The document summarizes research on the pawpaw plant and its potential use as a natural insecticide. It finds that pawpaw contains compounds called acetogenins that have pesticidal properties, especially in the small twigs. Studies showed a pawpaw extract was 100% effective in removing lice and nits from hair in shampoo. However, more research is still needed on its efficacy and safety before commercial use, though it shows promise as lice develop resistance to current treatments. The pawpaw compounds may also have anti-cancer effects but more data is required.
The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And De...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The Role of Sylepta Derogata[Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] In The Abscission And De...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
susceptibility of eucalyptus species and clones to red gum lerpIJEAB
Glycaspis brimblecombei is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalypts. The pest is native to Australia. The nymph feeds on eucalypt leaves and secretes honeydew with which they construct a waxy cover (called a lerp) around themselves. This cover is whitish and conical in shape and shelters the insects until the adult stage. The insect is considered a serious pest that causes leaf discoloration, severe leaf drop, twig dieback and some tree mortality on some Eucalyptus species. In October 2016, the red gum lerp psyllid was recorded for the first time in Mbizi forest plantation in Tanzania infesting Eucalyptus camaldulensis and different Eucalyptus clones. A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Eucalypt germplasm to the insect pest. Results showed that E. camaldulensis was more infested followed by GC 514, GC 167, GC 584, GC 15, GC 785 clones while GC 940 was the least infested. Eucalyptus grandis was not infested. Stakeholders can be able to use the susceptibility grouping of the Eucalyptus germplasm to determine what to plant in areas of red gum lerp psyllid infestation. Similar research work should be carried in all major host tree growing areas to determine susceptibility groups for the areas.
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Piper Longum L.: A valuable Medici...AnuragSingh1049
Piper longum L (Long pepper), of family Piperaceae, is an important medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Cultivation of Piper longum L. till recently was not very common and still it is extensively collected from the wild owing to the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry, threatening the very existence of the plant. Poor seed viability and low germination, scanty and delayed rooting of vegetative cuttings restrict its propagation through sexual and vegetative propagation methods indicating a need of alternative approaches such as in vitro techniques for large scale propagation of this medicinally important plant. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an effective in vitro propagation protocol for Long pepper using nodal segments as ex plants, obtained from a shade house grown mature plant. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used throughout the experiment. For shoot proliferation, MS medium supplemented with combination of 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Kinetin (KIN) and different levels of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. In vitro rooting was achieved to 50% strength MS basal medium containing 1mg/L. The highest frequency of multiple shoot regeneration, that is 87.5% and the maximum number of, 36-40 shoots/ex plants in one sub culture (within 8 weeks after inoculation) were observed in MS media containing BAP (3 mg/L), KIN (0.5mg/L) and NAA (0.2mg/L). The maximum number of roots (6-8 per plantlet) were obtained in 50% MS basal medium + glucose (15 g/L) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/ L) and gelled with 0.8% (w/v) agar supplemented with NAA (1 mg/L). In vitro rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in the shade house conditions. Therefore, it is possible to deduce that the current protocol is promising for in vitro mass propagation of Piper longum L. to solve the reproduction and cultivation problem of the plant.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
susceptibility of eucalyptus species and clones to red gum lerpIJEAB
Glycaspis brimblecombei is a sap-sucking insect that feeds on Eucalypts. The pest is native to Australia. The nymph feeds on eucalypt leaves and secretes honeydew with which they construct a waxy cover (called a lerp) around themselves. This cover is whitish and conical in shape and shelters the insects until the adult stage. The insect is considered a serious pest that causes leaf discoloration, severe leaf drop, twig dieback and some tree mortality on some Eucalyptus species. In October 2016, the red gum lerp psyllid was recorded for the first time in Mbizi forest plantation in Tanzania infesting Eucalyptus camaldulensis and different Eucalyptus clones. A study was conducted to determine the susceptibility of Eucalypt germplasm to the insect pest. Results showed that E. camaldulensis was more infested followed by GC 514, GC 167, GC 584, GC 15, GC 785 clones while GC 940 was the least infested. Eucalyptus grandis was not infested. Stakeholders can be able to use the susceptibility grouping of the Eucalyptus germplasm to determine what to plant in areas of red gum lerp psyllid infestation. Similar research work should be carried in all major host tree growing areas to determine susceptibility groups for the areas.
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Rooting of Piper Longum L.: A valuable Medici...AnuragSingh1049
Piper longum L (Long pepper), of family Piperaceae, is an important medicinal plant in Sri Lanka. Cultivation of Piper longum L. till recently was not very common and still it is extensively collected from the wild owing to the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical industry, threatening the very existence of the plant. Poor seed viability and low germination, scanty and delayed rooting of vegetative cuttings restrict its propagation through sexual and vegetative propagation methods indicating a need of alternative approaches such as in vitro techniques for large scale propagation of this medicinally important plant. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop an effective in vitro propagation protocol for Long pepper using nodal segments as ex plants, obtained from a shade house grown mature plant. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used throughout the experiment. For shoot proliferation, MS medium supplemented with combination of 1-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), Kinetin (KIN) and different levels of N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) were used. In vitro rooting was achieved to 50% strength MS basal medium containing 1mg/L. The highest frequency of multiple shoot regeneration, that is 87.5% and the maximum number of, 36-40 shoots/ex plants in one sub culture (within 8 weeks after inoculation) were observed in MS media containing BAP (3 mg/L), KIN (0.5mg/L) and NAA (0.2mg/L). The maximum number of roots (6-8 per plantlet) were obtained in 50% MS basal medium + glucose (15 g/L) + Ascorbic acid (100 mg/ L) and gelled with 0.8% (w/v) agar supplemented with NAA (1 mg/L). In vitro rooted shoots were successfully acclimatized in the shade house conditions. Therefore, it is possible to deduce that the current protocol is promising for in vitro mass propagation of Piper longum L. to solve the reproduction and cultivation problem of the plant.
Micropropagation is applied to multiply those species which are difficult to produce conventionally. The purpose of this study was to access in vitro propagation of Hoya kerrii, an important ornamental plant to explore its potential for micro-propagation. Microprogation of Hoya kerrii was initiated using leaf, petiole, root and inter-nodal segments of the selected plant as explants on MS medium containing 2,4-D at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/L for callus induction. Leaf segments initiated callus earlier than inter-node, petiole and root. A significant amount of callus was produced in MS medium with 5.0 mg/L 2, 4-D and MS medium with 1.0 mg/L 2, 4-D gave the poorest callus.
Biocontrol and Bioeradication PPT given Nov. 21, 2013Richard Gardner
Biocontrol and Bioeradication research presented to the Muhlenberg Botany Society on Nov. 21, 2013 focusing on using native organisms to eradicate non-native invasive plants. This presentation describes my latest research on a variety of plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Rosa multiflora, ,
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
Our Herbal Roots - Presentation by Brigitte ZettlCrownCountry
Our relationship with roots goes back a long way! This presentation is an overview of Missouri's herbs and roots, identification, wildcrafting ethics, usage and storage.
These slides were part of a class by Brigitte Zettl. We are certainly pleased to share the slides, but we want to emphasize that the slides were only visual reminders for the in-depth verbal information given in the class.
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
In recognition of foot health month, the status of tea tree oil as an antimicrobial agent is reviewed. Tea tree oil shows great promise as an antifungal and antibacterial product. This includes topical infections of foot and toe nails.
The Value of Conducting Post-Marketing Clinical Research On Marketing Strategy Development
Nutraceutical Medical Research, LLC
By: Latesha Richards, Marketing Coordinator
Post Marketing Clinical Research & Marketing Strategy
Pawpaw Article Sep 2009
1. Volume 2, Issue 6, September 2009
Pawpaw: A Source of Herbal Insecticide for Hair
Shampoo
By: Charles Spielholz, Ph.D.
P
awpaw (genus Asimina) is a large shrub or small tree that grows in eastern
North America as far north as southern Canada, as far south as Georgia and as
far west as Texas and Nebraska. Pawpaw has large leaves and a large, heavily
seeded, edible fruit. The pulp of the fleshy fruit, which looks something like a papaya
that is curved like a banana, tastes like custard and is high in protein (Pawpaw is not
related to either of those tropical plants). The fruit is used to make jellies and jams and is
also used in baking cakes. Several species of pawpaw exist. The tree is not cultivated to
any significant extent. The genus is actually considered threatened or endangered in
several regions due to forest destruction.1
The pawpaw is interesting as a
botanical because the tree is not easily
susceptible to many insect pests.
Historically, Native Americans have used
the dry powder of pawpaw to eradicate
lice infestations. Chemical analysis of
different parts of the pawpaw show that
the pesticide activity, as measured using a standard brine shrimp assay, is highest in the
small twigs. The seeds, roots, bark and unripened fruit contain lower, but significant
pesticide activity, whereas the leaves and stem wood contain little or no pesticide
activity.2
1
2. Volume 2, Issue 6, September 2009
The molecules responsible for the pesticide activity have been isolated and
identified as acetogenins. Acetogenins are part of a family of compounds known as
polyketides. Generally, polyketides are a naturally occurring class of molecules with
antibiotic, antifungal and insecticide properties. The structure of these molecules is very
complex making them difficult to synthesize; therefore acetogenins are isolated from
sources rich in the molecule. Pawpaw is rich in these molecules, but, as noted above, the
tree is not cultivated.3,4,5,6
Studies using extracts of pawpaw as an insecticide in hair shampoo were initiated.
Those initial studies indicated that hair shampoo containing a standardized extract of
pawpaw was 100% effective in removing both head lice and nits from scalp hair.
Preliminary research also showed that the active ingredients isolated from pawpaw did
not cause significant allergic contact dermatitis or skin irritation in a guinea pig
maximization test. These data indicate that pawpaw has the potential to be the active
botanical in an herbal shampoo to treat lice infestations. However, at the moment, no
such shampoo is commercially available although several websites describe recipes for
just such a shampoo.7,8
It must be noted at this point that there is also some data to indicate that pawpaw
extracts have cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines grown in laboratory cultures.
However, there is no data currently available that clearly supports the efficacy or safety
of pawpaw to treat cancer (or any other disease). At the moment, pawpaw extracts have
been shown to be potentially useful externally and, in fact, may be dangerous when taken
interernally.9
2
3. Volume 2, Issue 6, September 2009
So pawpaw has potential as an herbal remedy to treat lice infestations. It is quite
possible as lice and other insects develop resistance to lice shampoos currently on the
market, the natural insecticide properties of pawpaw may become very commercially
viable.
References
1) Little EL. National Audubon Society Field Guide to Tress, Eastern Region. New York, Alfred
A. Knopf, Inc. 1980.
2) Ratnayake S, Rupprecht JK, Potter WM, McLaughlin JL. Evaluation of various parts of the
paw paw tree, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae), as commercial sources of the pesticidal
annonaceous acetogenins. J Econ Entomol. 1992 Dec;85(6):2353-2356.
3) Ratnayake S, Fang XP, Anderson JE, McLaughlin JL, Evert DR. Bioactive constituents from
the twigs of Asimina parviflora. J Nat Prod. 1992 Oct;55(10):1462-1467.
4) Ratnayake S, Rupprecht JK, Potter WM, McLaughlin JL. Evaluation of the pawpaw tree,
Asimina tribola (Annonaceae), as a commercial source of the pesticidal annonaceous acetogenins.
In New Crops. Janick J, Simon JE (eds). New York, Wiley. 1993. pp 644-648.
5) Zhao GX, Rieser MJ, Hui YH, Miesbauer LR, Smith DL, McLaughlin JL. Biologically active
acetogenins from stem bark of Asimina triloba. Phytochemistry. 1993 Jul;33(5):1065-1073.
6) Johnson HA, Gordon J, McLaughlin JL. Monthly variations in biological activity of Asimina
tribola. In Progress in New Crops. Janick J (ed.). Arlington, ASHS Press. 1996. pp609-614.
7) Avalos J, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, Rodriguez E. Guinea pig maximization test of the
bark extract from pawpaw, Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Contact Dermatitis. 1993 Jul;29(1):33-
35.
8) McCage CM, Ward SM, Paling CA, Fisher DA, Flynn PJ, McLaughlin JL. Development of a
paw paw herbal shampoo for the removal of head lice. Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):743-748.
9) Lannuzel A, Michel PP, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Abaul J, Hocquemiller R, Ruberg M. Toxicity
of Annonaceae for dopaminergic neurons: potential role in atypical parkinsonism in Guadeloupe.
Mov Disord. 2002 Jan;17(1):84-90.
3