This document provides information on class II cavity preparation. It begins by defining dental caries and tooth preparation. It then classifies cavities, including class II cavities which involve the proximal surfaces of bicuspids and molars. The principles of cavity preparation are outlined, including initial cavity preparation to establish form and depth, and final preparation involving removal of infected dentin and pulp protection. Modifications for cavity preparation in primary teeth are also discussed.
this contains the steps for the class 1 cavity preparation for amalgam in detail. also contains the difference between composite and amalgam cavity preparation.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
this contains the steps for the class 1 cavity preparation for amalgam in detail. also contains the difference between composite and amalgam cavity preparation.
Fundamentals in tooth preparation, Now many indications for treatment for teeth are not due to caries and, therefore, the preparation of the tooth is no longer referred to as cavity preparation but as tooth preparation, and the term cavity is used only as a historical reference.
NOMENCLATURE
direct filling gold... material aspect, types, condensation, cavity design, modifications. detaied seminar for post gradutes.... any doubts or suggestions contact dr.mb@hotmail.com
direct filling gold... material aspect, types, condensation, cavity design, modifications. detaied seminar for post gradutes.... any doubts or suggestions contact dr.mb@hotmail.com
Tooth preparation is an important part of dentistry. understanding the steps and principles are essential for a optimal and successful treatment outcome. check my blog toothbook.in for further interesting dental contents.
This is the powerpoint presentation for Principles of Cavity preparation in the undergraduate level. It includes all the basic details a budding dentist has to know in the department of conservative dentistry. Hope you would learn better and enjoy learning.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The pediatric dentistry in the restorative to the damaged tooth by the caries and the prevention for the further shedding and erupting of the permanent tooth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Triangles of Neck and Clinical Correlation by Dr. RIG.pptx
Class II cavity preparation
1. Class II Cavity Preparation
Presented by,
Sreelekshmi J
Intern
KVG Dental College
2. INTRODUCTION
Dental Caries is “an infectious microbiological disease of the teeth
that results in localized dissolution and destruction of calcified
tissues.”
- STURDEVANT
Tooth preparation is defined as the mechanical alteration of a
defective, injured or diseased tooth to best receive a restorative
material that will re-establish a healthy state for the tooth, including
esthetic corrections where indicated, along with normal form and
function.
- STURDEVANT
3. CLASSIFICATION FOR CAVITY
PREPARATION
Black’s Classification:
Class I cavity – for caries involving pits, fissures and
defective grooves.
Locations
Occlusal surface of molars and premolars
Occlusal two-third of buccal and lingual surfaces of
molars
Lingual surfaces of anterior tooth
4. Class II cavity – for caries lesions found on the proximal
surfaces of the bicuspids and molars.
5. Class III cavity – Carious lesions found on the proximal surfaces of anterior
teeth that do not involve or necessitate the removal of the incisal angle.
Class IV cavity – Carious lesions found on the proximal surfaces of anterior
teeth that involve the incisal angle.
6. Class V cavity – Carious lesions found at the gingival third of the facial
and lingual surfaces of the anterior and posterior teeth.
Class VI cavity (Simon’s modification) – Carious lesions involving cuspal
tips and incisal edges of teeth.
7. PRINCIPLES OF CAVITY PREPARATION
The steps in cavity preparation are:
Initial cavity preparation stage
- Outline form and initial depth
- Primary resistance form
- Primary retention form
- Convenience form
8. Final cavity preparation stage:
- Removal of any remaining infected dentin
- Pulp protection
- Secondary resistance and retention form
- Finishing of enamel walls
- Final procedure – Cleaning, varnishing and conditioning
9. Outline Form and Initial Depth
Placing the preparation margins in the positions they will occupy in the
final preparation.
Preparing an initial depth of 0.2 – 0.8 mm pulpally of the DEJ position.
Principles involved:
1. All friable and/or weakened enamel should be removed.
2. All faults should be included.
3. All margins should be placed in a position to afford good finishing of
margins of restoration.
10. Features:
1. Preserving cuspal strength.
2. Preserving marginal ridge.
3. Minimizing faciolingual extension.
4. Using enameloplasty.
5. Connecting two close faults of the tooth which are less than 0.5 mm
apart.
6. Restricting depth of penetration into dentin to a maximum of 0.2 mm for
pit and fissure caries and 0.2 to 0.8 mm for the axial wall of smooth
surface caries.
11. Primary Resistance Form
It is defined as that shape and placement of the preparation
walls that best enable both the restoration and the tooth to
withstand, without fracture, masticatory forces delivered
principally in the long axis of the tooth.
Principle:
1. To use the box shape with a relatively flat floor.
2. To restrict the extension of the external walls.
3. To have a slight rounding (coving) of internal line angles.
4. In extensive tooth preparations, to cap weak cusps and
envelope or include enough of a weakened tooth.
12. 5. To provide enough thickness of restorative material.
6. To bond the material to tooth structure when appropriate.
Features:
1. Relatively flat floors
2. Box shape
3. Inclusion of weakened tooth structure
4. Preservation of cusps and marginal ridges.
5. Rounded internal line angles.
6. Adequate thickness of restorative material.
7. Reduction of cusps for capping when indicated.
13.
14. Primary Retention Form
Shape or form of the conventional preparation that resists
displacement or removal of the restoration from tipping or
lifting forces.
Features:
1. Occlusal dovetail in the case of proximo-occlusal cavities
where only one proximal surface is involved.
2. Proximal box of Class II design is divergent gingivally to
contribute to the retention form.
15. Convenience Form
Shape or form of the preparation that provides for adequate
observation, accessibility and ease of operation in preparing
and restoring the tooth.
Obtaining this form may necessitate extension of distal,
mesial, facial or lingual walls to gain adequate access to the
deeper portion of the preparation.
Occlusal divergence of vertical(longitudinal) walls of tooth
preparations for Class II cast restorations.
Extending proximal preparations beyond proximal contacts.
16. Removal of any remaining infected
dentin
In the case of a small carious lesion, the infected dentin would be
completely removed as the above mentioned principles are achieved.
However, when a large carious lesion exists, some amount of infected
dentin still remains in spite of following the above procedures. In such
cases the infected dentin has to be removed.
17. Pulp Protection
When thickness of the remaining dentin is minimal, heat generated by
injudicious cutting can result in a pulpal burn lesion, an abscess formation
or pulpal necrosis.
A water or air-water spray coolant must be used with the high speed
rotary instrument.
Liners or bases can be used to protect the pulp or to aid pulpal recovery
or both.
Zinc oxide eugenol and Calcium hydroxide liners in thickness of 0.5 mm
or greater have adequate strength to resist condensation forces of
amalgam.
18. Bases are used in thicker dimensions beneath permanent restorations to
provide mechanical, chemical and thermal protection to the pulp.
Several materials such as zinc phosphate, zinc oxide eugenol, calcium
hydroxide, polycarboxylate and resin modified glass ionomer have been
used under amalgam restorations.
A shallow composite restoration may not need a base, but in deep cavities
use of resin-modified glass ionomer base is recommended before final
restoration with composite.
19. Finishing the Enamel Walls
It is further development of specific cavosurface design and
degree of smoothness that will bring about the maximum
effectiveness of the restorative material being used.
Purpose:
1. To place the margins on sound tooth structure.
2. To have smooth walls and rounded angles.
3. To facilitate placement and finishing of the restorative material.
4. Placement of taper or bevel for the appropriate restorative
material.
20. Cleansing of the Cavity
The operating field should be kept clean and adequately
isolated by the use of rubber dam, cotton rolls and high vacuum
evacuation equipment should be used.
Conditioning of the cavity may be done in certain cases like
bonding systems for amalgam and composite restorations.
21. Modifications of Class II Cavity
preparation in primary teeth
Due to the presence of broad contact areas, the gingival floor of
the proximal box should be wide so as to place the margins in self-
cleansing areas.
The box should however converge occlusally with the buccal and
lingual wall paralleling the external tooth surface.
The walls of the proximal box should meet the occlusal walls in a
straight line to avoid any stress points.
The walls of proximal box should not be flared as it would lead to
unsupported enamel.
22.
23. The isthmus should not exceed 1/3rd the intercuspal width in primary
molars.
The axiopulpal line angle must be either rounded, tunnelled or
grooved for sufficient bulk of the restoration.
The strength of amalgam at the isthmus area can be increased by an
adequate depth of the preparation.
Retention can be improved by a ‘U’-shaped retention groove along the
dentinoenamel junction of the proximal box.
The weakened cusp is reduced to the level of the pulpal floor of the
occlusal preparation. Mesiodistally the cusp should not be reduced
more than 1/3rd the crown’s mesiodistal length.
24. Since the enamel rods, at the cervical area of the tooth, are oriented
occlusally the gingival seat should not be beveled, rather should
follow the enamel rod inclination.
If the depth of the lesion is farther gingivally, the axial wall should
follow the contour of the external surface. This will prevent pulp
exposure from occurring.
Care should be taken to avoid the mesiobuccal pulp horn from
exposure in the case of small first molars. Since the contact with the
canine is a point contact, the proximal box extension and the gingival
flare can be minimized.
The proximal box should allow the passage of an explorer tip between
its margins and adjacent tooth in all three directions, buccally,
gingivally and lingually.