The document analyzes the depletion of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in fresh Mugil cephelus and sardine fish samples after different cooking treatments. 15 fish samples of each species were collected from markets and analyzed for 10 PCB congeners before and after frying or grilling. Cooking led to depletion levels ranging from 13.6% to 100% across congeners and species. Frying generally led to higher depletion than grilling. The most abundant congeners in fresh fish were PCB 70 and 180. Cooking treatments significantly reduced PCB levels and exposure risk from consuming cooked fish compared to fresh.
This document summarizes a study on enhancing biogas production from abattoir cow liquor waste and various agro-industrial wastes through anaerobic digestion. Cow liquor waste was combined with brewery spent grain, cassava waste water, and carbonated soft drink sludge at different ratios. Adding cow liquor waste significantly increased biogas production from brewery spent grain but had negative effects on carbonated soft drink sludge. Cassava waste water, which previously did not produce biogas, was able to produce biogas when inoculated with cow liquor waste. The study suggests cow liquor waste can improve biogas yields from some agro-industrial wastes through anaerobic digestion.
This study aimed to determine the best method for extracting arsenic from chicken meat and shrimp samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Two extraction methods were tested: Method 1 involved digesting raw meat samples in nitric acid, while Method 2 involved first drying meat samples before digestion. Both methods resulted in low arsenic recoveries (<22%) from spiked samples. The authors plan to refine the digestion technique, such as adding nitric acid incrementally, to improve arsenic extraction efficiency from food samples.
This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
This document describes a study that developed a method to determine off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-MIB in live fish using in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Two kinetic calibration methods were investigated: on-fiber standardization and measurement using predetermined sampling rates. Both methods were validated using traditional analysis of samples collected through lethal sampling. The developed in vivo SPME method was then applied to determine geosmin and 2-MIB levels in live fish in a recirculating aquaculture system, with detection limits below human sensory thresholds.
This document summarizes a study on the anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste in a 6L laboratory-scale reactor. The reactor was fed mixtures of shredded fruit and vegetable waste at increasing organic loading rates from 0.5-6 g/L. The reactor maintained stable operation with good biogas production and methane content. Total and soluble COD levels in the effluent were below 900 and 400 mg/L respectively, indicating high organic matter degradation. Volatile fatty acid levels did not significantly increase with loading rate and pH remained around 7.5. The maximum biogas production was 335 L/kg VSS with an organic loading rate of 6 g/L. The study demonstrated the feasibility of ana
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Waste Processing to O...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Blue crab’ waste is a good source of valuable substances although only few studies are related to its use, especially concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis and recovery of compounds such as astaxanthin. Besides, the reuse of crab waste may reduce environmental pollution, add value to this residue and promote a social responsibility in several small fishery communities. Therefore, this study aimed to recover protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from blue crab waste by means of enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and bromelain. High hydrolysis efficiency, defined by hydrolysis degree (DH), was achieved with 3% alcalase (E/S), recovering 30% of protein in 120 minutes reaction. The highest extraction yield (3.1 ± 0.4% - w/w) and astaxanthin content (97.7 ± 14.3% μgastaxanthin/gresidue) were from demineralized sample under acid process (DERS), before carotenoid recovery. Thermogravimetric analysis of the sample with enzymatic deproteinization presented higher thermal stability and mass loss. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the blue crab processing waste proved to be efficient for the production of protein hydrolysates, mostly using 3% of alcalase enzyme related to the substrate (E/S). Additionally, it was possible to obtain chitin and astaxanthin-enriched extract from the hydrolyzed residue with enzymes, similar to what obtained through an alkaline deproteinization process and, consequently, promote improvements in the blue crab waste environmental management.
This document summarizes a study on the anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production. Cow dung was digested in a 10L bioreactor at 53°C in batch and semi-continuous modes. In batch operation, the biogas yield was highest at 0.15 L/kg VS added with 47% methane content. Total solids and volatile solids were reduced by 49% and 47% respectively. In semi-continuous operation, biogas production and removals decreased likely due to uncontrolled pH and resulting ammonia inhibition. The study shows cow dung is an effective feedstock for anaerobic digestion and biogas production.
Hematological Study on Obligate Air Breathing, Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study analyzed the effects of the pesticide cythion on hematological parameters in the air-breathing fish Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of cythion. It was found that cythion caused a significant reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, oxygen capacity, and packed cell volume in the fish. Exposure resulted in decreased total hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, erythrocyte count, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content, and oxygen capacity of the blood in a time-dependent manner. The pesticide also increased the methemoglobin content of the blood, reducing its oxygen carrying capacity. In conclusion, cythion exposure impaired the
This document summarizes a study on enhancing biogas production from abattoir cow liquor waste and various agro-industrial wastes through anaerobic digestion. Cow liquor waste was combined with brewery spent grain, cassava waste water, and carbonated soft drink sludge at different ratios. Adding cow liquor waste significantly increased biogas production from brewery spent grain but had negative effects on carbonated soft drink sludge. Cassava waste water, which previously did not produce biogas, was able to produce biogas when inoculated with cow liquor waste. The study suggests cow liquor waste can improve biogas yields from some agro-industrial wastes through anaerobic digestion.
This study aimed to determine the best method for extracting arsenic from chicken meat and shrimp samples using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Two extraction methods were tested: Method 1 involved digesting raw meat samples in nitric acid, while Method 2 involved first drying meat samples before digestion. Both methods resulted in low arsenic recoveries (<22%) from spiked samples. The authors plan to refine the digestion technique, such as adding nitric acid incrementally, to improve arsenic extraction efficiency from food samples.
This study examined the effects of beta glucan as an immunostimulant on the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, challenged with the bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. The experimental groups included: a control group, a group treated with beta glucan, a group treated with beta glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila, and a group only challenged with A. hydrophila. Results showed that beta glucan treatment improved growth performance and boosted hematological and biochemical parameters related to immunity compared to the control and infection-only groups. Specifically, beta glucan increased total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin levels, and improved condition factor and specific growth rate. It also elevated total leukocyte count and different white
This document describes a study that developed a method to determine off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-MIB in live fish using in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Two kinetic calibration methods were investigated: on-fiber standardization and measurement using predetermined sampling rates. Both methods were validated using traditional analysis of samples collected through lethal sampling. The developed in vivo SPME method was then applied to determine geosmin and 2-MIB levels in live fish in a recirculating aquaculture system, with detection limits below human sensory thresholds.
This document summarizes a study on the anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste in a 6L laboratory-scale reactor. The reactor was fed mixtures of shredded fruit and vegetable waste at increasing organic loading rates from 0.5-6 g/L. The reactor maintained stable operation with good biogas production and methane content. Total and soluble COD levels in the effluent were below 900 and 400 mg/L respectively, indicating high organic matter degradation. Volatile fatty acid levels did not significantly increase with loading rate and pH remained around 7.5. The maximum biogas production was 335 L/kg VSS with an organic loading rate of 6 g/L. The study demonstrated the feasibility of ana
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Crab (Callinectes Sapidus) Waste Processing to O...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract - Blue crab’ waste is a good source of valuable substances although only few studies are related to its use, especially concerning the enzymatic hydrolysis and recovery of compounds such as astaxanthin. Besides, the reuse of crab waste may reduce environmental pollution, add value to this residue and promote a social responsibility in several small fishery communities. Therefore, this study aimed to recover protein, chitin, and astaxanthin from blue crab waste by means of enzymatic hydrolysis with alcalase and bromelain. High hydrolysis efficiency, defined by hydrolysis degree (DH), was achieved with 3% alcalase (E/S), recovering 30% of protein in 120 minutes reaction. The highest extraction yield (3.1 ± 0.4% - w/w) and astaxanthin content (97.7 ± 14.3% μgastaxanthin/gresidue) were from demineralized sample under acid process (DERS), before carotenoid recovery. Thermogravimetric analysis of the sample with enzymatic deproteinization presented higher thermal stability and mass loss. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the blue crab processing waste proved to be efficient for the production of protein hydrolysates, mostly using 3% of alcalase enzyme related to the substrate (E/S). Additionally, it was possible to obtain chitin and astaxanthin-enriched extract from the hydrolyzed residue with enzymes, similar to what obtained through an alkaline deproteinization process and, consequently, promote improvements in the blue crab waste environmental management.
This document summarizes a study on the anaerobic digestion of cow dung for biogas production. Cow dung was digested in a 10L bioreactor at 53°C in batch and semi-continuous modes. In batch operation, the biogas yield was highest at 0.15 L/kg VS added with 47% methane content. Total solids and volatile solids were reduced by 49% and 47% respectively. In semi-continuous operation, biogas production and removals decreased likely due to uncontrolled pH and resulting ammonia inhibition. The study shows cow dung is an effective feedstock for anaerobic digestion and biogas production.
Hematological Study on Obligate Air Breathing, Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch) ...BRNSS Publication Hub
This study analyzed the effects of the pesticide cythion on hematological parameters in the air-breathing fish Channa punctatus. The fish were exposed to sublethal and lethal concentrations of cythion. It was found that cythion caused a significant reduction in red blood cell count, hemoglobin content, oxygen capacity, and packed cell volume in the fish. Exposure resulted in decreased total hemoglobin content, hematocrit value, erythrocyte count, mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content, and oxygen capacity of the blood in a time-dependent manner. The pesticide also increased the methemoglobin content of the blood, reducing its oxygen carrying capacity. In conclusion, cythion exposure impaired the
This was the first proof-of-concept of a sustainable bioremediation train aimed at modifying wastewater technologies implicated in multi-resistance. Bacterial resistance was harnessed for aromatic ring antibacterial and metal bioremediation, water organic pollution, and production of biomethane. Biodegradation was initiated and enhanced by biodiverse communities. ARGs must be treated in a controlled environment to avoid dispersion. A combination of bacterial capabilities may be organized in specifically targeted pre-treatments to smooth out pollution peaks in the influent of the treatment.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
This study was conducted to study the effects of supplementation alfalfa silage with orange pulp and difference of Lactobacillus buchneri on in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production. wilted alfalfa with no additive (control), wilted Alfalfa and orange pulp (1750 g wilted Alfalfa mixed with 750 g fresh orange pulp) treated with LAB for final application rates of 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 g LAB inoculant/ton of wilted alfalfa and orange pulp (LAB0, LAB1, LAB2, LAB3, respectively). Alfalfa hay harvested at flowering stage and after 24 hours wilted and mixed orange pomace with ratio of 2100 g and 760 g, respectively, and was ensiled for 90 days. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 24 h incubation, treatments AO (alfalfa + orange pulp) and CON (without additive) had the highest and lowest in vitro gas production (p<0.05) and adding orange pulp and molasses increased gas production. Adding inoculant decreased in vitro DM digestibility. Results showed that ensiling alfalfa with orange pulp and molasses can improved silage quality and increased gas production and in vitro DM digestibility.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of ammonia toxicity on hemoglobin content in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The study exposed fish to a sublethal concentration of ammonia for 35 days and measured hemoglobin levels at various time points. It found a biphasic trend, with hemoglobin decreasing from 7 to 35 days, showing a maximum decrease of 15.948% on day 7 and a minimum decrease of 10.204% on day 35. The decreases in hemoglobin may be due to inhibition of aerobic glycolysis from high ammonia levels stressing the fish. In conclusion, ammonia exposure appeared to negatively impact hemoglobin levels in the common carp over the 35-day period.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of COD/N ratios and pH control on biogas production from vinasse. Vinasse is a byproduct of alcohol production from molasses that contains high COD. The study used anaerobic digesters operated in batch mode at room temperature to process vinasse with different COD/N ratios adjusted by adding urea. Biogas production was highest at a COD/N ratio of 600/7. Maintaining pH at neutral levels also increased biogas production compared to uncontrolled pH. COD removal was also improved with pH control and a COD/N ratio of 600/7 achieved the highest removal of 13.05%.
2012_Designed optimization of a single-step extraction of fucose-containing s...Marcel Tutor Ale, PhD
This document describes an experiment to optimize the extraction of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) from the brown seaweed Sargassum sp. using a single-step extraction process. The researchers systematically examined how acid concentration, temperature, and time affected FCSP yield. They found that temperature and time had positive effects on yield, while acid concentration had a negative effect. An optimal single-step extraction procedure was defined as 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours, which achieved a maximal FCSP yield of approximately 7% of the dry matter of Sargassum sp. Analysis confirmed the major constituents of the extracted polysaccharides were fucose, galactose, and glucur
The document presents a study on the degradation of the antibiotic gemifloxacin using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ultrasonication, sonophotolysis with hydrogen peroxide, and Fenton reactions. Gemifloxacin is chosen as a model compound due to its presence in wastewater and negative environmental impacts. The study investigates the degradation of gemifloxacin under various conditions including frequency, power, pH, concentration, and Fenton reagent ratios. The results show that degradation increases with higher frequency, power, and optimal pH and decreases at higher initial concentrations. Fenton reactions coupled with ultrasonication achieved the highest 94% degradation rate. Overall, the study evaluates AOP techniques for effective
1) Torulaspora delbrueckii was used to biotransform 30g of benzaldehyde into 22.9g of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) in a 5L stirred tank reactor.
2) L-PAC was then converted to ephedrine in two microwave-assisted steps: first L-PAC was transformed to 2-(methylimino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol, then this was reduced to ephedrine.
3) The identities of the products were confirmed using 1H NMR and FT-IR analysis, demonstrating a facile synthesis of ephedrine from benzaldehyde using biocatalysis and microwave-assisted chemistry.
This document summarizes an experiment to improve the production of glycolic acid (GA) through the bioconversion of ethylene glycol (EG) using Gluconobacter oxydans. The researchers tested three techniques: fed-batch catalysis (FBC), continuous feeding catalysis (CFC), and successive recycled-cell catalysis (SRC). SRC involved recycling the bacterial cells every 48 hours over five cycles, achieving a total GA production of 490.7 g with over 90% yield and average productivity of 2.04 g/L/h, significantly improving upon FBC and CFC. The twin strategies of end-product control and cell recycling successfully demonstrated large-scale bioconversion of EG to GA.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric...researchagriculture
Biochemical changes occurring in fresh green chilli pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv KA2) during storage in polymeric films at different temperatures were determined. Packaging films; Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 35μm, Polypropylene (PP) 80μm and LDPE micro perforated 31.75μm were used to store fruits at 4.3°C and 10°C for four weeks and at 26-34°C (ambient) for nine days. Biochemical analysis of the film-stored fruits for changes in ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenols, soluble solids and titratable acidity were carried out before and after storage. Ascorbic acid in the fruits significantly (p<0.05) decreased at both low (4.3°C and 10°C) and ambient (26-32°C) storage temperatures. Carotenoids and titratable acidity increased at all the storage temperatures while total phenols decreased at low temperature but increased at ambient temperature. Soluble solids generally increased at low temperature but remained stable at ambient temperature. These results suggest that biochemical changes occur during the storage of chilli pepper fruits in polymeric films at both low and ambient storage temperatures.
Article Citation:
Edusei VO and Ofosu-Anim J.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric films.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 187-192.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0050.pdf
Isolation and identification of bacteria from Labeo rohitaDebayan Nandi
- The study isolated and characterized bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of Labeo rohita fish collected from different locations in Barak Valley, India.
- Bacterial counts in the fish guts ranged from 2.11x104 to 2.91x106 CFU/ml. The highest count was found in a fish sample from Chatla.
- 20 bacterial isolates were characterized based on gram staining, catalase production, starch hydrolysis, and other biochemical tests. The isolates included Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli, Lactococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and others.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to improve the biodegradability of crude oil by bacteria isolated from oil-polluted water. Four bacterial species (Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens) were identified that could degrade crude oil. Maillard reaction products were used to mutate the bacteria and improve their degradability. Biodegradability of B. subtilis increased from 60.6% to 92.5% after mutation. Biodegradability of the bacterial mixture increased from 78% to 87.5% after mutation, showing the potential to enhance oil bioremediation.
The document discusses using forward osmosis (FO) to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from water treatment plants. It examines using FO alone and with granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatment to reduce the volume of ROC and remove organic micropollutants. Five steps of FO using 2-3M NaCl as the draw solution reduced the ROC volume to 8%. FO rejected some organic micropollutants but GAC pretreatment followed by FO removed almost all organic micropollutants from the ROC. Reducing the pH of the ROC feed solution arrested flux decline caused by fouling during FO.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
This doctoral dissertation examines optimizing agricultural and food industrial biogas production. The author conducted experiments on pre-treating poultry feather for improved biogas production, examined pig slurry fermentation efficiency, and analyzed co-fermentation of pig slurry and pre-treated feather. Key findings include determining the optimal mixing ratio of pre-treated feather to avoid toxic hydrogen-sulfide concentrations. The author also studied relationships between raw material quality/quantity and biogas plant end-products to establish a material balance for the plant.
This was the first proof-of-concept of a sustainable bioremediation train aimed at modifying wastewater technologies implicated in multi-resistance. Bacterial resistance was harnessed for aromatic ring antibacterial and metal bioremediation, water organic pollution, and production of biomethane. Biodegradation was initiated and enhanced by biodiverse communities. ARGs must be treated in a controlled environment to avoid dispersion. A combination of bacterial capabilities may be organized in specifically targeted pre-treatments to smooth out pollution peaks in the influent of the treatment.
Determination of acute toxicity and the effects of sub-acute concentrations o...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Copper oxidenanoparticles have different industrial applications so it is inevitable that nanoparticulate products finally find their way into aquatic ecosystems. Nevertheless there is little information available about their effects on some of edible fish. The present study aims to determine the acute toxicity and evaluate the effect of two sub-acute concentrations (50 and 70% 96 h LC50) of CuO-NPs on some hematological and biochemical parameters of R. rutilus.
Materials and Methods:
225 healthy specimen of R. rutilus (mean weight 5.52±1.2 g; mean length 6.20±0.2 cm) were transported to the laboratory. In order to prepare the stock solution, CuO-NPs was dispersed in pure water with ultrasonication (50-60 kHz) for 15 min every day before dosing. At first, R. rutilus was exposed to CuO-NPs to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) value. Following acute test, fish were treated with sub-acute concentrations of CuO-NPs (50 and 70% 96 h-LC50 at) with one control group (no CuO-NPs) for a week to determine the changes in the level of some plasma hematological and biochemical parameters.
Results:
The 96 h-LC50 values of CuO-NPs was 2.19±0.003 mg/l. R. rutilus exhibited significantly lower RBC count, Hb and Hct values and a significant increase in the WBC numbers, MCH, MCHC and MCV indices (p<0.05).><0.05).
Conclusion:
These alterations indicate R. rutilus sensitivity to CuO-NPs and changes in blood parameters would be a useful tool for measurement early exposure to CuO nanoparticles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
combined toxicity and bioconcentration of fluoride and arsenic in african (3)IJEAB
Laboratory experiments were performed to examine the combined toxic effects of two important aquatic contaminants viz., arsenic and fluoride on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Additionally, the bio concentration factors (BCFs) of the two contaminants in tissues and blood of catfish were also determined. The LC50 for sodium fluoride and arsenic trioxide were determined to be 619.3 mg L-1, 30.3 mg L-1, respectively. Erratic swimming movements with hyperactivity, loss of equilibrium, augmented air gulping and decreased food consumption were observed in the experimental groups. In co-exposure groups of arsenic and fluoride, the concentration of fluoride in fish tissues increased with increasing water fluoride concentration in the test aquaria with significant differences (P<0.01)><0.05)>0.05) among the exposure groups. Arsenic was observed to exceedingly bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the tissues. Perhaps due to the complex formation of arsenic and fluoride the bio concentration of arsenic in tissues was observed to decrease with increasing water fluoride concentration and vice-versa. The study concludes that fluoride may interfere with the bio-concentration of arsenic.
This study was conducted to study the effects of supplementation alfalfa silage with orange pulp and difference of Lactobacillus buchneri on in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production. wilted alfalfa with no additive (control), wilted Alfalfa and orange pulp (1750 g wilted Alfalfa mixed with 750 g fresh orange pulp) treated with LAB for final application rates of 0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 g LAB inoculant/ton of wilted alfalfa and orange pulp (LAB0, LAB1, LAB2, LAB3, respectively). Alfalfa hay harvested at flowering stage and after 24 hours wilted and mixed orange pomace with ratio of 2100 g and 760 g, respectively, and was ensiled for 90 days. The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with three replications. After 24 h incubation, treatments AO (alfalfa + orange pulp) and CON (without additive) had the highest and lowest in vitro gas production (p<0.05) and adding orange pulp and molasses increased gas production. Adding inoculant decreased in vitro DM digestibility. Results showed that ensiling alfalfa with orange pulp and molasses can improved silage quality and increased gas production and in vitro DM digestibility.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of ammonia toxicity on hemoglobin content in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). The study exposed fish to a sublethal concentration of ammonia for 35 days and measured hemoglobin levels at various time points. It found a biphasic trend, with hemoglobin decreasing from 7 to 35 days, showing a maximum decrease of 15.948% on day 7 and a minimum decrease of 10.204% on day 35. The decreases in hemoglobin may be due to inhibition of aerobic glycolysis from high ammonia levels stressing the fish. In conclusion, ammonia exposure appeared to negatively impact hemoglobin levels in the common carp over the 35-day period.
Toxic Effect of Glyphosate-Pesticide on Lipid Peroxidation Superoxide Dismuta...Scientific Review SR
The oxidative stress indices lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in juvenile Clarias gariepinus (average weight 200.15 g) exposed to sub - lethal dose 2.40mg/L and 4.98mg/L of glyphosate was investigated over a period of days 1,5,10 and 15 in three replicates. The colorimetric analysis showed increase in lipid peroxidation from 4.55 ±2.14a1 to 12.12± 10.00a1at 2.40mg/L but remain the same at 4.98mg/L (4.55±2.14a1) compared with control (3.03±0.01a1 to 1.51±2.14b1) from day 1 to 15. The SOD activity decreased significantly with time and concentration compared with control. The Catalase activity at day 15 decreased to 0.17±0.05a1 in 2.40mg/L but further increased to 0.28±0.05b1 in 4.98mg/L compared to 0.28±0.02a1 catalase activity as control. The result suggests that glyphosate induce oxidative stress that may overwhelm the antioxidant system in juvenile catfish especially at higher concentrations with long exposure.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of COD/N ratios and pH control on biogas production from vinasse. Vinasse is a byproduct of alcohol production from molasses that contains high COD. The study used anaerobic digesters operated in batch mode at room temperature to process vinasse with different COD/N ratios adjusted by adding urea. Biogas production was highest at a COD/N ratio of 600/7. Maintaining pH at neutral levels also increased biogas production compared to uncontrolled pH. COD removal was also improved with pH control and a COD/N ratio of 600/7 achieved the highest removal of 13.05%.
2012_Designed optimization of a single-step extraction of fucose-containing s...Marcel Tutor Ale, PhD
This document describes an experiment to optimize the extraction of fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides (FCSPs) from the brown seaweed Sargassum sp. using a single-step extraction process. The researchers systematically examined how acid concentration, temperature, and time affected FCSP yield. They found that temperature and time had positive effects on yield, while acid concentration had a negative effect. An optimal single-step extraction procedure was defined as 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours, which achieved a maximal FCSP yield of approximately 7% of the dry matter of Sargassum sp. Analysis confirmed the major constituents of the extracted polysaccharides were fucose, galactose, and glucur
The document presents a study on the degradation of the antibiotic gemifloxacin using advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) such as ultrasonication, sonophotolysis with hydrogen peroxide, and Fenton reactions. Gemifloxacin is chosen as a model compound due to its presence in wastewater and negative environmental impacts. The study investigates the degradation of gemifloxacin under various conditions including frequency, power, pH, concentration, and Fenton reagent ratios. The results show that degradation increases with higher frequency, power, and optimal pH and decreases at higher initial concentrations. Fenton reactions coupled with ultrasonication achieved the highest 94% degradation rate. Overall, the study evaluates AOP techniques for effective
1) Torulaspora delbrueckii was used to biotransform 30g of benzaldehyde into 22.9g of L-phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) in a 5L stirred tank reactor.
2) L-PAC was then converted to ephedrine in two microwave-assisted steps: first L-PAC was transformed to 2-(methylimino)-1-phenyl-1-propanol, then this was reduced to ephedrine.
3) The identities of the products were confirmed using 1H NMR and FT-IR analysis, demonstrating a facile synthesis of ephedrine from benzaldehyde using biocatalysis and microwave-assisted chemistry.
This document summarizes an experiment to improve the production of glycolic acid (GA) through the bioconversion of ethylene glycol (EG) using Gluconobacter oxydans. The researchers tested three techniques: fed-batch catalysis (FBC), continuous feeding catalysis (CFC), and successive recycled-cell catalysis (SRC). SRC involved recycling the bacterial cells every 48 hours over five cycles, achieving a total GA production of 490.7 g with over 90% yield and average productivity of 2.04 g/L/h, significantly improving upon FBC and CFC. The twin strategies of end-product control and cell recycling successfully demonstrated large-scale bioconversion of EG to GA.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric...researchagriculture
Biochemical changes occurring in fresh green chilli pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv KA2) during storage in polymeric films at different temperatures were determined. Packaging films; Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 35μm, Polypropylene (PP) 80μm and LDPE micro perforated 31.75μm were used to store fruits at 4.3°C and 10°C for four weeks and at 26-34°C (ambient) for nine days. Biochemical analysis of the film-stored fruits for changes in ascorbic acid, total carotenoids, total phenols, soluble solids and titratable acidity were carried out before and after storage. Ascorbic acid in the fruits significantly (p<0.05) decreased at both low (4.3°C and 10°C) and ambient (26-32°C) storage temperatures. Carotenoids and titratable acidity increased at all the storage temperatures while total phenols decreased at low temperature but increased at ambient temperature. Soluble solids generally increased at low temperature but remained stable at ambient temperature. These results suggest that biochemical changes occur during the storage of chilli pepper fruits in polymeric films at both low and ambient storage temperatures.
Article Citation:
Edusei VO and Ofosu-Anim J.
Biochemical changes in green chilli pepper fruits during storage in polymeric films.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(2): 187-192.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0050.pdf
Isolation and identification of bacteria from Labeo rohitaDebayan Nandi
- The study isolated and characterized bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of Labeo rohita fish collected from different locations in Barak Valley, India.
- Bacterial counts in the fish guts ranged from 2.11x104 to 2.91x106 CFU/ml. The highest count was found in a fish sample from Chatla.
- 20 bacterial isolates were characterized based on gram staining, catalase production, starch hydrolysis, and other biochemical tests. The isolates included Micrococcus, Corynebacterium, Escherichia coli, Lactococcus, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and others.
This document summarizes a study that aimed to improve the biodegradability of crude oil by bacteria isolated from oil-polluted water. Four bacterial species (Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens) were identified that could degrade crude oil. Maillard reaction products were used to mutate the bacteria and improve their degradability. Biodegradability of B. subtilis increased from 60.6% to 92.5% after mutation. Biodegradability of the bacterial mixture increased from 78% to 87.5% after mutation, showing the potential to enhance oil bioremediation.
The document discusses using forward osmosis (FO) to treat reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC) from water treatment plants. It examines using FO alone and with granular activated carbon (GAC) pretreatment to reduce the volume of ROC and remove organic micropollutants. Five steps of FO using 2-3M NaCl as the draw solution reduced the ROC volume to 8%. FO rejected some organic micropollutants but GAC pretreatment followed by FO removed almost all organic micropollutants from the ROC. Reducing the pH of the ROC feed solution arrested flux decline caused by fouling during FO.
The document summarizes a study on using a combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor system to treat textile wastewater. Key findings include:
- Over 84.62% of ammonia nitrogen and about 98.9% of volatile suspended solids were removed by the system.
- Dissolved oxygen, pH, and organic changes were investigated during the nitrification and denitrification processes. Dissolved oxygen and pH were found to have only slight influences on nitrification, and a 10% removal of nitrogen resulted in about a 3% change in pH.
- The system was able to effectively remove nitrogen and organic materials from textile wastewater through the coupled anaerobic and aer
This doctoral dissertation examines optimizing agricultural and food industrial biogas production. The author conducted experiments on pre-treating poultry feather for improved biogas production, examined pig slurry fermentation efficiency, and analyzed co-fermentation of pig slurry and pre-treated feather. Key findings include determining the optimal mixing ratio of pre-treated feather to avoid toxic hydrogen-sulfide concentrations. The author also studied relationships between raw material quality/quantity and biogas plant end-products to establish a material balance for the plant.
Toxicity and Effect of Cypermethrin onTotal Protein and Nucleic Acid Content ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Effect of cypermethrin (25%EC) on total protein and nucleic acid content in different tissues of Cirrhinus mrigala was assessed by static renewal bioassay, using different sub-lethal concentrations (5, 10, 15 and 20% of 96h LC 50) for 5, 10 and 15 days duration. There was a gradual decrease in protein content in all the tissues under sub-lethal concentrations at all exposure periods with maximum percentage of depletion (45.26%) in muscle and minimum (35.12%) in kidney at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. DNA and RNA contents were not altered much by cypermethrin at 5 th day which later gradually decreased with increased exposure period. Decrement in DNA content is less in muscle when compared to the other tissues. Maximum percentage of depletion in DNA was (17.17%) in liver and minimum (13.94%) in muscle at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. RNA content decreased significantly in liver (29.90%), muscle (25.53%), brain (23.38%), kidney (21.82%) and gill (20.34%). This decrease was comparatively higher at 15 days and at 20% 96hLC50. Influence of cypermethrin was found to be time and exposure dependent for both the nucleic acids in the aquaculture practices used edible fish.
This study examined the effects of subchronic dietary exposure to cadmium, methylmercury, and polychlorinated biphenyls on hematological parameters in the tropical fish species Rastrineobola argentea. 180 fish were exposed to feeds containing low doses of these contaminants over 45 days. Blood samples showed that red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and white blood cell counts significantly decreased in the exposed groups compared to controls. Mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration significantly increased in the exposed groups. The results indicate that subchronic exposure to these contaminants can be detected through changes in hematological biomarkers in R. argentea,
A preliminary study on the toxic potentials of shea butter effluent using Cla...IOSR Journals
This study was conducted purposely to evaluate the effects of shea butter effluent (SBE) on the
freshwater inhabitant using Clarias gariepinus as a biological model. A prominent Local factory of shea butter
at Tede, ATISBO Local Government was chosen because the effluent flows directly into a near-by stream that
ends up at a popular Dam in the Local Government on which more than 120,000 people depend for domestic
use.Static bioassay was conducted to determine the LC50 of shea butter effluent to Clarias gariepinus. Ten fishes
each were exposed to 0.05, 0.06, 0.07, 0.08, and 0.09ppt (lethal concentration) of SBE in separate water plastic
bowl of (40cmX29cmX28cm) of 60litres capacity.The lethal Concentration (LC50) value of SBE was 0.057ppt for
96hrs of exposure. Total mortality occurred in the concentrations of 0.08 and 0.09ppt within 24hours of
exposure period. Behavioural reactions exhibited by the fish include erratic movement, air gulping, loss of
reflex, molting, barbell deformation, hemorrhage, and excessive mucus secretion in fish exposed to higher
concentration of shea butter effluent.
The appreciable increase in the mean value of heavy metal, such as Manganese, Nickel, Cadmium,
Zinc, Copper and Lead revealed that the increase in the concentration of shea butter effluent leads to
bioaccumulation of the aforementioned heavy metals in the test organisms. The values for all the metals exceed
the permissible Criteria of the national and international regulatory body. Therefore, Shea butter effluent is
highly toxic to freshwater fishes, its discharged directly into water bodies, new fish farms or in areas close to
aquatic environment should not be encouraged.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
Alterations in Biochemical and Haematological Indices in Bufo regularis (Amp...Emmanuel Ogbomida
This study examined the effects of the pesticide endosulfan on biochemical and hematological indices in the amphibian Bufo regularis and the fish Clarias gariepinus. Animals were exposed to sublethal concentrations of endosulfan for 28 days. Results showed increases in glutathione S-transferase and glucose levels and decreases in cortisol, total protein, and red blood cell counts in both species. White blood cell counts also decreased except for neutrophil granulocytes and eosinophils, which increased. The study concluded that glucose levels and white blood cell counts were the most effective biochemical and hematological biomarkers, respectively, for assessing endosulfan toxicity. Biomonitoring pest
Impact of Imidacloprid 17.8 SI on Biochemical Parameters of the Fresh Water F...ijtsrd
Use of pesticide in integrated farming in paddy field is recognized as a potential threat in aquatic organisms. The effect of sublethal toxicity of imidacloprid 17.8 SL pesticide on some biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish Catla catla were studied after 24 hr, 48 hr, 72 hr and 96 hr of exposure. The lethal concentration LC50 of imidacloprid 17.8 SL for 96 hr was 4.11 ppm. The study suggests that exposure to imidacloprid 17.8 SL at low concentration results in significant biochemical alterations. The biochemical response of C. catla to the exposure to sub lethal concentrations of imidacloprid 17.8 SL showed a significant decrease p 0.001 of proteins and glycogen in muscle and liver tissues compared to the control group. The observations from the present study showed that, imidacloprid 17.8 SL altered the biochemical composition of the various organs of test fish, due to utilization of biochemical energy to counteract the toxic stress. Sumaiya Ismayil | Aneykutty Joseph "Impact of Imidacloprid 17.8% SI on Biochemical Parameters of the Fresh Water Fish Catla Catla" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31088.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/31088/impact-of-imidacloprid-178-si-on-biochemical-parameters-of-the-fresh-water-fish-catla-catla/sumaiya-ismayil
Levels of PAHs and Potentially Toxic Metals in Three Species of Fresh and Smo...IOSR Journals
Three samples of fish, Scomber japonica (titus), Sardinellaeba (sardine) and Merlucciuspolli (fresh stock fish) were collected from Ojo main market in Lagos. Two low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (naphthalene and anthracene) were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, (HPLC), after extraction with n-hexane by ultrasonication and clean up using SPE cartridges. Heavy metals were determined in the samples using atomic absorption spectrometer, (Perkin Elmer, Analyst 200) after digestion with aqua regia. The fat content was determined gravimetrically. The unsmoked samples had naphthalene range from 0.0788±0.0078 μg/g in Merlucciuspolli to 0.3845±0.0199 μg/g in Scomber japonica. Anthracene levels ranged from 0.4798± 0.0072 μg/g in unsmoked samples of Merlucciuspolli to 1.2254±0.0071 μg/g in Scomber japonica. The low fat containing specie (Merlucciuspolli) accumulated PAHs over the smoking periods, while a decrease was observed in the high fat containing species (Scomber japonica and Sardinellaeba). The highest concentration of Pb (8.65 μg/g), Cu (9.53 μg/g), Fe (201.80 μg/g) and Zn (122.15 μg/g) in the unsmoked fishes were found in unsmoked Scomber japonica while the highest concentration of Cr (13.68 μg/g) and Ni (5.88 μg/g) in the fishes were found in the unsmoked Merlucciuspolli. Cadmium was not detected in all the samples. The low fat containing specie showed increase in heavy metals over the smoking periods, while the high fat containing species also accumulated these heavy metals at 1 hour smoking period, but a decrease was noted over the 2 hours and 3 hours smoking periods. Smoking has effect on the level of these toxicants, as PAHs and heavy metals tend to accumulate on smoking. Smoking appeared to influence toxicants levels the fishes. Levels of the PAHs were higher than the regulatory permissible limits of the World Health Organization. Levels of the toxic metals were within the WHO set permissible limits except for Pb (in unsmoked Scomber japonica), Fe (in Sardinellaeba smoked for 1 and 2 hours, and in Merlucciuspolli smoked for 2 and 3 hours) and Cr (in all the samples).
Effect of Cooking on the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Antioxidant Propertie...IJERA Editor
The effect of cooking method on the polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant properties of small indigenous freshwater fish species, Amblypharyngodon mola and Puntius sophore of the Eastern Himalayas were determined. In the raw and fried samples, docosahexaenoic acid was significantly higher (2.907 and 1.167mg/100g) in Amblypharyngodon mola and lowest (0.749 and 0.291mg/100g) were recorded in Puntius sophore. The eicosapentaenoic acid of raw, fried and curried samples of Amblypharyngodon mola were recorded higher. In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay of IC50 value of the raw fish extract were 2.9μg/ml and 1.66μg/ml respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was found in fish curry of Amblypharyngodon mola (0.11μg/ml). It shows that the Maillard reaction product forms the melanoidin during cooking, increases the antioxidant property of the fish curry and also improved the taste.
Antimicrobial efficiency of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma processed...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Currently used methods for decontamination and sanitation are antimicrobial ineffective, generate high costs with a high consumption of water and chemicals additionally. As an alternative, non-thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure could be a versatile tool. Therefore, an experimental set-up based on a microwave-plasma source which generates plasma processed air (PPA) containing manifold RNS-based chemical and antimicrobial compounds was used. The PPA was introduced into distilled water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or nutrient broth to generate plasma processed water (PPW), plasma processed PBS (PPP) or plasma processed broth (PPB) which can be applied for the decontamination of packaging material, fresh produce and processing equipment. This is a new and innovative method for the generation of antimicrobial active plasma processed liquids (PPL). In our experiments, bacterial suspensions contaminated with six different bacteria; Escherichia coli K12 (DSM 11250), Pseudomonas fluorescens (DSM 50090), Pseudomonas fluorescens (RIPAC), Pseudomonas marginalis (DSM 13124), Pectobacterium carotovorum (DSM 30168) and Listeria innocua (DSM 20649) in a concentration of 106 cfu . ml-1 and subsequently treated with PPW, PPP, PPB and HNO3 were investigated. For PPL production, the plasma was ignited for 5, 15 or 50 s. After a post-plasma treatment with PPL of maximum 5 minutes, a decrease of bacterial load up to 6 log steps were detected for examined bacteria. Furthermore, an exclusive inactivation by acidification of PPL was excluded. The characteristics of plasma and its generated cocktail of long living chemical compounds in air and in water leading to a high bacterial inactivation and offering a wide range of possible applications
— Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), mainly Kitchen Waste
(K) with Cow Dung (C) and Fungi Culture (F) can be used to
generate energy which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally
used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was
explored to mix Cow Dung with Fungi Culture for anaerobic
digestion, so that energy can be generated as biogas and at the
same time digested sludge can be used as fertilizer for agricultural
applications. Pre-treatment of Kitchen Waste was done by alkali
method. Anaerobic digestion (AD) was carried out in mesophilic
temperature range of 30°C to 37°C with different fermentation
slurries of 8 % total solids. Digestion was carried for a retention
period of 60 days. The gas produced was collected by the
downward displacement of water and was subsequently measured
and analyzed. The overall results showed that blending of Kitchen
waste with cow dung and fungi culture (Aspergillus flavus) had
significant improvement on the biogas yield.
Eriocheir sinensis is an important aquaculture animal in China. In order to compare the effects of feeding chilled fish and feed on the flavor of Chinese mitten crab, this experiment compared the volatile flavor substances, sensory evaluation and the differences of amino acids (AA), fatty acids (FA) and nucleotides. As a result, the sweet taste, fresh taste and grass flavor of Chinese chelate crab in the feed group were significantly higher than those in the ice fish group (P<0.05). The fishy smell of the feed group was significantly lower than that of the ice fish group (P<0.05). Amino acids in feed group and chilled fish group were not significantly different. Only 5'-adenosyl monophosphate (AMP) was found to be significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05), and the AMP content in feed group was significantly higher than that in ice fish group. The fatty acid composition of feed group and chilled fish group varied greatly. compared with the chilled fish group, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in feed group decreased significantly (P<0.05), while high unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased significantly (P<0.05). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to study volatile small molecules in muscle difference, compared with the ice fish group, the content of aldehydes in the feed group increased significantly (P<0.05), and the content of ketones and nitrogen compounds decreased significantly (P<0.05). The enzyme (lipoxygenase) that catalyzes the formation of aldehydes from polyunsaturated fatty acids was further analyzed. Compared with the ice fish group, the expression of LOX 5 genes and proteins and LOX enzyme activity in the feed group were significantly increased (P<0.05).
The document discusses developing pH-sensitive smart packaging films using natural food colorants like anthocyanins extracted from blueberry peels to monitor the quality and safety of fish products. The films are designed to change color based on pH changes during fish spoilage caused by microbial growth and the production of volatile nitrogen compounds. Testing of the films packaged with fish showed they transitioned from reddish to light pink after 72 hours of storage, corresponding to a pH increase indicating spoilage. The films have potential for use as smart indicators in food packaging to help reduce waste by allowing consumers to easily assess food freshness without opening packages.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
1) The document describes a study on the anaerobic co-digestion of water hyacinth and poultry litter.
2) Batch experiments were conducted in 300ml digesters at mesophilic temperatures to determine biogas production, total solids, volatile solids, and pH over retention periods of 0-56 days.
3) Kinetic modeling using an integral method revealed that the co-digestion process followed first-order reaction kinetics with a rate constant of 0.026 day-1.
This study assessed the enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins from the microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Spirulina sp. LEB 18 to produce protein hydrolysates. Three commercial proteases were used under different conditions to hydrolyze the microalgae proteins. The highest degrees of hydrolysis for Spirulina and Chlorella, respectively, were 55.31% and 52.9% and were obtained with 4 hours of reaction time using Protemax N200 protease. Statistical analysis showed that enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and reaction time significantly affected the degree of hydrolysis. The results indicate it is possible to obtain protein hydrolysates with varying degrees of hydrolysis from microalgae
This document describes the development and validation of a QuEChERS-based extraction and HPLC-FLD method for the screening and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible seafood. The method uses acetonitrile extraction followed by the addition of salts to induce water partitioning. Extracts are filtered and analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The method was validated in three laboratories and found to have recoveries ranging from 78-99% for 15 PAHs in seafood including oysters, shrimp, crab, and finfish. The method provides detection limits in the sub to low ppb range and is a more rapid and simplified approach compared to established GC/MS methods.
V43n4 microbiological quality of salmon (salmo salar) sold in cities of the s...Natália Nespolo
This study analyzed the microbiological quality of 31 salmon samples sold in retail markets in São Paulo, Brazil. Results found:
- Mesophilic bacteria populations ranged from 10 to 3.9 x 106 CFU/g, with frozen samples having significantly lower levels.
- Total coliforms were found in 32.25% of samples at levels up to 1.1 x 103 MPN/g. Thermotolerant coliforms were found in 19.35% of samples up to 4.6 x 102 MPN/g.
- Aeromonas sp. was isolated in 41.95% of samples ranging from 2.0 x 102 to 8.0 x 103 CFU/g. Stap
This study analyzed 533 animal feed samples collected from India for residues of persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) complex, endosulfan and dicofol. 56.47% of samples tested positive for these pesticides. The mean concentration of β-HCH was highest among HCH isomers. DDT complex residues ranged from 0.016 to 0.118 mg/kg. Endosulfan was also detected but dicofol was found in very few samples. While residues were present, most were within established safety limits. The major sources of
2. World Appl. Sci. J., 15 (12): 1645-1650, 2011
1646
The effects of cooking on PCBs levels have been n-hexane contained PCBs congeners. The fraction was
studied by several researchers, with special attention for transferred to rotary vacuum evaporator adjusted at 35°C
fish species. Some scientists did not find significant and evaporated until the volume reached 2-3 ml. then
changes in PCBs concentrations, while others reported evaporated to dryness by concentrated tube. The residue
both decrease and/or increases in PCBs levels following was dissolved in 2 ml of n-hexane and transferred into
cooking of fish [13, 14]. auto sampler vial for GC.
Since Mugil cephelus and Sardine fish are in great
demand in Egypt, the goal of this study was to determine Preparation of Blank Solution: The same volume of the
changes in total PCBs content in fresh fish purchased solvents and anhydrous sodium sulphate, which used in
from Gharbia governorate markets after cooking by frying extraction of PCBs from fish samples, was subjected to the
and grilling. same procedures as the examined samples to detect any
MATERIALS AND METHODS subtracted from the results.
Fish Sampling: A total of 30 fresh samples of Mugil Quantitative Determination of PCBs: The extracts were
cephalus and Sardine of a similar size (15 of each) were concentrated and injected into GC (Aglient 6890)
collected from different fish markets at Gharbia equipped with a Ni ECD, a split/split less injection inlet,
governorate, Egypt. Samples were transported without capillary column capability and a 7683A autosampler. All
sexing to the laboratory in ice tank. Each sample was PCBs reference standards were obtained from Central of
divided into three parts, the first was kept raw and Agricultural Pesticides Lab. (CAPL), Agriculture Research
chemically analysed while the other two parts were Center (ARC), Ministry of Agriculture.
cooked as following: Method of sensitivity and recovery were determined
by using spicked samples with the tested congeners.
Frying: The fish (both types) with skin were pan-fried in Before analysis; relevant standards were run to check
oil at 190°C for 3-5 min till golden brown color on each column performance, peak height, resolution and
side were obtained. limits of detection. Peak was identified by comparison of
Grilling: The fish (both types) with skin were packed in corresponding of pure standard compounds. With each
wheat bran and grilled without oil with electrically set of samples to be analyzed, a solvent blank, a standard
operated grill at 180°C for 3-5 min till black color obtained. mixture and a procedural blank were run sequence to
Chemical Analysis: Sample Extraction and clean up was quantification.
prformed following the well established techniques The average recovery percentages of PCBs for
[15, 16]. fortified samples at different levels were determined and
A 10 g tissue sample was placed in ceramic mortar, calculated for all tested compounds.
anhydrous sodium sulphate (30g) was added and the
mixture was well homogenized. The mixture was RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
transferred to a pre-cleaned extraction thimble and the
dehydrated tissue was extracted with 200 ml of 50% The global demand for aquatic food products is
methylene chloride in n-hexane for 8 hours in a Soxhlet increasing and the aquaculture industry is expanding as
apparatus cycling 5-6 times per hour. The extracted it strives to meet this increasing demand. There are
solvents were concentrated with rotary evaporator to concerns about the environmental impact of aquaculture
about 1 ml. to the seabed close to fish farm cages, including potential
Clean Up: Fish extracts were cleaned and fractionating come from the feed or anti-foulants on the cages [19].
using 20 g of 0.5 % deactivated florisil topped with 1 g Chemical contaminants in fish were considered as an
anhydrous sodium sulphate in order to avoid important source of human exposure to chemicals.
resuspention of the top layer when pouring solvents into Assessments of the fish consumption pathway need to
the column then the column washed with 50 ml n-hexane, adjust the concentrations of the chemical to account for
before the sample loaded. The fraction eluted by 70 ml of reduction in PCBs that can occur during cooking.
possible traces of the studied PCBs and its value was
63
sample retention time value with those of the
check for contamination, peak identification and
effects from persistent organic pollutants, which may
3. World Appl. Sci. J., 15 (12): 1645-1650, 2011
1647
Fig. 1: Depletation % of PCBs in the examined samples of both Mugil cephelus and Sardine after cooking
(frying and grilling)
Table 1: Statistical analysis of polychlorinated bipheny (PCBs) in the examined Mugil cephelus samples ng gG (n=15)1
+ve sample +VE s. exceed TL @
------------------------------ ----------------------------
PCBs No. % No % Min- Max. Mean +SD
52 1 6.66 0 0 5.55 0
44 2 13.33 0 0 34.42 -125.9 80.1±6.46*
70 10 66.66 0 0 0.77-18.92 4.8 ±0.58
101 3 20.00 0 0 1.18 - 2.96 2.3±0.11*
152 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
118 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
105 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
138 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
180 10 66.66 0 0 4.47 - 434.7 86.4±13.39*
192 0 0.00 0 0
* significe at P<0.05
@TL: Tolerance limit set by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for total PCBs in fish and shellfish is 2000 ng gG wet weight [17, 18]1
Table 2: Statistical analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the examined Sardine samples ng gG w w (n= 15)1
+ve sample +ve S. exceed TL
------------------------------ ----------------------------
PCBs No. % No. % Min - Max. Mean +SD
52 1 6.66 0 0 0-8.64 8.6±0.30
44 3 20.00 0 0 3.68- 33.86 17.8±1.51*
70 10 66.66 0 0 1.11-13.16 6.8±0.48
101 4 26.66 0 0 1.37-13.55 6.6 ±0.51
152 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
118 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
105 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
138 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
180 10 66.66 0 0 24.86 ±199.3 116.9±68.7*
192 0 0.00 0 0 0 0
* at Significance P<0.05
Examination of Mugil cephelus and Sardine fish on fresh weight basis 52, 44, 70, 101, 152, 118, 105, 138, 180
samples that were taken for studying represent the and 192 are depicted in Tables (1 & 2). PCBs were defined
dominating fish species in Egypt among rich and poor as the sum of 10 PCB congeners. Because PCBs
populations, the minimum, maximum, average component have different structures, each component has
concentrations of PCBs residues in fish samples in ng gG its own physical and chemical properties, resulting in1
4. World Appl. Sci. J., 15 (12): 1645-1650, 2011
1648
differences in marine environment processes. The data in
Table (1) show that the most abundant PCBs residues
determined (52, 44, 70, 101 and 180) in fish muscles of
examined Mugil cephelus samples were found to be
5.5±0.0, 80.1±64.6, 4.5±5.8, 2.3±1.01 and 86.4±133.9 in a* *
percentage of 6.66, 13.33, 66.66, 20 and 66.66%,
respectivelly.
For sardine samples Table (2) illustrates the presence
of the same congeners of PCBs with an averages of
8.6±0.03, 17.8±15.1, 6.8±4.8, 6.6±5.1 and 116.9±68.7,
respectively, in a percentages of 6.66, 20.0, 66.66, 26.66
and 66.66%. These results were in agreement with those
of Nasr et al. [20] who found similar congeners (70, 101,
118, 44, 52 and 180) in fish samples collected from different
locations in Monofia governorate, Egypt. Also they
observed the elevated PCBs concentrations in muscle
tissue of Sphyraena and Sardina pilchardus from EL-Max
Bay and two Tilipia sp. From Maryut Lake and the PCBs
congeners 101, 138 and 153 were the most dominants one
[21]. Also similar results were previously obtained [22-24]
whereas significant positive correlation between the lipid
content and the levels of detected PCBs due to their
lipophilicity were recorded. Since PCBs residues pose a
potential health hazard, the maximum permissible limits
recommended for fish consumers protection by the
National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of
Engineering is 500 ng gG as weight concentration in1
whole body tissue. The tolerance limit set by US Food
and Drug Administration (FDA) for total PCBs in fish and
shellfish is 2000 ng gG wet weight [17, 18]. The residue1
levels of PCBs in all analyzed fish in this investigation
were considerably lower than these tolerance levels and
the accumulation pattern between both fish species were
significant. In the present study, the decline of PCB levels
were clearly evident in Mugil cephelus and Sardine fish
after frying and grilling as shown in Tables (3&4).
Regarding the Mugil cephelus samples the depletion % in
PCBs congeners (52, 44, 70, 101 and 180) were 100, 100,
61.6, 100 and 87.2%, respectively by traditionally frying
method in oil, while in grilling method the depletion
percentages were 100, 81.1, 71.3, 20.4 and 41.3% for the
same congeners, respectively. The obtained results
showed complete destruction of some congeners,
significant reduction to others and no significant
depletion to another. The different levels of success in
elimination of the contaminants were found depending
upon the studied compound, the levels of contamination
and the tissue from which the extraction was
accomplished [25].
Table 3: Statistical analytical results of reduction % of PCBs in the
examined samples of Mugil cephalus after cooking (frying and
grilling)
PCBs Depletion% Min - Max Mean +SD
Control 52 5.55 0
44 34.42-125.9 80.1±6.46
70 1.55-18.92 4.8±0.58
101 1.18-2.96 2.3±0.11
180 4.47 - 434.7 86.4±13.39
Total 175.31±156.4
Fried 52 100.0 0 0
44 100.0 0 0
70 61.6 1.61-4.46 3.03±2.01
101 100.0 0 0
180 87.2 9.74-10.33 9.95±0.32
Total 12.98±2.33
Grilled 52 100.0 0 0
44 81.1 3.46-21.13 12.20±12.4
70 71.3 0.84-5.96 3.4±3.6
101 20.4 0-2.35 2.35±0
180 41.3 6.2-114 45.9±59.2
Total 63.85±75.2
* Significance at P<0.05
Table 4: Statistical analytical results of depletion % of PCBs in the
examined samples of Sardine after cooking (frying & grilling)
PCBs Depletion% Min - Max. Mean +SD
Control 52 0-8.64 8.64±0
44 15.94-33.86 24.9±12.6
70 1.81-12.05 8.8±6.1
101 1.37-4.76 2.04±2.39
180 24.86-169.04 113.1±77.3
Total 157.48±98.39
Fried 52 100.0 0 0
44 71.7 0-14.08 14.08±0
70 13.6 0.79-12.05 7.63±6.1
101 100.0 0 0
180 87.4 12.23-16.26 14.2±2.01
Total 34.91±8.11
Grilled 52 37.1 0-5.43 5.43±0
44 100.0 0 0
70 46.5 1.87-10.12 4.76±4.64
101 100.0 0 0
180 86.5 4.67-31.18 15.2±14.1
Total 25.39±18.74
* Significance at P<0.05
For Sardine samples the reduction % was 100, 71.7,
13.6100 and 87.4% by frying and 37.1, 100, 46.5, 100 and
86.5% by grilling for the same congeners, respectively.
Thus, cooking reduced PCBs concentration in sardine
very especially in the grilled samples. These results were
in agreement with those of Perello et al. [26]. During the
cooking process, more extensive losses in total PCBs
were observed in Sardine when compared to the
5. World Appl. Sci. J., 15 (12): 1645-1650, 2011
1649
Mugill cephilus. This result is mostly likely from 2. Satio, M., 2007. Role of FOSHU(food for specified
differences in the structure and consistency of the muscle
tissue and lipid content of these fish species [12, 17]. Both
for the frying and grilling in Mugill cephalus and Sardine
fish, significant of differences between changes in
residues levels were obtained.
The relatively high reductions percentages in frying
might be explained by the evaporation of water and PCBS
from the fish resulting from the high temperature of the
cooking oil. Another possible influence of different
methods of cooking on changes in the levels of toxic
compounds in final products is of great importance and
may be helpful for appropriate processing [12]. Moreover,
a significant factor in estimating human intake of PCBS
from fish consumption was the loss of PCB duringS
cooking. The total amount of PCB actually consumed inS
the cooked fish might be significantly lower than the
PCBs level present before cooking, because lipids and
lipophilic compounds like PCB tend to be removed fromS
the fish during cooking. PCBs cooking losses also
depended mainly on changes in the initial lipid
concentration in the fish, heat processing temperature and
duration [28].
As the fish are mostly eaten in the form of processed
products, the influence of different methods of cooking
on changes in the levels of toxic compounds in final
products is of great importance and may be helpful for
appropriate processing [12].
On the basis of these obtained results, it has been
reported that cooking has potential significant decrease
PCBs concentration in fish tissues. The decrease was
observed to be ranged from 13.6 to 100%.
On the basis of these variable and limited results, it
was concluded that additional studies are needed to guide
consumers in cooking techniques which can reduce
dietary PCBs exposure from fish consumption and to
provide toxicologists with more accurate PCBs exposure
estimates. Much attention was devoted to explore
residues level in the two studied species, because they
are commonly favored by Egyptians for (salted raw fish)
as well as being widely distributed throughout Egypt so
we need to increase awareness of consumers about these
chemical pollutants that might specific adverse human
health effects.
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