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This document discusses different types of road pavements. It describes flexible pavements, which consist of subgrade, subbase, base, and surface layers. Examples include earth, gravel, and bituminous roads. Rigid pavements have high strength and resist deformation, consisting of subgrade, base, and concrete slab layers. Examples are plain and reinforced cement roads. The document lists merits of both flexible (low cost, elastic) and rigid pavements (low maintenance, high strength), as well as demerits (high maintenance for flexible, construction challenges for rigid).
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Maintenence of road
The document discusses maintenance of roads and flexible pavements. It describes the requirements of a good pavement including sufficient thickness to distribute wheel loads, structural strength, adequate friction, a smooth surface, and long design life. It then discusses the necessity of road maintenance to prevent accidents, maintain components in good working condition, and increase road life. Various types of defects in flexible pavements are described such as cracks, rutting, shoving, and potholes. Causes and treatments of these defects are provided. Maintenance techniques for flexible pavements like patching potholes, ruts, and conducting surface treatments are outlined.
Unit 5
This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
Setting out of Tunnel
The document discusses how to transfer a center line alignment from the surface into an underground tunnel. Key points:
1) A center line is carefully transferred using plumb bobs suspended from the surface through a shaft into the tunnel below to mark the alignment points.
2) The plumb bobs are connected to wires that pass through grooved shafts to allow level movement.
3) Once level, a theodolite on the shaft floor is used to extend the line between the plumb bobs and transfer the center line alignment into the tunnel.
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Highway engineering PPT
HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN :
CROSS SECTIONAL ELEMENTS
WIDTH, SURFACE , CAMBER
Geometric design
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Cross-Section of road & its elements
Tunneling in soft ground and hard rock
The document discusses different methods of tunneling in soft ground and hard rock. It describes various types of soft ground and factors that affect the choice of tunneling method. Methods for soft ground include those using timber supports as well as shield, compressed air, and linear plate methods. For hard rock, common techniques are the full face, heading and bench, and drift methods. Sequence of operations are provided for different soft ground and hard rock tunneling approaches.
PAVEMENT DESIGN & TYPES
Introduction of Pavement Design
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Types of Pavement
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types of failure
Dam construction
This document discusses dam construction, including the types of dams, factors considered in site investigations, construction processes, and key elements. It describes the main types of dams as earth, rock, concrete, and their subclasses. Investigation factors include geology, hydrology, materials availability, and environmental impacts. Construction involves river diversion, placement of impervious cores and drainage layers, grouting, and addition of spillways and monitoring systems. Concrete dams are built using solid gravity, arch, buttress, or prestressed concrete designs suited to site conditions.
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Maintenence of road
The document discusses maintenance of roads and flexible pavements. It describes the requirements of a good pavement including sufficient thickness to distribute wheel loads, structural strength, adequate friction, a smooth surface, and long design life. It then discusses the necessity of road maintenance to prevent accidents, maintain components in good working condition, and increase road life. Various types of defects in flexible pavements are described such as cracks, rutting, shoving, and potholes. Causes and treatments of these defects are provided. Maintenance techniques for flexible pavements like patching potholes, ruts, and conducting surface treatments are outlined.
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This document discusses the typical layers of a flexible pavement. It begins by describing seal coat, tack coat, and prime coat layers. It then outlines the layers of a carriageway from bottom to top: earth work, granular sub base, wet mix macadam, bituminous macadam, bituminous concrete. Details are provided on the materials and construction procedures for some of these layers. The document also discusses cement concrete pavements and their advantages over flexible pavements.
Setting out of Tunnel
The document discusses how to transfer a center line alignment from the surface into an underground tunnel. Key points:
1) A center line is carefully transferred using plumb bobs suspended from the surface through a shaft into the tunnel below to mark the alignment points.
2) The plumb bobs are connected to wires that pass through grooved shafts to allow level movement.
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HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN :
CROSS SECTIONAL ELEMENTS
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Tunneling in soft ground and hard rock
The document discusses different methods of tunneling in soft ground and hard rock. It describes various types of soft ground and factors that affect the choice of tunneling method. Methods for soft ground include those using timber supports as well as shield, compressed air, and linear plate methods. For hard rock, common techniques are the full face, heading and bench, and drift methods. Sequence of operations are provided for different soft ground and hard rock tunneling approaches.
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This document discusses different types of road classifications based on weather conditions, materials used, location, and traffic volume. It also outlines the phases of highway planning which include assessing road length needs, preparing master plans, and conducting economic, financial, traffic, and engineering studies. The preparation of highway alignments and different types of pavement structures used in road construction are described as well.
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Traffic studies are carried out to analyze traffic characteristics and help decide geometric design and traffic control measures. The main traffic studies include traffic volume, speed, origin-destination, traffic flow characteristics, capacity, and accident studies. Traffic volume studies measure the number of vehicles on a road section over time and are used for planning, operations, and analysis. Speed studies measure the speeds of vehicles using methods like short-distance timing or radar guns.
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This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
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Benkelman beam deflection studies
This document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies, which are used to evaluate the structural capacity of existing pavements and estimate overlay designs for strengthening weak pavements. The Benkelman beam test procedure involves measuring the rebound deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load. Deflection measurements are taken at intervals along the road using the Benkelman beam and loaded truck. The results are used to calculate the true rebound deflection and characterize pavement strength statistically based on mean, standard deviation, and characteristic deflection values. Overlay design is then determined based on the statistical analysis.
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Construction of flexible pavement
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This document provides information about a group project on rigid pavement construction. It discusses:
1. The group members and their college.
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Superelevation
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This document discusses the design principles, components, and methods for designing both flexible and rigid pavements according to IRC standards, describing the roles of subgrade soil, pavement layers, traffic characteristics, and materials used for flexible pavements consisting of granular bases and bituminous surfaces, as well as jointed concrete slabs for rigid pavements. It also provides an example of designing a two-lane bypass pavement based on initial traffic volume, design life, growth rate, and subgrade CBR value.
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This document provides guidelines for road geometric design. It discusses key elements like design speed, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignment. Design speed determines other elements and impacts safety, mobility and efficiency. Sight distance requirements include stopping sight distance, decision sight distance and intersection sight distance. Horizontal alignment discusses curve types like simple, compound, spiral curves. It provides controls for curvature based on deflection angles and radii.
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The document discusses different types of pavements used for highways. It describes flexible pavements which transmit wheel loads through grain-to-grain contact and consist of multiple layers including the surface course, binder course, base course, and sub-base course. Rigid pavements have sufficient strength to distribute loads over a wider area and typically consist of concrete over a single granular or stabilized layer. The document also covers pavement materials like soils, aggregates, and asphalt concrete and tests used to evaluate soil strength properties important for pavement design like the California Bearing Ratio test.
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Pavement failures are a common problem that occurs on roads over time due to factors like heavy traffic loads, changing weather conditions, and lack of proper maintenance. A case study of roads in Amreli City, India found the most common problems to be alligator and transverse cracking due to heavy loading from vehicles. The cracks developed due to reasons like high traffic volumes, monsoon rainfall, possible construction or material quality issues, and lack of timely maintenance repairs. Proposed solutions included improving road design and construction quality, performing routine maintenance, and restricting vehicle loads to design levels.
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Highway maintenance is the routine work needed to keep highways in safe and usable condition, and includes physical activities like sealing cracks and patching potholes as well as traffic services like removing snow and painting lines. Highway maintenance programs are designed to counteract the effects of weather, vandalism, plant growth, traffic wear, aging, material failures, and design flaws in order to protect investments in roads and maintain safety and economic benefits. Regular maintenance is required for all pavements as stresses from temperature, moisture, traffic, and earth movements constantly impact the road surface over time.
Construction of flexible pavement
The Public Works Department was established in 1854 to oversee construction projects including roads, buildings, railways, flood control, irrigation, and military works. The document then discusses the purpose and types of pavement structures for roads, including flexible pavements made of asphalt and rigid pavements made of concrete. It also describes the construction process for subgrades and different bituminous pavement layers using materials like crushed aggregate, bitumen binder, and compaction.
Unit 2
This document discusses the key concepts of geometric design of highways. It defines geometric design as dealing with the visible dimensions and layout of a highway. The goals of geometric design are to maximize comfort, safety and economy while providing efficient traffic operation. Some key factors that influence geometric design are design speed, topography, traffic, environment and cost. The document outlines various elements of highway cross-sections including the carriageway, shoulders, roadway width, right of way and median. It also discusses horizontal and vertical alignment, types of alignment, and considerations for factors like gradient, sight distance and curves.
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This document discusses the types and properties of aggregates used in pavement construction. It describes aggregates as being fine (less than 4.75mm) or coarse (greater than 4.75mm) and coming from various natural sources like igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock. It also discusses the importance of aggregate properties like strength, hardness, toughness, shape, adhesion to bitumen, and durability. Common tests to evaluate aggregates are described, such as crushing, abrasion, impact, absorption, and adhesion tests.
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Benkelman beam
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1 geometric design elements of road by malyar talash
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Highway failure & their maintenance seminar report
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a presentation on flexible pavement construction which is a training part of the summer training sghet hjyds dfhjyjk dxhxj ety ghz rghyjk mnbv ghftyuyjkjljfdswertyujgfdstuyoijlgh ytftghy ugyr576890ihg hgfhjkldfg rtyujhg rtyu654 gthyuj rtyuj fghj e657 jhgf dfghj jhgfd tuydgdgjhndfbrg rgrihergnfb egkijhnvzrt kzlgnbndeirtth iogndfb grzoeighetg egh hejtih tesiopbnmzpghjhtites etsthjujzlnhgr dzjnhuajgmbz klijbvirgn dzjgthb fbjkdrgtvngzbvozedg ldzkgvnbligb zdgvnblgorejivn sLKZvnfzb;ngb zlkzegihthze zdgnetzsiag ezalgitehb zdlgjtiseo erzgjilth dznhjie5otea egijotrh ezxijghyrs rlzdgijhtr zxdijntrx zxeijh
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The document provides an overview of the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the department's role in government construction projects and establishing organizations like the Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation. It also summarizes the key steps in constructing concrete roads, including site preparation, forming joints, mixing and placing concrete, compaction, curing, and opening the road to traffic. The types of materials used like cement, aggregates, and equipment are also outlined.
Highway pdf
1. The document provides information about types of failures in flexible pavements, including subgrade failure, base course failure, and surface failure. It describes the causes and results of each type of failure.
2. Components of road pavement structures are defined, including the subgrade, sub-base, base course, and surface course.
3. Advantages and disadvantages of cement concrete roads are listed. Superelevation, or banking of roads, is described along with its objectives and advantages in allowing vehicles to safely navigate curved sections of road.
RIGID PAVEMENT -ANIL GUPTA (P.W.D)
This document provides an overview of a presentation on summer training with the Uttar Pradesh Public Works Department. It discusses the roles and history of the Public Works Department and Uttar Pradesh State Bridge Corporation in constructing bridges and highways in the state. It then summarizes the different types of pavements used for roads, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic steps for constructing a concrete pavement, from preparing the subgrade to finishing, curing, installing joints, and opening the road to traffic.
Transportation Pavement.pptx
This document provides information on different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. It describes the key components and layers of a flexible pavement, such as the surface course, binder course, base course, and subgrade. Rigid pavements are made of concrete slabs and can be jointed plain, jointed reinforced, continuous reinforced, or prestressed concrete. Composite pavements combine aspects of flexible and rigid pavements for benefits such as a strong concrete base with a smooth asphalt surface.
Pavement Analysis and Design.pptx
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution. The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed bearing capacity of the sub-grade. Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
Get an overview of pavement types, layers, and their functions, and pavement failures as Improper design of pavements leads to early failure of pavements affecting the riding quality.
Pavements form the basic supporting structure in highway transportation. Each layer of pavement has a multitude of functions to perform which has to be duly considered during the design process. Different types of pavements can be adopted depending upon the traffic requirements.
Rigid pavements
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT CONCRETE ROAD
The document provides an overview of public works departments and concrete road construction in India. It discusses that the Public Works Department in Uttar Pradesh pioneered construction and established agencies like the State Bridge Corporation. It also describes the types of pavements used in India, including flexible pavements made of bitumen and rigid concrete pavements. The document outlines the basic process of constructing concrete roads, from site preparation to mixing, placing, and curing concrete before opening the road to traffic.
Rigid pavement
Rigid pavements are concrete slabs that distribute vehicle loads through beam action. They have high flexural strength and small deflections compared to flexible pavements. The presentation discusses the types of rigid pavements including jointed plain concrete, jointed reinforced concrete, and continuously reinforced concrete pavements. It also covers the design factors for rigid pavements such as traffic loading, subgrade strength, environmental conditions, and material properties. Rigid pavements are designed to last 30 years with minimal maintenance required over the design life.
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- 1. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Name: Arshdeep Singh Branch : Civil Engineering Semster : 5th Roll No. : 161075177483 161075177483 1Arshdeep Singh
- 2. ROAD PAVEMENT • Road pavement may be define as structure constructed of one or more layer of different material like earth, gravel, crushed rock, cement, bitumen etc. properly treated and compacted to curry the traffic land smoothly and safely with a minimum operational cost. 161075177483Arshdeep Singh 2
- 3. TYPES OF ROAD PAVEMENT • Road pavement can be classified into two groups: 1. Flexible pavement 2. Rigid pavement 161075177483Arshdeep singh 3
- 4. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT • Those pavement which can resist tensile stresses, have low flexural strength and very little resistance to deformation under the wheel loads are termed as flexible pavements. These flexible pavement are flexible in their structure behaviour and reflect the settlement or deformation of lower layers upon the top surface behaviour. A typical flexible pavement consists of following components: 1. Subgrade 2. Subbase course 3. Base course 4. Surface course or wearing course 161075177483Arshdeep singh 4
- 5. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT • Examples of flexible pavement are ; 1. Earth Road 2. Gravel and moorum roads. 3. WBM roads including kankar and lime stone roads. 4. All types of bituminous or black top roads. 161075177483Arshdeep singh 5
- 7. RIGID PAVEMENT • The pavement which possess high flexural strength and provide great resistance to deformation under the wheel load are termed as rigid pavements. Examples of rigid pavement are plain and reinforced cement roads. A typical rigid pavement consists of: 1. Subgrade 2. Base course 3. Cement concrete slab The cement concrete slab can also be laid directly over the well stabilised soil and compacted soil and compacted soil subgrade. 161075177483Arshdeep singh 7
- 9. MARITS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT • The initial cost of flexible pavement is low . • These can resist tensile stresses to some extent . • There is no effect of temperature variation on the flexible pavements. • Construction of joints is not required in flexible pavements • Less or moderate skill and supervision is required. • These are suitable for all types of traffic. • These can be opened to traffic after short duration. • The flexible pavement are elastic in behaviour i.e. these can adjust themselves to the irregularities due to different settlement in the subgrade. 161075177483Arshdeep Singh 9
- 10. DEMERITS OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS • These are inferior to concrete roads in terms of flexural strength. • Flexible pavements of less durable. • Un the action of excessive loading, these pavements fail showing pot holes, ruts and corrugations on the surface. • The thickness of flexible pavement is more than the rigid pavements. • The maintenance cost is high. • A very smooth flexible pavements become slippery in action and is prone to accidents. • The life of flexible pavements is small as compare to concrete road. 161075177483Arshdeep singh 10
- 11. MERITS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS • The maintenance cost is low. • These are dustless. • They can be laid on any subgrade. • They do not develop ruts and corrugations. • They can be easily reinforced to resist high load. • The thickness of these pavements is less. • These is no necessity of good subgrade. • The initial cost is more but they prove economical in the long run. • Concrete roads are superior, have high flexural strength and can take any amount of traffic load. 161075177483Arshdeep singh 11
- 12. DEMERITS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS • The initial cost of construction is high. • Construction of joints and their proper functioning is essential in these pavements. • Rigid pavement produce heavy stress due to temperature variations. • The construction of these roads require skilled labour and supervision. • These cause noise under iron wheeled traffic. • These are less resilient than bituminous road. • For laying underground sewers, cable network etc., cutting of slab after construction is very difficult. 10/18/2018Footer Text 12