, angles, and classifications of different types of restorations. The stages of initial preparation establish outline and resistance form, while final preparation focuses on secondary features, finishing, and cleaning.
Vertical bone defects occur after tooth extraction as bone remodeling leads to resorption. There are several classifications of alveolar ridge defects based on the amount and location of bone loss. Key factors for implant success include respecting the per-implant soft tissue and optimal implant positioning and angulation. Common techniques for treating vertical bone defects include guided bone regeneration, osteoperiosteal flap ridge-split, distraction osteogenesis, and block grafting. These use bone grafting materials and biomaterials as scaffolds to regenerate bone. Future advances like growth factors, stem cells, and 3D printing may improve outcomes. Sinus lifts can augment the posterior maxilla where resorption has left insufficient bone for dental implants.
An Introduction to Fixed Prosthodontics dr. wasan.pptxaliimad10
This document discusses crowns and bridges in dentistry. It defines crowns as fixed restorations that cover the coronal portion of teeth to restore morphology, contour, and function. Bridges are fixed prostheses that replace one or more missing teeth by connecting to adjacent natural teeth or roots. The document outlines different types of crowns and components of bridges, as well as the purposes, materials, and steps for constructing crowns and bridges.
Endodontic surgery is performed to preserve natural teeth when a root canal fails to heal the tooth or resolve issues related to previous root canal treatment. It involves surgically accessing and treating damaged tissues outside the tooth root that have become infected or inflamed. Some common reasons for endodontic surgery are a failure of nonsurgical root canal treatment, need to remove calcium deposits or repair damaged roots/bone, and to retrieve broken instruments. It is done by an endodontic surgeon to resolve symptoms when other options have been exhausted.
The document discusses oral candidiasis, a common fungal infection caused by Candida species that is more prevalent in diabetics. Risk factors for diabetics include high salivary glucose levels, low saliva secretion, and impaired immune defenses. Symptoms include white patches or lesions in the mouth and throat that can cause soreness. Treatment involves antifungal medications applied topically or taken orally. Preventive measures for diabetics include controlling blood sugar, drinking water, cleaning dentures, and removing dentures at night.
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood below the normal range of 150,000-450,000 per microliter. Platelets are important for blood clotting and preventing bleeding. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, or sequestration of platelets in the spleen. Common causes include immune thrombocytopenia, drug reactions, viral infections, genetic disorders, liver disease, and pregnancy. Symptoms range from easy bruising to spontaneous bleeding and are dependent on severity. Diagnosis involves blood tests and identifying the underlying cause to guide treatment such as medications, platelet transfusions, or splen
The document discusses several theories on how fluoride reduces dental caries. The pre-eruptive theory states that fluoride taken during tooth formation can change tooth composition and morphology by replacing hydroxyl groups in tooth enamel with fluoride. The post-eruptive theory explains that fluoride in saliva and plaque reacts with tooth enamel to enhance remineralization and form calcium fluoride or fluorapatite crystals. Topically applied fluoride at high concentrations can also interfere with bacterial growth and metabolism. Fluoride reduces caries by increasing enamel resistance, promoting remineralization of early lesions, and interfering with cariogenic plaque bacteria.
Cavernous sinus thrombosis is a rare condition caused by infection or trauma that leads to a blood clot forming in the cavernous sinus, which is located at the base of the skull. Symptoms include swelling of the eyelids, pain with eye movement, and vision changes. Diagnosis is made through imaging tests like CT scans or MRI that show filling defects or high signal intensity in the cavernous sinus.
Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that can cause infections in humans. It is normally present in the gastrointestinal tract and vagina in small amounts, but can overgrow and cause infection when the immune system is compromised. Common symptoms of candidiasis include oral and vaginal thrush, skin rashes, and nail infections. Diagnosis involves examining samples under a microscope or culturing the organism. Treatment involves antifungal medications. Prevention focuses on maintaining good hygiene and a healthy diet.
Superficial fungal skin infections can be caused by dermatophytes, Pityrosporum, or Candida. Dermatophyte infections (tinea) present in various forms depending on the infected area, such as tinea capitis affecting the scalp. Pityrosporum infection causes pityriasis versicolor, presenting as macules on the trunk that fluoresce under wood's light. Candidiasis can infect skin, nails, and mucous membranes. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, microscopy, culture, and wood's light testing. Topical and oral antifungals are used for treatment.
This document discusses cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. It notes that CMV transmission occurs through direct contact with infected white blood cells or blood products. In organ transplant recipients, CMV can be transmitted through the donor organ. CMV infection is usually asymptomatic but can cause mononucleosis-like symptoms. It establishes latency after initial exposure. CMV infection most commonly involves the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and mucocutaneous sites in immunocompromised people like those with AIDS. Treatment involves antiviral medications like ganciclovir or valganciclovir.
This document discusses several viral infections that can cause oral ulcers and vesicles, including herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of primary and recurrent infections caused by these viruses, noting they typically present as painful oral ulcers. Management involves pain control, supportive care, and antiviral medication like acyclovir to reduce symptoms and transmission risk. Complications in immunocompromised patients can be severe, warranting systemic antiviral treatment.
The document discusses orofacial pain and provides details on evaluating and diagnosing different types of facial pain. It describes:
1) How to clinically evaluate pain based on its onset, localization, characteristics, course, and factors that alter it. Inability to localize pain or radiation may indicate a neurogenic component.
2) The main types of chronic orofacial pain which are musculoskeletal, neuropathic and neurovascular. Neuropathic pain includes trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
3) Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by severe, brief, stabbing pains on one side of the face and can be caused by neurovascular compression. Glossopharyngeal neural
This document discusses various types of fascial space infections related to the lower jaw. It describes the anatomy, sources of infection, signs and symptoms, and treatment approaches for submental, submandibular, sublingual, buccal, masseteric, and pterygomandibular space infections. It also covers Ludwig's angina, which is a severe infection of multiple lower jaw spaces that can compromise the airway if not treated promptly. Surgical drainage of infected spaces and intravenous antibiotics are emphasized as important treatment approaches.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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2. Acc to AAPD the objectives of restorative
treatment are to
repair or limit the damage from dental caries
protect and preserve the tooth structure
re-establish adequate function
restore esthetics ( where applicable)
provide ease in maintaining good oral hygiene.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 2
3. REASONS FOR PRESERVATION OF PRIMARY TEETH
Necessary till the succedaneous teeth replace them
Mastication of food
Preservation and increase in arch length
Development of speech and phonetics
Prevention of any infection or caries to the
permanent teeth
Prevention of malocclusion of permanent teeth
Esthetics
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 3
5. Pulpal outline follows DEJ more
closely than in permanent tooth.
Longer & more pointed pulp
horns.
Less bulk/ thickness of dentin
Larger pulp
Thin enamel of uniform
thickness,which is parallel to DEJ
Enamel rods are directed occlusally
at cervical third
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 5
6. Occlusal anatomy of primary teeth not well defined &
supplemental grooves less common- cavity prep
sh/be kept more conservative
Enamel thinner-cavity prep sh/ be kept shallow
Pulp horns extend a greater distance into crown of
tooth – cavity sh/ be conservative to avoid pulpal
exposure
Exaggerated cervical bulge- matrix adaptation
difficult – construction of a custom matrix to fit the
teeth
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 6
7. Direction of enamel rods in cervical region or
gingival third of primary teeth extend from the
DEJ occlusally or horizontally- eliminates the need
for a gingival bevel in CL II prep.
Interproximal contacts of primary molars are
generally broad, elliptical, flat & cervically placed –
require wide proximal cavity prep.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 7
8. CLASS I-
All pit and fissure cavities
Occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
Occlusal 2/3 of buccal and lingual surfaces of
premolars & molars
Lingual surfaces of anterior teeth.
CLASS II-
All proximal surface cavities on the premolars and
molars.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 8
9. CLASS III-
All proximal surface cavities on the incisors and
canines which do not involve the removal and
restoration of the incisal angle.
CLASS IV-
All proximal surface cavities on the incisors and
canine which involve the removal and restoration
of the incisal angle.
CLASS V-
All gingival cavities located within the gingival one
third of the tooth. These may be either on the
facial or lingual Gingival one third of the tooth
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 9
10. CLASS VI-
Cavities on the incisal edges and cusp tips of all
teeth.
Acc to some authors-MOD cavities are Cl VI
cavities
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 10
11. Mount & Hume (1998) classification
The three sites of carious lesions:
Site 1- Pits, fissures and enamel defects on
occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth or other
smooth surfaces
Site2- Proximal enamel immediately below areas
in contact with adjacent teeth
Site3-The cervical one-third of the crown or,
following gingival recession, the exposed root.
(Australian dental journal 1998)
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 11
12. The four sizes of carious lesions:
Size 1- Minimal involvement of dentin just
beyond treatment by remineralization
alone.
Size2- Moderate involvement of dentin.
Following cavity preparation, remaining
enamel is sound, well supported by dentin
and not likely to fail under normal occlusal
load. The remaining tooth structure is
sufficiently strong to support the
restoration.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 12
13. Size 3- The cavity is enlarged beyond
moderate. The remaining tooth structure
is weakened to the extent that cusps or
incisal edges are split, or are likely to fail
or left exposed to occlusal or incisal load.
The cavity needs to be further enlarged
so that the restoration can be designed to
provide support and protection to the
remaining tooth structure.
Size 4- Extensive caries with bulk loss of
tooth structure has already occurred.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 13
14. (OLD CONCEPT- EXTENSION FOR PREVENTION)
• Cavity design dictated by site & extent of lesion.
• No need to extend cavity into the “caries free” area.
• Biologically active restorative material which
assists remineralization & healing of remaining
tooth structure.
• ONLY Irretrievable/ degenerated/ broken down
tooth surface to be removed.
• Completely control plaque accumulation by
eliminating surface cavitation as a result of caries.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 14
16. Blacks concept extension for prevention.
1. Obtaining Outline form
2. Obtaining Resistance form
3. Obtaining Retention form
4. Obtaining Convenience form
5. Removal of infected dentin
6. Finishing enamel walls
7. Debridement /toilet of the cavity
Tuesday, February 21, 2023
16
18. The extension and depth of the cavity will be
determined by the amount and location of caries
and preoperative occlusal anatomy. Every effort
should be made to retain as much well-supported
enamel as possible.
The maximum inter cuspal cavity width should be
one-quarter to one-third of the inter cuspal width.
0.5 mm pulpally to the DEJ to provide sufficient
bulk of amalgam to with stand occlusal forces.
Pulpal floor should be flat & smooth
Internal line angles should be rounded to reduce
any stresses in the set amalgam.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 18
19. The extension is made, buccal or lingual
cavity walls should be straight and either
parallel or converging occlusally
The extension should be cut 0.5 mm into
dentine and should extend gingivally to
include the developmental pits.
Retention grooves can be place in dentine
if considered necessary.
The ‘isthmus’ area where the extension
meets the occlusal section can be rounded
or beveled to increase the bulk of
amalgam. as it is subjected to heavy
stresses during lateral movements
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 19
20. Class II Cavity
(1) Outline: The outline follows the fissure pattern
so as to prevent secondary caries occurring
adjacent to the restoration. A smooth flowing
outline reduces stress and permits better of
the amalgam.
(2) Isthmus: This should be between 1/4 of the
inter cuspal distance (approximately 1.5 mm)
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 20
21. (3) Depth: This should be 0.5 mm below
dentino-enamel junction or 1.5 mm from the
cavosurface (i.e.. 'a'.)
(4) Internal angles: All the internal angles
should be rounded so as to limit stress and
to ensure that amalgam can be easily packed
into these regions.
(5) Pulpal floor: Pulpal floor should be slightly
concave.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 21
22. (6) Buccal and lingual walls: should be converging
so making the cavity retentive. Also, the
cavosurface angle needs to be a right angle to
ensure maximum strength at the enamel-amalgam
junction.
(7)Gingival floor: should be located just below the
contact area with the adjacent tooth. But
supragingivally.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 22
23. (8) Axial wall: The width of the floor of the box
should be approximately 1 mm. follows
external contour of tooth.
(9) Buccal and lingual walls: These should be
convergent, parallel to the appropriate
external surface and make a cavo surface
angle of 90 degree.
(10) Axio-pulpal line angle: This should be
rounded which gives the maximum thickness
of amalgam with the minimum of stress in this
area.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 23
24. (11) Retention grooves- made to enhance
retention.
(12) Occlusal dovetail -It should be made
including all carious areas and shape
should be such that it locks the occlusal
portion of filling.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 24
25. Tuesday, February 21, 2023 25
PROXIMAL BOX OF DECIDUOUS TEETH
• Box converges occlusally
• Minimal flare to prevent weakening of
enamel walls
• Isthmus 1/4th to 1/5th inter cuspal
width
•Rounded axio-pulpal angle grooved to
increase retention
•No bevel in gingival seat
•Depth minimal to prevent pulp
exposure at cervial constriction
•Wide gingival floor
30. They hold the restorative material in the
cavity, restore the tooth to original form
and preserve the arch length and
anatomic function.
The matrix band should be rigid enough
to allow adequate packing pressure,
ensuing a well-condensed restoration
free from an excessive mercury.
Should also prevent extension of excess
restorative material beyond the band
into the gingival tissue causing over
hanging amalgam restoration.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 30
33. 1. Matrices for Class I cavity (compound cavity)
Double banded tofflemire
2. Matrices for Class II
Single banded tofflemire
Ivory matrix No. 1
Ivory matrix NO. 8
Black's matrices
Soldered band matrix
Anatomical matrix
Auto-matrix
S-shaped matrix band
T-shaped matrix band
3. Matrices for a cavity preparation for amalgam on distal of
cuspid.
S shaped matrix
Tofflemire
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 33
34. 4. Matrices for Class III for tooth coloured
restorations
Transparent celluloid strips
5. Matrices for Class IV for tooth coloured
restorations
Celluloid strips
Aluminum foil (non-light cure)
Anatomic matrix .
Modified S shaped band of copper, tin, aluminum
foil (non-light cure)
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 34
35. A stainless steel band material of
0.00508cm x 1.27cm x 3.81cm (0.002"x
3/6" x 1W') size is taken.
Gripping band material with plier, it is
tightly adapted around the tooth for which
band has to be formed. In most of the
teeth the band should be made buccally,
i.e. ends of the band should be buccally
Band is taken out by holding it with pliers.
Both the ends of the band material are
spot welded.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 35
36. Excess of the material is cut and removed
carefully. The band is fitted on the tooth. It
should fit tightly on the tooth surface. Mark the
band according to the height and contour. Band
height should not be above the marginal ridge
of the adjoining tooth.
Wedge is inserted in the gingival embrasure for
the tight fitting & adaptation of the band
Wedge should be inserted from the lingual side.
Further burnishing of the band provides better
adaptation.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 36
37. It is available in two widths, broad and narrow.
Broad is used for permanent teeth and narrow
is used for deciduous teeth.
They are made up of soft metal strip. This type
of band matrix can fit and adapt to most of the
teeth properly for proximal surface fillings.
Its use is simple and easy. It can be easily
prepared, contoured, placed and removed from
deciduous and permanent teeth.
To reduce the chair side time, the loop of
approximate size of the diameter of the tooth
can be prepared in advance.
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 37
40. Sectional matrix with G-rings (retainers) for
postcrior composites
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 40
41. Q.1) Enamel rods at cervical third in primary
teeth are directed
1. Vertically
2. Occlusally
3. Cervically
4. In any of the above directions
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 41
42. Q. 2) As compared to permanent teeth,
supplemental grooves are
1. More common in primary teeth
2. Less common in primary teeth
3. More deep in primary teeth
4. Both 2) and 3)
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 42
43. Q. 3) While preparing Cl. II Cavity in Primary
teeth
1. Gingival bevel should be kept minimal.
2. It is not made at all.
3. It is more pronounced in primary teeth.
4. Modified according to morphology of teeth
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 43
44. Q. 4) As compared to permanent teeth
interproximal contacts in primary
teeth are
1. More pointed and more cervically placed
2. More pointed and more occlusally placed
3. Broader and more cervically placed
4. Broader and more occlusally plced
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 44
45. Q. 5) The maximum inter cuspal cavity width
in Cl II cavity preparation in primary
teeth should be
1. one-quarter to one-third of the inter cuspal
width
2. one-third to two- third of the inter cuspal
width
3. Half of the inter cuspal width
4. Half to two- third of the inter cuspal width
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 45
46. Q. 6) According to BLACK’S CLASSIFICATION
CLASS II cavity includes
1. All proximal surface cavities on the
premolars and molars.
2. All proximal surface cavities on all the
teeth.
3. All proximal surface cavities on the
incisors and canine which involve the
removal and restoration of the incisal angle.
4. Occlusal 2/3 of buccal and lingual surfaces of
premolars & molars
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 46
47. Q. 7). The purpose of the matrix bands is to
1. hold the restorative material in the cavity
2. restore the tooth to original form
3. preserve the arch length and anatomic
function
4. All of the above
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 47
48. Q. 8) G-Rings are used in maintenance of
1. Proximal contacts for restoration of
posterior teeth with composites
2. Proximal contacts for restoration of
anterior teeth with composites
3. Both of the above
4. None of the above
Tuesday, February 21, 2023 48