This document provides an overview of pavement materials and roadbed soils, focusing on grain size analysis and Atterberg limits. It defines key terms like soil texture, grain size, particle shape, effective size, coefficient of uniformity, liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. Methods for conducting grain size analysis using sieves and hydrometers are described. The Casagrande cup test for determining the liquid limit of a soil is explained. Engineering applications of grain size distribution and Atterberg limits are also discussed.
Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of given soil sample.
Soil Sample - A sample weighing about 60 g was taken from the thoroughly mixed portion of material (70% Bentonite: 30% Kaolinite) passing 425-micron IS Sieve [ IS: 460 (Part 1)-1978] obtained in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 1)-1983.
The four combinations of Bentonite-Kaolinite mixture gave following trend. In general with decrease in bentonite content and increase in kaolinite content, the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index starts decreasing.
Particle Size Distribution & Classification of Soilwasim shaikh
According to the US classification standards, soil particles are divided into seven grades: clay particles <0.002 mm, silt particles 0.002–0.05 mm, very fine sand 0.05–0.1 mm, fine sand 0.1–0.25 mm, medium sand 0.25–0.5 mm, coarse sand 0.5–1.0 mm, and very coarse sand 1–2 mm.
Determination of Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit of given soil sample.
Soil Sample - A sample weighing about 60 g was taken from the thoroughly mixed portion of material (70% Bentonite: 30% Kaolinite) passing 425-micron IS Sieve [ IS: 460 (Part 1)-1978] obtained in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 1)-1983.
The four combinations of Bentonite-Kaolinite mixture gave following trend. In general with decrease in bentonite content and increase in kaolinite content, the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index starts decreasing.
Particle Size Distribution & Classification of Soilwasim shaikh
According to the US classification standards, soil particles are divided into seven grades: clay particles <0.002 mm, silt particles 0.002–0.05 mm, very fine sand 0.05–0.1 mm, fine sand 0.1–0.25 mm, medium sand 0.25–0.5 mm, coarse sand 0.5–1.0 mm, and very coarse sand 1–2 mm.
soil stabilization using burnt municipal solid waste ash is done with varied test being carried out on different proportions of soil and additive which in our case is bottom ash and not fly ash
Presentation of soil in subject of engineering geology which have index properties of soil, engineering classification of soil, types of soil and more importantly definition of soil in engineering .
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
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Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
Pavement Engineering Materials_4
1.
2. PAVEMENT MATERIALSPAVEMENT MATERIALS
ENGINEERINGENGINEERING
(CE-862)(CE-862)
Lec-04
Fall Semester 2016
Dr. Arshad Hussain
arshad_nit@yahoo.com , Office Room#111, Tel: 05190854163,
Cell: 03419756251
National Institute of Transportation (NIT)
School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)
National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
NUST Campus, Sector H-12, Islamabad
6. Soil TextureSoil Texture
The texture of a soil is its appearance or
“feel” and it depends on the relative sizes
and shapes of the particles as well as the
range or distribution of those sizes.
6
Coarse-grained soils:
Gravel Sand
Fine-grained soils:
Silt Clay
0.075 mm (USCS)
Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis
8. 2. Grain Size and Grain Size2. Grain Size and Grain Size
DistributionDistribution
8
9. Grain SizeGrain Size
9
(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
Clay-size particles
A small quartz
particle may have the
similar size of clay
minerals
Clay minerals.
For example:
Kaolinite, Illite, etc
.
10. Sieve sizeSieve size
10
Rectangular opening
4” (101.6 mm) to # 400
(.038mm)
Below #200 is not practical
Least dimension passing
Sieve numbering?
13. Particle Size DefinitionParticle Size Definition
System based only on particles smaller than
3-inches
Cobbles are 3”to 12”
Boulders are > 12”
13
14. Gravel / Sand / FinesGravel / Sand / Fines
Gravels are between # 4 sieve and 3”
Sands are between # 200 sieve and
# 4 sieve
Fines are smaller than # 200 sieve
14
20. Describe the shape
Example: well graded
Criteria
Question
What is the Cu for a soil with
only one grain size?
20
2
)9)(02.0(
)6.0(
)D)(D(
)D(
C
curvatureoftCoefficien
450
02.0
9
D
D
C
uniformityoftCoefficien
2
6010
2
30
c
10
60
u
===
===
mm9D
mm6.0D
)sizeeffective(mm02.0D
60
30
10
=
=
=
)sandsfor(
6Cand3C1
)gravelsfor(
4Cand3C1
soilgradedWell
uc
uc
≥<<
≥<<
−
21. AnswerAnswer
Question
What is the Cu for a soil with only one grain
size?
21
D
Finer
1
D
D
C
uniformityoftCoefficien
10
60
u ==
Grain size distribution
22. ◦ Use of curve
Inside gradation envelope
Uniformly, poorly or skip grading
Effective size D10
Coefficient of uniformity, Cu = large value
non uniform soil, >5well graded, <2 poorly
graded
Coefficient of curvature, Cu = D302
/(D60 x
D10) greatly differ from 1, indicate missing
sizes
22
23. Engineering applications
It will help us “feel” the soil texture (what the
soil is) and it will also be used for the soil
classification
It can be used to define the grading
specification of a drainage filter.
It can be a criterion for selecting fill materials
of embankments and earth dams, road sub-
base materials, and concrete aggregates. It can
be used to estimate the results of grouting and
chemical injection, and dynamic compaction.
Effective Size, D10, can be correlated with the
hydraulic conductivity (describing the
permeability of soils).
Predicting soil movements
Frost susceptibility 23
26. Consistency limits an IndicesConsistency limits an Indices
◦ General
Property of soil manifested by resistance to
flow. Cohesive and not inter granular.
Affected by moisture contents of soil.
◦ Consistency Limits. Atterberg’s six stages of
soil consistency range
◦ liquid limit
◦ Sticky limit
◦ Cohesive limit
◦ Plastic limit
◦ Shrinkage limit
26
27. The presence of water in fine-grained soils can significantly affect
associated engineering behavior, so we need a reference index to
clarify the effects. (The reason will be discussed later in the topic of clay minerals)
27(Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
In percentage
28. 28
Liquid Limit, LL
Liquid State
Plastic Limit, PL
Plastic State
Shrinkage Limit, SL
Semisolid State
Solid State
Dry Soil
Fluid soil-water
mixture
Increasingwatercontent
29. Liquid Limit-LLLiquid Limit-LL
Casagrande Method
(ASTM D4318-95a)
Professor Casagrande
standardized the test and
developed the liquid
limit device.
Cone Penetrometer Method
(BS 1377: Part 2: 1990:4.3)
This method is developed by the
Transport and Road Research
Laboratory, UK.
29
30. Liquid Limit DefinitionLiquid Limit Definition
The water content
at which a groove
cut in a soil paste
will close upon 25
repeated drops of a
brass cup with a
rubber base
31. LL Test ProcedureLL Test Procedure
Prepare paste of
soil finer than #
40 sieve
Place Soil in
Cup
32. LL Test ProcedureLL Test Procedure
Cut groove in
soil paste with
standard
grooving tool
33. LL Test ProcedureLL Test Procedure
Rotate cam
and count
number of
blows of cup
required to
close groove
by 1/2”
34. LL Test ProcedureLL Test Procedure
Perform on 3 to 4 specimens that
bracket 25 blows to close groove
Obtain water content for each test
Plot water content versus number of
blows on semi-log paper
35. LL Test ResultsLL Test Results
Log N
water content, %
LL= w%
Interpolate LL water
content at 25 blows
25
36. LL Values < 16 % not realisticLL Values < 16 % not realistic
16
Liquid Limit,
%
PI,%
39. Plastic Limit DefinitionPlastic Limit Definition
The water content at which a soil
changes from a plastic consistency to a
semi-solid consistency
Defined by Laboratory Test concept
developed by Atterberg in 1911.
40. Plastic Limit DefinitionPlastic Limit Definition
The water content
at which a
1/8”thread of soil
can be rolled out
but it begins to
crack and cannot
then be re-rolled
41. Plastic Limit w% procedurePlastic Limit w% procedure
Using paste from LL test, begin drying
May add dry soil or spread
on plate and air-dry
Occasionally evaluate 1/8” thread
42. Plastic Limit w% procedurePlastic Limit w% procedure
When point is reached where thread is
cracking and cannot be re-rolled to 1/8”
diameter, collect at least 6 grams and
measure water content. Defined plastic
limit
43. Definition of Plasticity IndexDefinition of Plasticity Index
Plasticity Index is the numerical difference
between the Liquid Limit w% and the Plastic
Limit w%
w% LLPL
PI = LL - PL
44. Definition of Plasticity IndexDefinition of Plasticity Index
It represents the range in water contents
over which a soil behaves in a plastic manner
w% LLPL
PI = LL - PL liquidsemi-
solid
plastic (remoldable)
45. Liquidity index LILiquidity index LI
For scaling the
natural water
content of a soil
sample to the
Limits. contentwatertheisw
PLLL
PLw
PI
PLw
LI
−
−
=
−
=
LI <0 (A), brittle fracture if sheared
0<LI<1 (B), plastic solid if sheared
LI >1 (C), viscous liquid if sheared
46. Definition of NonplasticDefinition of Nonplastic
If the soil has a PI of zero, or either of
the Atterberg tests cannot be performed,
the soil is said to be non-plastic
50. Criterion for Organic DesignationCriterion for Organic Designation
A liquid limit test is performed on:
◦ One sample that is only air-dried
◦ On another that is oven-dried prior to testing
◦ The liquid limit values are compared by
computing the ratio of the 2 values
51. Organic DefinitionOrganic Definition
If the ratio of the oven-dried soil’s LL to
the air-dry soil’s LL values is < 0.75, the
soil is organic by definition.
If the air-dry LL is 50 or more, it is a
HIGH liquid limit
If the air-dry LL is less than 50, the soil
has a LOW LL value
53. Shrinkage Limit-SLShrinkage Limit-SL
53
(Das, 1998)
Soil volume: Vi
Soil mass: M1
Soil volume: Vf
Soil mass: M2
)100)((
M
VV
)100(
M
MM
(%)w(%)wSL
w
2
fi
2
21
i
ρ
−
−
−
=
∆−=
54. Shrinkage Limit-SLShrinkage Limit-SL
“Although the shrinkage limit was a popular classification test during
the 1920s, it is subject to considerable uncertainty and thus is no
longer commonly conducted.”
“One of the biggest problems with the shrinkage limit test is that the
amount of shrinkage depends not only on the grain size but also on
the initial fabric of the soil. The standard procedure is to start with
the water content near the liquid limit. However, especially with sandy
and silty clays, this often results in a shrinkage limit greater than the
plastic limit, which is meaningless. Casagrande suggests that the initial
water content be slightly greater than the PL, if possible, but
admittedly it is difficult to avoid entrapping air bubbles.” (from Holtz
and Kovacs, 1981)
54
55. Typical Values of AtterbergTypical Values of Atterberg
LimitsLimits
55
(Mitchell, 1993)
Talk about the difference between the clay-size particle or clay minerals.
Please remind students about the oxymoron of the cohesion and cohesionless.
Change this table
Mention sieve analysis and hydrometer analysis for different size of soils
There is not distinguish for silt and clay in the USCS system.
It is not necessary to use the full set of sieves, but the particle size should be distinguished.
Wet sieving:
According to the British standard, dry sieving may be carried out only on materials for which this procedure gives the same results as the wet-sieving procedure. This means that it is applicable only to clean granular materials, which usually implies clean sandy or gravelly soils-that is, soils containing negligible amounts of particles of silt or clay size. Normally the wet-sieving procedure (section 4.6.4) should be followed for all soils (Head, 1992).
Effective size (D10): This parameter is the diameter in the particle-size distribution curve corresponding to 10% finer. The effective size of a granular soil is a good measure to estimate the hydraulic conductivity an drainage through soils.
The comparison between the fall cone test and the Casagrande test, Page. 79 (Head’s book)
The definition of the liquid limit is dependent on he point at which the soil begins to acquire a recognizable shear strength (about 1.7 kN/m2) (Head, 1992).
The one-point methods are useful as “rapid” test procedures, or when only a very small amount of soil is available and when a result of lesser accuracy is acceptable (Head, 1992).
Drying, even air drying at laboratory temperature, can cause irresible changes in the physical behavior of some soils, especially tropical residuals, which can result in dramatic changes in their plasticity properties (Head, 1992).
ASTM D4318-95a. The sample is processed to remove any material retained on a 0.425 mm. (No.40) sieve .
Both the type and amount of clay in a soil influence the properties, and the Atterberg limits reflect both of these factors.
The PI is useful in engineering classification of fine-grained soils, and many engineering properties have been found to empirically correlates with the PI.
If you have different clay minerals, you will have different Atterberg limit.