This document outlines objectives and content for a group project on genitourinary and reproductive disorders. It covers topics like benign prostatic hyperplasia, dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Objectives include defining the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of various male and female reproductive conditions. The document provides details on relevant anatomy, hormone functions, diagnostic criteria, symptoms, and treatment approaches for several common genitourinary disorders.
This document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction. It begins with an introduction to erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The main drugs discussed are PDE5 inhibitors including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and avanafil, as well as alprostadil. These drugs work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing levels of cGMP in the penis to produce an erection. The document provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, molecular structures, adverse effects and uses of these erectile dysfunction drugs.
This document discusses steroidal hormones and contraceptive agents. It summarizes the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, including glucocorticoids like cortisol and androgens. It also discusses the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, how they work together in the menstrual cycle, and examples of natural and synthetic estrogens. The document further summarizes the male sex hormone testosterone, anabolic androgens derived from testosterone, and anti-androgens used to treat conditions like prostate cancer.
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to get or maintain an erection firm enough for sex. Sildenafil (brand name Viagra) and tadalafil (brand name Cialis) are oral medications used to treat erectile dysfunction. They work by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and vision changes with sildenafil and headache, stomach upset, back pain with tadalafil. Both drugs are effective treatments for male sexual dysfunction.
Androgens, anabolic steroids and antiandrogensAnkita Bist
1. The document discusses testosterone, the major androgen hormone. It is produced primarily by Leydig cells in testes and is responsible for male sexual development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. It acts through androgen receptors and is converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone by 5-alpha reductase. Common uses include androgen replacement therapy and treatment of hypogonadism. Adverse effects may include acne, prostate issues, and virilization in women.
2. Synthetic anabolic steroids are discussed which have higher anabolic to androgenic ratios than testosterone. Common examples and uses are provided along with their similar adverse effect profiles to testosterone.
3. Antiand
The document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). There are five oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, and alprostadil. PDE5Is work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis to facilitate erection. Alprostadil is a prostaglandin E1 injection or suppository that works locally in the penis. All drugs have similar side effects like headaches and flushing but differ in how long their effects last and if they interact with food. Proper use and understanding the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of these drugs is important for
This document discusses the female sex hormone oestrogen. It notes that oestrogen, along with androgens and progestins, are the three main sex hormones produced in the gonads. Oestrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and its secretion is controlled by FSH. The key functions of oestrogen include regulating ovulation and menstruation, developing secondary sex characteristics, and preparing the reproductive tract for pregnancy. Oestrogen acts by binding to estrogen receptors in target tissues. The document outlines the different types of estrogens and their biosynthesis and physiological effects. It also discusses structure-activity relationships and clinical uses and side effects of estrogens.
This document discusses estrogens, progesterone, and contraceptives. It describes the roles and actions of estrogens and progesterone in the female reproductive system, CNS, blood, and metabolism. It discusses estrogen and progesterone preparations, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. The document also provides details about oral contraceptive pills, including formulations, mode of action, common adverse effects, and non-contraceptive benefits. Progesterone-only pills and mifepristone are also summarized. Finally, selective estrogen receptor modulators are introduced.
This document discusses haematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anaemias. It defines anaemia and lists common causes such as blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction, and deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid. The document categorizes and describes common haematinics including oral and parenteral iron preparations, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin. It provides details on absorption, transport, storage and excretion of iron as well as clinical uses of various haematinics to treat different types of anaemia.
This document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction. It begins with an introduction to erectile dysfunction and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The main drugs discussed are PDE5 inhibitors including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and avanafil, as well as alprostadil. These drugs work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing levels of cGMP in the penis to produce an erection. The document provides details on the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, molecular structures, adverse effects and uses of these erectile dysfunction drugs.
This document discusses steroidal hormones and contraceptive agents. It summarizes the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, including glucocorticoids like cortisol and androgens. It also discusses the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, how they work together in the menstrual cycle, and examples of natural and synthetic estrogens. The document further summarizes the male sex hormone testosterone, anabolic androgens derived from testosterone, and anti-androgens used to treat conditions like prostate cancer.
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to get or maintain an erection firm enough for sex. Sildenafil (brand name Viagra) and tadalafil (brand name Cialis) are oral medications used to treat erectile dysfunction. They work by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and vision changes with sildenafil and headache, stomach upset, back pain with tadalafil. Both drugs are effective treatments for male sexual dysfunction.
Androgens, anabolic steroids and antiandrogensAnkita Bist
1. The document discusses testosterone, the major androgen hormone. It is produced primarily by Leydig cells in testes and is responsible for male sexual development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics. It acts through androgen receptors and is converted to the more potent dihydrotestosterone by 5-alpha reductase. Common uses include androgen replacement therapy and treatment of hypogonadism. Adverse effects may include acne, prostate issues, and virilization in women.
2. Synthetic anabolic steroids are discussed which have higher anabolic to androgenic ratios than testosterone. Common examples and uses are provided along with their similar adverse effect profiles to testosterone.
3. Antiand
The document discusses drugs used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). There are five oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) including sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, and alprostadil. PDE5Is work by inhibiting the PDE5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis to facilitate erection. Alprostadil is a prostaglandin E1 injection or suppository that works locally in the penis. All drugs have similar side effects like headaches and flushing but differ in how long their effects last and if they interact with food. Proper use and understanding the mechanisms and pharmacokinetics of these drugs is important for
This document discusses the female sex hormone oestrogen. It notes that oestrogen, along with androgens and progestins, are the three main sex hormones produced in the gonads. Oestrogen is produced primarily in the ovaries and its secretion is controlled by FSH. The key functions of oestrogen include regulating ovulation and menstruation, developing secondary sex characteristics, and preparing the reproductive tract for pregnancy. Oestrogen acts by binding to estrogen receptors in target tissues. The document outlines the different types of estrogens and their biosynthesis and physiological effects. It also discusses structure-activity relationships and clinical uses and side effects of estrogens.
This document discusses estrogens, progesterone, and contraceptives. It describes the roles and actions of estrogens and progesterone in the female reproductive system, CNS, blood, and metabolism. It discusses estrogen and progesterone preparations, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and contraindications. The document also provides details about oral contraceptive pills, including formulations, mode of action, common adverse effects, and non-contraceptive benefits. Progesterone-only pills and mifepristone are also summarized. Finally, selective estrogen receptor modulators are introduced.
This document discusses haematinics, which are substances required for blood formation and used to treat anaemias. It defines anaemia and lists common causes such as blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction, and deficiencies in iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid. The document categorizes and describes common haematinics including oral and parenteral iron preparations, vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin. It provides details on absorption, transport, storage and excretion of iron as well as clinical uses of various haematinics to treat different types of anaemia.
The document discusses drugs that act on the uterus. It describes uterine stimulants/oxytocics like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins which increase uterine contraction and are used to induce labor or prevent postpartum hemorrhage. It also discusses uterine relaxants/tocolytics like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate which decrease uterine motility and are used to delay premature labor. The mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of various oxytocic and tocolytic drugs are provided.
Many of the symptoms and signs of menopause can be attributed to the cessation of the production of estrogen by the ovaries in the menopausal stage.
The most common complications that women face during menopause include vaginal dryness, soreness, dyspareunia, urinary frequency and urgency.
Mood changes are also common during menopause and in postmenopausal women.
Vasomotor instability can cause hot flushes, sweating and palpitations in menopausal women.
The document discusses various aspects of pregnancy including fertilization, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and pregnancy testing. It describes the transport of gametes during fertilization, the process of capacitation and formation of the zygote. It outlines various hematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other changes in the body to accommodate the growing fetus. Key events of labor and delivery and how pregnancy tests work are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens. It discusses the main classes of sex hormones and where they are produced in the body. Testosterone is identified as the main androgen produced by the testes that promotes male sex characteristics and muscle building. Estradiol is identified as the primary estrogen produced by the ovaries that induces the estrous cycle in females. The document outlines the biological effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and potential adverse effects of testosterone and other androgens.
This document summarizes oral contraceptives, including their mechanism of action, methods of use, and formulation. It discusses how oral contraceptives work by suppressing ovulation through negative feedback inhibition of gonadotropins. It also describes the typical menstrual cycle and hormone levels throughout its phases. Common oral contraceptive formulations include combined estrogen-progesterone pills and sequential pills, which are taken in cycles to prevent pregnancy while allowing withdrawal bleeding. Side effects and precautions are also outlined.
Male sex hormones include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulates the development of male sexual characteristics. It acts through binding to androgen receptors and altering gene expression. Common therapeutic uses of testosterone and related compounds include treating testicular failure, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and symptoms of aging in men. Side effects can include virilization, acne, and risks to the prostate.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
This document discusses expectorants and their uses in respiratory disorders. It defines expectorants as drugs used orally to stimulate secretions in the respiratory tract. It describes two categories of expectorants - direct acting expectorants that act on bronchial secretory cells, and reflex acting expectorants that act by irritating the gastric mucosa. Examples of expectorants discussed include terpin hydrate, ammonium chloride, potassium iodide, and guaiphenesin. The document also briefly discusses mucolytics, antitussives, antihistamines, and pharyngeal demulcents which are other drug categories for cough. Details are provided about ammonium chloride and potassium iodide
This document discusses estrogens, which are female sex hormones. It describes their isolation, structures, natural and synthetic forms, effects in the body, uses in hormone replacement therapy and contraception, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen. Key points are that estrogens regulate female development and metabolism, synthetic estrogens are used in HRT, and SERMs can act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues.
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers as open sores that develop in the stomach or upper small intestine. The main causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by tumors that produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, triggering overproduction of gastric acid. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers, including antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections and acid-reducing drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers.
Erectile dysfunction results from problems affecting the brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles or blood vessels involved in male arousal. It is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for sex. Common causes include heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and certain medications. Evaluation may involve physical exams, blood tests, and questionnaires to check for underlying physical or psychological conditions. Treatment options include oral medications, injections, suppositories, testosterone replacement, and penile prostheses or revascularization surgery if medications are not effective.
- Androgens like testosterone and synthetic analogs cause male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone is produced in testes and adrenals and binds to androgen receptors.
- Testosterone has androgenic effects like development of male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics. It also has anabolic effects like muscle building.
- Androgens are used to treat conditions like hypogonadism and wasting diseases. Synthetic anabolic steroids have higher anabolic effects. Anti-androgens like danazol and cyproterone acetate are used to treat conditions like endometriosis by inhibiting androgen action.
Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, come in combined and progestogen-only formulations. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen, while progestogen-only pills only contain progestogen. Their main mechanisms of action are to prevent ovulation and make cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm. Potential adverse effects include cardiovascular risks, changes in serum lipids, and metabolic effects. Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease risks of some cancers while their effects on other cancers are still debated.
This document discusses anabolic steroids, including:
1) Anabolic steroids are synthetic androgens that have higher anabolic activity and lesser androgenic activity than testosterone.
2) They work by binding to androgen receptors and modifying gene transcription.
3) Accepted medical uses of anabolic steroids include treating catabolic states like cancer, but their misuse among athletes to improve performance is considered illegal doping.
4) Side effects include liver toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and virilization in women.
Testosterone is the main androgen in men and is synthesized primarily in the Leydig cells of the testes under stimulation from LH. Androgens bind to nuclear receptors in target cells and promote male secondary sex characteristics, reproductive organ maturation, protein synthesis, and muscle growth. Testosterone levels in males are typically 300-1000 ng/dL while in females they are 15-75 ng/dL.
This document discusses antihyperlipidemic agents used to treat hyperlipidemia, a condition of high lipid levels in the blood. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and describing its causes such as diet, genetics, and medical conditions. It then covers the main classes of antihyperlipidemic drugs like HMG CoA inhibitors, fibrates, bile acid sequesterants, and their mechanisms and examples like lovastatin, atorvastatin, clofibrate, and cholestyramine. The document concludes by explaining how these drugs work to lower lipid levels through inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and absorption or increasing lipid catabolism.
This document discusses hypospadias, a congenital anomaly where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It covers the embryology, risk factors, classifications, clinical features, and various surgical treatment options for hypospadias repair. The goals of treatment are to position the urethral meatus at the tip of the penis, correct any penile curvature, and provide adequate skin coverage. Complications can include meatal stenosis, fistula formation, infection, and procedure failure. Careful patient selection and appropriate surgical technique are emphasized to achieve the best outcomes.
Este documento describe la hipospadias, una anomalía congénita común en los genitales externos de los niños varones. Se define como la hipoplasia de los tejidos que forman la superficie ventral del pene. Se clasifica según la localización del orificio uretral y se describen sus factores de riesgo, etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico, cuyos objetivos son corregir la curvatura del pene, formar una neouretra y lograr un aspecto estético aceptable de los genital
The document discusses drugs that act on the uterus. It describes uterine stimulants/oxytocics like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins which increase uterine contraction and are used to induce labor or prevent postpartum hemorrhage. It also discusses uterine relaxants/tocolytics like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate which decrease uterine motility and are used to delay premature labor. The mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of various oxytocic and tocolytic drugs are provided.
Many of the symptoms and signs of menopause can be attributed to the cessation of the production of estrogen by the ovaries in the menopausal stage.
The most common complications that women face during menopause include vaginal dryness, soreness, dyspareunia, urinary frequency and urgency.
Mood changes are also common during menopause and in postmenopausal women.
Vasomotor instability can cause hot flushes, sweating and palpitations in menopausal women.
The document discusses various aspects of pregnancy including fertilization, maternal physiological changes during pregnancy, labor and delivery, and pregnancy testing. It describes the transport of gametes during fertilization, the process of capacitation and formation of the zygote. It outlines various hematological, cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other changes in the body to accommodate the growing fetus. Key events of labor and delivery and how pregnancy tests work are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens. It discusses the main classes of sex hormones and where they are produced in the body. Testosterone is identified as the main androgen produced by the testes that promotes male sex characteristics and muscle building. Estradiol is identified as the primary estrogen produced by the ovaries that induces the estrous cycle in females. The document outlines the biological effects, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses and potential adverse effects of testosterone and other androgens.
This document summarizes oral contraceptives, including their mechanism of action, methods of use, and formulation. It discusses how oral contraceptives work by suppressing ovulation through negative feedback inhibition of gonadotropins. It also describes the typical menstrual cycle and hormone levels throughout its phases. Common oral contraceptive formulations include combined estrogen-progesterone pills and sequential pills, which are taken in cycles to prevent pregnancy while allowing withdrawal bleeding. Side effects and precautions are also outlined.
Male sex hormones include testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Testosterone is produced in the testes and regulates the development of male sexual characteristics. It acts through binding to androgen receptors and altering gene expression. Common therapeutic uses of testosterone and related compounds include treating testicular failure, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and symptoms of aging in men. Side effects can include virilization, acne, and risks to the prostate.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
This document discusses expectorants and their uses in respiratory disorders. It defines expectorants as drugs used orally to stimulate secretions in the respiratory tract. It describes two categories of expectorants - direct acting expectorants that act on bronchial secretory cells, and reflex acting expectorants that act by irritating the gastric mucosa. Examples of expectorants discussed include terpin hydrate, ammonium chloride, potassium iodide, and guaiphenesin. The document also briefly discusses mucolytics, antitussives, antihistamines, and pharyngeal demulcents which are other drug categories for cough. Details are provided about ammonium chloride and potassium iodide
This document discusses estrogens, which are female sex hormones. It describes their isolation, structures, natural and synthetic forms, effects in the body, uses in hormone replacement therapy and contraception, and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) like tamoxifen. Key points are that estrogens regulate female development and metabolism, synthetic estrogens are used in HRT, and SERMs can act as estrogen agonists or antagonists in different tissues.
This document discusses peptic ulcer disease. It defines peptic ulcers as open sores that develop in the stomach or upper small intestine. The main causes of peptic ulcers are Helicobacter pylori bacteria, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare condition characterized by tumors that produce excessive amounts of the hormone gastrin, triggering overproduction of gastric acid. The document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of peptic ulcers, including antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections and acid-reducing drugs like proton pump inhibitors and H2 receptor blockers.
Erectile dysfunction results from problems affecting the brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscles or blood vessels involved in male arousal. It is defined as the inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for sex. Common causes include heart disease, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and certain medications. Evaluation may involve physical exams, blood tests, and questionnaires to check for underlying physical or psychological conditions. Treatment options include oral medications, injections, suppositories, testosterone replacement, and penile prostheses or revascularization surgery if medications are not effective.
- Androgens like testosterone and synthetic analogs cause male secondary sex characteristics. Testosterone is produced in testes and adrenals and binds to androgen receptors.
- Testosterone has androgenic effects like development of male reproductive tract and secondary sex characteristics. It also has anabolic effects like muscle building.
- Androgens are used to treat conditions like hypogonadism and wasting diseases. Synthetic anabolic steroids have higher anabolic effects. Anti-androgens like danazol and cyproterone acetate are used to treat conditions like endometriosis by inhibiting androgen action.
Oral contraceptives, also known as birth control pills, come in combined and progestogen-only formulations. Combined pills contain estrogen and progestogen, while progestogen-only pills only contain progestogen. Their main mechanisms of action are to prevent ovulation and make cervical mucus inhospitable to sperm. Potential adverse effects include cardiovascular risks, changes in serum lipids, and metabolic effects. Oral contraceptives have been shown to decrease risks of some cancers while their effects on other cancers are still debated.
This document discusses anabolic steroids, including:
1) Anabolic steroids are synthetic androgens that have higher anabolic activity and lesser androgenic activity than testosterone.
2) They work by binding to androgen receptors and modifying gene transcription.
3) Accepted medical uses of anabolic steroids include treating catabolic states like cancer, but their misuse among athletes to improve performance is considered illegal doping.
4) Side effects include liver toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and virilization in women.
Testosterone is the main androgen in men and is synthesized primarily in the Leydig cells of the testes under stimulation from LH. Androgens bind to nuclear receptors in target cells and promote male secondary sex characteristics, reproductive organ maturation, protein synthesis, and muscle growth. Testosterone levels in males are typically 300-1000 ng/dL while in females they are 15-75 ng/dL.
This document discusses antihyperlipidemic agents used to treat hyperlipidemia, a condition of high lipid levels in the blood. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and describing its causes such as diet, genetics, and medical conditions. It then covers the main classes of antihyperlipidemic drugs like HMG CoA inhibitors, fibrates, bile acid sequesterants, and their mechanisms and examples like lovastatin, atorvastatin, clofibrate, and cholestyramine. The document concludes by explaining how these drugs work to lower lipid levels through inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and absorption or increasing lipid catabolism.
This document discusses hypospadias, a congenital anomaly where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis instead of at the tip. It covers the embryology, risk factors, classifications, clinical features, and various surgical treatment options for hypospadias repair. The goals of treatment are to position the urethral meatus at the tip of the penis, correct any penile curvature, and provide adequate skin coverage. Complications can include meatal stenosis, fistula formation, infection, and procedure failure. Careful patient selection and appropriate surgical technique are emphasized to achieve the best outcomes.
Este documento describe la hipospadias, una anomalía congénita común en los genitales externos de los niños varones. Se define como la hipoplasia de los tejidos que forman la superficie ventral del pene. Se clasifica según la localización del orificio uretral y se describen sus factores de riesgo, etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento quirúrgico, cuyos objetivos son corregir la curvatura del pene, formar una neouretra y lograr un aspecto estético aceptable de los genital
The document discusses various topics related to hypospadias including:
1) The embryology of penile development and role of androgens and 5α-Reductase.
2) Diagnosis and classification of hypospadias and chordee.
3) Timing of hypospadias surgery, typically between 6-12 months.
4) Preoperative hormonal stimulation to increase penile size for proximal cases.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the genitourinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. It covers nursing assessment through patient history and physical examination, focusing on the abdomen, genitalia, and signs of urinary issues. Specific conditions covered include urological obstructions like urethral strictures, renal calculi, and nephrosis.
The document provides an overview of the genitourinary system and common conditions affecting it. It discusses renal anatomy and physiology, conditions like UTIs and kidney stones, and renal function. Nursing assessments and interventions are outlined for issues such as fluid management, pain relief, and teaching regarding diet, medication adherence and symptom monitoring.
Este documento describe la hipospadia y epispadia, que son malformaciones congénitas que afectan la abertura de la uretra en los niños. La hipospadia ocurre cuando la abertura de la uretra no se encuentra en la punta del pene, mientras que la epispadia ocurre cuando la abertura se encuentra en la parte superior del pene. El documento explica las causas, síntomas, diagnóstico, tratamiento y complicaciones potenciales de estas afecciones, así como los cuidados de enfermería requeridos para los pacientes
This document summarizes 10 cases involving the genitourinary system. Case 1 is neurogenic bladder resulting from injury to nerves controlling urination. Case 2 is caudal regression syndrome, a spectrum of defects in the caudal region. Case 3 is posterior urethral valves, the most common congenital obstructive urethra lesion. The remaining cases include Hutch diverticulum, sacro-coccygeal teratoma, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, a tumor in a bladder diverticulum, emphysematous pyelonephritis, a Bosniak 2 renal cyst, and a CT classification system for renal trauma.
This document provides an overview of vaginal and genitourinary reconstruction techniques. It discusses the embryology and anatomy of the genital tract. It then covers various congenital defects including vaginal agenesis, ambiguous genitalia, and bladder exstrophy. Surgical techniques for vaginal reconstruction include serial dilation, bowel flaps, local flaps, and the McIndoe technique using a skin graft. Acquired defects from cancer or trauma can be addressed with skin grafts or flaps from the vulva, vaginal vault, penis, or scrotum. Goals of reconstruction include wound coverage and restoration of function.
This document provides information on assessing the female genitourinary system, including:
- The structures that make up the system and their functions
- How to take a history, examine patients, and identify normal vs abnormal findings
- Cultural and developmental variations
- A case study of a patient complaining of scant midcycle bleeding, and the relevant history, exam findings, and potential nursing diagnoses for this patient
This document provides an overview of genito-urinary disorders and the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It describes the key components of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. It then focuses on the anatomy and functions of the kidneys, nephrons, glomerulus, and the three step process of urine formation through glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Common genito-urinary disorders like urinary tract infections, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis, and nephrotic syndrome are also summarized.
The document discusses female reproductive anatomy and the menstrual cycle. It describes how hormones like estrogen and progesterone regulate the cycle, leading to ovulation around day 14. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum dies and menstruation begins. Human papillomavirus can cause cancers of the cervix and vulva. Other topics covered include disorders of the vagina, endometrium, ovaries, and menstrual irregularities.
This document discusses the male reproductive system and common disorders that can affect it. It covers topics like male anatomy, hormones that regulate the system, disorders of the testes like varicocele and torsion, prostate issues like benign prostatic hyperplasia and different types of prostatitis, and childhood disorders. It uses questions and answers to test understanding of content.
This document discusses the etiology and pathophysiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It states that while androgens are required for normal prostate development, the precise causes of BPH are uncertain. Several factors may be involved, including androgens, estrogens, growth factors, inflammation and genetic factors. BPH causes prostate enlargement which obstructs the urethra. This obstruction induces changes in bladder function over time, leading to lower urinary tract symptoms. A variety of treatment options exist to relieve bladder outlet obstruction and manage symptoms.
This document summarizes several urinary system disorders including incontinence, hydronephrosis, nephrolithiasis, polycystic kidney disease, urgency, and Wilm's tumor. Incontinence is the loss of bladder control that can be caused by UTIs, nerve damage, or prostate cancer. Hydronephrosis is kidney swelling from urine backup that may result from kidney stones. Nephrolithiasis is the formation of kidney stones causing abdominal pain and blood in urine. Polycystic kidney disease involves cyst clusters developing in the kidneys. Urgency is a frequent, excessive need to urinate caused by conditions like UTIs or enlarged prostate. Wilm's tumor is a rare kidney
Male reproductive disorders can affect the testes, prostate, penis, and scrotum. Common issues include phimosis (foreskin constriction), hypospadias (abnormal urethra opening), cryptorchidism (undescended testes), hydrocele (fluid in scrotum), and varicocele (enlarged scrotal veins). Signs vary but may include pain, swelling, abnormal development. Treatment options include medications, surgery, and addressing related issues like infections or fertility problems. Nursing care focuses on monitoring, wound care, education, and supporting patients.
This document provides information on testicular cancer, including its incidence, histology, lymph node drainage patterns, staging classifications, workup, and management guidelines. Some key points:
- Testicular cancers constitute 1% of all cancers and germ cell tumors are the most common solid tumors in men aged 15-35.
- Lymph node drainage patterns differ for right and left testes, with retroperitoneal lymph nodes being the most common site of spread.
- Germ cell tumors are the most common type and are classified based on their histologic components.
- Staging involves the TNM classification and serum tumor marker levels. Workup includes imaging, tumor marker tests, and radical orchi
This document provides an overview of pediatric urology, covering topics such as embryology of the renal tract, circumcision, hypospadias, urinary tract infections, undescended testes, and more. It discusses the classification, risk factors, considerations, timing of surgery, and surgical techniques for correcting hypospadias. The aims of hypospadias surgery are to correct penile curvature, create a neo-urethra of adequate size at the tip of the glans, and achieve an acceptable cosmetic appearance. Techniques discussed include TIP repair, MAGPI, and use of grafts for more severe cases.
Hypospadias is a congenital anomaly where the urethral opening is abnormally located on the underside of the penis. It occurs due to failure of the urethral folds to fuse during embryonic development between 8 to 20 weeks gestation. There are various types ranging from the glans to the perineum depending on the severity. Surgical correction aims to remove chordee, reconstruct the urethra using skin grafts, and perform circumcision.
The document discusses various reproductive system disorders including phimosis, hypospadias, epispadias, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, and prostate cancer. Phimosis is a tight foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans. Hypospadias is a birth defect where the urethra opens on the underside of the penis. Epispadias is an opening of the urethra on the upper surface of the penis. Cryptorchidism is undescended testes. Hydrocele is a fluid collection around a testis. Prostate cancer is a common cancer in men that is typically diagnosed via digital rectal exam and PSA testing.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate gland characterized by proliferation of cellular elements. It is common in aging men, affecting about 50% of men in their 50s and over 90% of men in their 80s. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, weak urine stream, and inability to fully empty the bladder. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medications to reduce symptoms, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery if other options provide inadequate relief or complications occur.
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate gland characterized by proliferation of cellular elements. It is common in aging men, affecting about 50% of men in their 50s and over 90% of men in their 80s. Symptoms include frequent and urgent urination, weak urine stream, and inability to fully empty the bladder. Treatment options include watchful waiting, medications to reduce symptoms, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery if other options provide inadequate relief.
Male infertility can be caused by abnormalities in sperm morphology, motility, count, or the absence of sperm. Up to 50% of infertility cases involve male factors such as varicocele, undescended testes, infections, genetic issues, environmental toxins, or lifestyle factors. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, surgery, assisted reproduction techniques like IVF, or cryopreservation of sperm for future use.
Testicular Disorders & Erectile DysfunctionPatrick Carter
The document discusses several male genital disorders including testicular torsion, hypogonadism, hypospadias, epispadias, cryptorchidism, hydroceles, varicoceles, and erectile dysfunction. For each condition, it describes the etiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment options. The document provides clinical details to help identify these conditions and manage patients.
Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin of the male penis cannot retract fully, preventing it from being pulled back over the glans. There are two main types - infantile/congenital phimosis where infants are born with a tight foreskin, and acquired phimosis in adults caused by infections under the foreskin like balanitis. Diagnosis involves physical examination of the penis and foreskin. Treatment options include circumcision, steroid creams, or stretching the foreskin gradually with devices. Complications can include pain urinating and recurring infections if not treated.
The genitourinary system includes the reproductive organs and urinary system. Some common pathologies of the male genital system include benign prostate hyperplasia, an enlarged prostate gland; gynecomastia, a non-cancerous increase in male breast tissue often associated with puberty; and hypospadias, a congenital disorder where the urinary opening is not located at the usual place on the penis. Other issues involve inflammation or infections of the testicles, twisting of the spermatic cord cutting off blood supply, fluid accumulation around a testicle, the foreskin becoming tight and unable to retract, and swelling of the foreskin or penis head.
BPH, which causes lower urinary tract symptoms LUTS , is common diagnosis among the ageing male population with increasing prevalence. Many risks factors, both modifiable and non modifiable can increase the risk of development and progression of BPH and LUTS. The symptoms can be obstructive or Irritative or can affect the patient after micturition. BPH occurs when both stromal and epithelial cells of the prostate in the transitional zone proliferate by processes that are thought to be influenced by inflammation and sex hormones, causing prostate enlargement. Patients with LUTS undergo several key diagnostic investigation before being diagnosed with BPH. Treatment options for men with BPH start at watchful waiting and progress through medical to surgical intervention. Dr. Anjali Gupta "BPH and Its Scope in Homeopathy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52548.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/urology/52548/bph-and-its-scope-in-homeopathy/dr-anjali-gupta
This document provides an overview of male infertility, including its definition, causes, evaluation, and treatment options. It discusses factors that can cause infertility, such as varicocele, genetic disorders, hormonal imbalances, and problems with sperm production or transport. The evaluation of male infertility involves assessing medical history, performing a physical exam, analyzing semen samples, and testing for hormonal and genetic abnormalities if indicated. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include surgery, hormone therapy, assisted reproduction techniques like IVF, or empiric supplements for some issues.
This document discusses various women's health issues and disorders and how yoga can help address them. It covers:
1) Common health disorders women face such as PMS, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, and issues related to pregnancy, menopause, and infertility.
2) How stress physically and psychologically impacts the body.
3) Yoga practices like Surya Namaskar and meditation that aim to relax the body, slow the breath, and calm the mind for stress management.
The document provides information on yoga techniques for treating various women's health disorders and menstrual issues. It outlines integrated yoga modules involving breathing practices, yoga poses, relaxation techniques, and meditation/pranayama that can help with conditions like heavy or painful periods, irregular cycles, PMS, infertility, menopause, and incontinence. The modules are designed to stimulate, relax, and balance the body and mind.
Hypospadias and epispadias are both congenital birth defects that involve abnormal development of the urethra. Hypospadias is more common and occurs when the urethral opening is on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip. Epispadias is rarer and involves an opening on the top side of the penis. Both conditions are caused by abnormal closure of the urethral folds during embryonic development and may require surgical correction. Nursing care focuses on assessing the patient, providing wound and catheter/stent care after surgery, and monitoring for potential complications.
The document summarizes key aspects of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes how a child's birth requires healthy functioning of both the mother and father's reproductive systems, including hormone production and the union of male sperm and female eggs. It then provides details on male anatomy like the testes, sperm production, and role of the prostate and vas deferens. It also covers the female reproductive cycle, ovulation, menstruation, menopause, and the role of the ovaries and fallopian tubes.
The document provides information on the male reproductive system including anatomy and common disorders. It describes the structures of the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland and urethra. Common congenital disorders discussed include phimosis, paraphimosis, epispadias, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and hydrocele. Surgical and non-surgical treatment options are provided for each condition.
REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS OF RICHARDS, FILAMERshenell delfin
The document summarizes several reproductive disorders including phimosis, hypospadias, cryptorchidism, hydrocele, varicocele, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. It describes the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, complications, nursing diagnoses, and treatment options for each disorder. Reproductive disorders can affect both male and female anatomy and physiology. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are important to address symptoms and prevent long-term complications.
The prostate gland is located below the bladder and surrounds the urethra. It secretes fluid that protects and nourishes sperm. The size and shape of the prostate can change with age due to conditions like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. BPH involves noncancerous growth of the prostate and commonly causes urinary symptoms in older men. Prostate cancer develops from cells in the prostate and risks include family history and diet. Investigation may include a digital rectal exam and PSA testing while treatment options depend on cancer stage and severity of symptoms.
Prostate cancer starts in the prostate gland located in men in front of the rectum and surrounds the urethra. It is the second most common cancer in men. Risk factors include age over 50, family history, and ethnicity as black men are more at risk. Symptoms can include changes in urination, blood in urine, and sexual dysfunction. Prostate cancer is staged based on tumor size and spread. Screenings are recommended for men over 50 to detect cancer early before symptoms appear.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 002 Male Reproductive System anatomy .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs that work together to produce, transport, and deliver sperm, the male reproductive cells.
The male reproductive system plays a crucial role in sexual reproduction, producing and delivering sperm for fertilization of the female egg. Hormonal regulation and coordination between various organs ensure the proper functioning of the system.
This document discusses infertility and provides guidance on evaluating and managing cases of infertility. It defines primary and secondary infertility according to the WHO. For males, it describes evaluating infertility through a comprehensive history, physical exam, and semen analysis. It outlines initial workup and management based on risk factors and test results. The document then presents a case study of a male patient, Ali, who presents with infertility. It describes evaluating Ali through history, exam, lifestyle counseling, anxiety management, and semen analysis. Based on Ali's mildly abnormal analysis, the document recommends further follow up and investigation.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
2. Objectives for Group Three
Male Genitourinary and Reproductive Disorders
Define and Describe the Etiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH).
Describe the Clinical Manifestations of Male Genital Disorders
(Phimosis, Paraphimosis, Peyronnie Disease and Priapism).
Page 2
3. Objectives for Group Three
Female Genitourinary and Reproductive Disorders
Define and Describe the Etiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations of Dymenorrhea.
Define and Describe the Etiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations of Premenstrual Syndrome.
Define and Describe the Etiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations of Amenorrhea.
Define and Describe the Etiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations of Endometriosis.
Define and Describe the Etiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical
Manifestations of Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB).
Define the various types of Pelvic Structure Disorders (uterine
prolapse, cystocele, rectocele and fistula). Compare and contrast the
clinical manifestations of pelvic structure disorders.
Page 3
4. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Male Reproductive Anatomy (excerpt from text page 1010)
Page 4
5. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Physiologic Basis of Male Reproductive Function
The male genitourinary system functions in both reproduction
and urine elimination.
The testes produce the male germ cell (sperm) and secrete the
male sex hormone, testosterone.
The ductile system transports and stores sperm, and assists
in their maturation. It is composed of three structures:
– Epididymides
– Vas Deferens
– Ejaculatory Ducts
Page 5
6. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Physiologic Basis of Male Reproductive Function
The accessory glands, including the _________________, seminal
vesicles and bulbourethral glands, prepare the sperm for
ejaculation.
Sperm production requires temperatures lower (2-3 degrees C) body
temperature, which is provided by a unique blood flow in the testes.
The urethra, which is enclosed in the penis, is the terminal portion of
the male genitourinary system. As it carries both urine and semen, it
serves both urinary and reproductive functions.
Unlike the female reproductive system, most of the male
reproductive system is located outside of the body. The external
structures include the penis, scrotum and testicles.
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7. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Hormone Function
The male reproductive system is dependent on hormones.
The three main hormones of the male reproductive tract are:
– __________________
• Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics
• Anabolic effects, Promotes Spermatogenesis and Maturation
of Sperm and Stimulates Erythropoiesis (Chart 39-1)
– Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Necessary for Sperm Production. Assoc. w/ Sertoli Cells
– Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Stimulates Testerone Production. Assoc. w/ Interstitial Cells of Leydig.
Page 7
8. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Regulation of Male Hormones (excerpt from text page 1013)
Page 8
9. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
The Prostate Gland
The prostate gland is about the size of a ___________ . It surrounds
the man’s urethra.
The prostate produces the fluid that carries the male germ (sperm).
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10. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
What is it? An age-related enlargement of the prostate gland with formation of
large, discrete lesions.
Where does it occur? In the periurethral (internal, surrounding the urethra) region
of the prostate. The lesions compress the ____________ and produce symptoms
of dysuria and difficulty urinating.
What happens? Increased _______________ levels prompt androgen receptors
in the prostate gland to increase due to imbalance of hormones.
– This causes a hyperplasia that begins around the urethra.
– Growth causes areas of poor blood flow and adj. tissue damage.
– Enlargment can extend into the bladder and decrease urine flow by
compressing or distorting the urethra.
Other known causes of BPH: Neoplasm, Arteriosclerosis, Inflammation or
Metabolic or Nutritional disturbances.
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11. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
S/S: Depend on the degree of prostate enlargement and the lobes affected.
– Decreased urine stream size and force.
– Impaired bladder contractability.
– Interrupted urine stream or feeling of strain or incomplete voiding of urine.
– Can progress to (as obstruction increases…):
• Frequent urination with nocturia
• Dribbling or Urine retention
• Incontinence
• Hematuria
Clinical Manifestations. The main complication is ________________________
that can lead to urinary tract infection, urinary stones or diverticulum formation
(fluid-filled pouch that retains urine after bladder is emptied).
Other bad stuff: Incontinence, acute or chronic renal failure and distention of the
renal pelvis with urine (hydronephrosis).
Page 11
12. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Labs:
– Elevated BUN and Creatine levels (impaired renal fxn)
– Excretory urography to indicate U.T. obstruction, hydronephrosis, calculi or
tumors, and filling an emptying defects in the bladder
– Urinalysis and urine culture show hematuria, pyuria (pus) and U.T.I.
– Cystourethroscopy (endoscope) to exam bladder and urethra
– Check prostate-specific antigens to rule out neoplasm
Risk factors: Well, there’s the bad news… Almost ALL men over age _____ have
prostate enlargement. Diagnosis and treatment is based on symptoms.
– Pt. will complete a survey
– Approx. 50% of men over age 60 exhibit symptoms sufficient to make a
diagnosis.
Page 12
13. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
AUA Symptom Index for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Page 13
14. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Treatment:
– If the pt. has MILD symptoms, “watchful waiting”. Condition may remain
stable and not require treatment.
– Short term fluid restriction to prevent bladder distention
– Antimicrobials to treat secondary infections
– Regular sexual intercourse to relieve prostatic congestion
– Terazosin (improve urine flow) and Finasteride (reduce prostate size)
– Herbal Therapy (Palmetto Berry)
– Stent for pts. with cardiac or pulmonary pre-existing conditions
– Surgical Removal
• Transurethral Prostatecotomy (TURP) method
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15. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Common Male Genital Disorders
WE WILL DISCUSS:
Peyronie Disease
Priapism
Phimosis
Paraphimosis
IF YOU WANT TO READ MORE (because Nerds are cool too!):
Erectile Dysfunction (pgs. 1015-16) Affects 150 million men worldwide
Acute or Chronic Inflammations (pgs. 1016-17) Commonly from C.
Albicans infection or STIs
Neoplasms of the Penis (pg. 1018) Rare, <1% of Male G.U. tumors
Page 15
16. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Common Male Genital Disorders Excerpt from Pg. 1017
PEYRONIE DISEASE:
What is it? An abnormal bend in the penis that
occurs during erection r/t an idopathic localized
and progressive fibrosis plaque.
Where does it occur? Usu. in the dorsal midline
of the shaft causing upward shift. It can calcify
and form bone-like tissue.
Clinical Manifestations: Two-thirds of pts. reports _____________, especially during
intercourse. Characterized by hard mass at the site of fibrosis plaque that causes a hard
mass and bent erection detectable by physical exam and ultrasound for further
assessment. Can also cause a shortening or narrowing of the penis.
Treatment: Oral agents w/ antioxidant properties (Vit. E). Surgery can cause
impotence.
Other Notes: Men over 40. Not common. Not related to Hypospadias (seen in infants).
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17. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Common Male Genital Disorders
QUICK BY SHOW OF HANDS
Have you ever heard on a commercial?
“CONTACT YOUR DOCTOR IF YOUR ERECTION
LASTS MORE THAN FOUR HOURS.”
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18. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Common Male Genital Disorders
PRIAPISM:
What is it? An erection that lasts more than FOUR hours. May impair the blood
flow through the Corpus cavernosum (spongy region) of the penis.
Medical Emergency! Prolonged erection can result in ischemia and fibrosis in the
erectile tissue. Pt. at risk for severe ______________________.
Clinical Manifestations: Unwanted erection. May be painful or tender. No stimuli.
Too much Viagra? Not necessarily. Priapism can result from many different
causes. Primary = Idopathic. Secondary = Drug effect or disease predisposition.
Commonly assoc. w/ Blood disorders: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA and LEUKEMIA.
Ischemic vs. Non-Ischemic: Doctors will only treat Priapism invasively when the
blood flow is ischemic. Non-ischemic Priapism is usually self-limiting and resolves.
Treatment: Ice pack or cold saline enemas, aspiration with use of local
anesthetic, and alpha-adrenergic drugs injection into the penis to limit blood flow.
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19. Disorders of the Male Genitourinary System
Common Male Genital Disorders
PHIMOSIS and PARAPHIMOSIS:
What are they? Dysfunctions of the foreskin. Phimosis is tightening of the foreskin
that prevents retraction. Paraphimosis, the opposite, occurs when the foreskin
cannot retract to its original position after being pulled back. Say what?
Foreskin. Recall from anatomy, the foreskin is a retractable double-layer of skin
and membrane that covers the glans (tip) of the penis.
Trends. Recent trends suggest that fewer parents are getting their son’s foreskin
removed at birth (approx. 60% of baby boys in the the U.S. ARE circumcised).
Clinical Manifestations: Foreskin is NOT fully retractable in the majority of
children until age ________ . Phimosis can cause infection r/t poor hygiene,
foreskin injury or scarring, ballooning or Paraphimosis (medical emergency!).
Paraphimosis = when the tight foreskin is pulled back and becomes ‘trapped’
behind the glans. Can constrict blood flow, leading to ischemia and gangrene.
Treatment: Circumcision recommended in severe cases.
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20. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Female Reproductive Anatomy (excerpt from text page 1034)
Page 20
21. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Physiologic Basis of Female Reproductive Function
The female reproductive system consists of external and
internal genitalia. Read more on pgs. 1034-36.
The uterus is a thick-walled, muscular organ.
The uterine wall is composed of three layers:
– Outer Perimetrium
– Myometrium or Muscle Layer
– Inner ________________
The ovaries produce hormones and the female germ cell (ova).
Unlike in males, all gametogenesis takes place BEFORE birth.
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22. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
The Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation is process by
which the female body
sheds the thickened lining
of the uterus via the cervix
and vagina.
The typical menstruation
lasts between three and five
days.
Vital part of normal female
reproductive physiology
Page 22
23. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
The Menstrual Cycle
The complete menstrual cycle lasts an average of _______ days.
– Day One: starts w/ the first day of the woman’s period. Hormone levels have
dropped signaling the blood and tissue lining the uterus to break down and shed
from the body.
– Day Seven: Bleeding has stopped. Leading up to this time, hormones stimulate
fluid-filled pockets called follicles to develop on the ovaries. Each follicle
contains an egg.
– Between Day Seven and 14, one follicle will continue to develop and reach
maturity. The lining of the uterus will thick and wait for a fertilized egg to implant
there. The lining is rich in blood and nutrients.
– Around Day 14, gonadotropic hormones, FSH and LH, cause the mature follicle
to burst and release an egg from the ovary (ovulation). The egg travels down
the fallopian tube to the uterus.
– If fertilized, the egg attaches to the uterine wall. If not fertilized, all hormone
levels will drop around Day 25. This signals the next menstrual cycle. The egg
will break apart and be shed with the next period.
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24. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Hormones of the Menstrual Cycle (excerpt from text pg. 1037)
Page 24
25. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Hormones Actions in the Female (excerpt from text pg. 1037)
Page 25
26. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
DYSFUNCTIONAL UTERINE BLEEDING (DUB)
What is it? Abnormal uterine bleeding that occurs because of changes
in Estrogen and Progesterone levels. Can be a primary condition or occur
secondary to disorder.
When does it occur? Most commonly, DUB occurs when the
progesterone levels are LOW because of _________________________.
Estrogen over compensates by producing thicker tissue. This disrupts the
pattern of bleeding and can cause excessive and irregular periods.
Whereas, Estrogen deprivation can cause retrogression in present
endometrial tissue and bleeding.
Other causes include: Endometrial polyps, submucosal myoma,
bleeding disorders, endometrial dysplasia and cancer.
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27. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
S/S: Bleeding or spotting between periods, irregular periods, heavy or sustained
bleeding and fatigue r/t blood loss.
Clinical Manifestations: Pt. may lose the hormonal stimulation that produces the
regular cyclic endometrial discharge.
– Chronic elevated estrogen levels continue to stimulate endometrial
tissue proliferation. Endometrium may outgrow its blood supply causing
it to break down and slough off.
– Chronic low estrogen levels will result in light and infrequent bleeding.
– Strongly associated with anovulatory bleeding or absence of
ovulation. Commonly affects adolescents and perimenopausal women.
Complications: Iron deficiency anemia, Endometrial Cancer and Infertility
Treatment: Endometrial ablation and Hormone supplemental therapy
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28. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
AMENORRHEA
What is it? The lack of a menstrual period.
When does it occur?
– Primary Amenorrhea: Occurs in girls who haven’t started menstruating by age 15.
– Secondary Amenorrhea: Occurs in women or girls with established menstrual cycles who
haven’t had a period for six months.
Potential Primary Amenorrhea Causes: Gonadal Dysgenesis or Turner
Syndrome, Congenital Mullerian Agenesis, Testicular Feminization, Anorexia,
Obesity, Congenital Heart Disease, Cushing’s Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis or
Thyroid hormone dysfunctions
Potential Secondary Amenorrhea Causes: Obesity, Anorexia, excessive
strenuous exercise, Ovarian, Pituitary or Hypothalamic dysfunctions, Infections
(e.g. TB or Syphilis), Pituitary tumors, certain prescription drugs or Thyroid
hormone dysfunctions
Page 28
29. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
S/S: No regular menstruation. Secondary changes may include: breast size
changes, weight loss or gain, galactorrhea (breast discharge), headache, hirsutism
or vaginal dryness. If caused by a pituitary tumor, other s/s may exist.
Clinical Manifestations: Pt. does not have a regular cyclic endometrial
discharge. This can cause build up of endometrial hyperplasia. Risks include:
– Infertility.
– Endometrial and Uterine Cancer.
– Manifestations of the underlying condition causing amenorrhea.
Labs: Physical exam, pregnancy test and pelvic exam must be done to rule out
pregnancy before any treatment is administered. Goal is to pinpoint the cause.
Treatment: Correct the underlying cause(s) and induce menstruation with cyclic
progesterone or estrogen-progesterone regimens.
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30. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
DYSMENORRHEA
What is it? Pain or discomfort with menstruation. Not usually a serious medical
problem, however it can reach the extent of causing a monthly disability.
Two Types
– Primary Dysmenorrhea: Caused by the effects of excess prostaglandin production in the
endometrium. Prostaglanding is a potent smooth muscle stimulant that causes intense uterine
contractions.
– Secondary Dysmenorrhea: menstrual pain caused by structural abnormalities or disease processes
such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, adenomyosis, pelvic adhesions, IUD’s or PID.
S/S: Headache, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, muscle cramps and spasmodic pains
Clinical Manifestations: Pain in lower abdomen, suprapubic area (above the
pubic arch) and lower back. Pain lasts longer than a menstrual period, or may
begin before a menstrual period, and can get worse during menstruation.
Treatment: Primary - symptom control with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(e.g. ibuprofen) or Oral contraceptives. Secondary - identifying the cause.
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31. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME DISORDER
What is it? A cluster of physical, emotional and behavioral changes that occur
in a regular, cyclic relationship w/ luteal (post-ovulation) phase of menstrual cycle.
When does it occur? Generally 3 to 14 days prior to menstruation. Most likely a
result of sex hormone interaction with neurotransmitters, particularly Serotonin.
S/S: Painful and swollen breasts, bloating, abdominal pain, headache, backache,
vomiting, edema, diarrhea, weight gain, nausea, fatigue, exhaustion, cravings (e.g.
sweets or salts), constipation, acne, changes in coordination, fatigue, mood
swings and/or depression, anxiety, irritability, crying spells and inability to
concentrate
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD): Most severe form of premenstrual
distress and generally associated with mood disorders.
Treatment: Keep symptom journal, regular exercise, avoid caffeine, healthy diet
with fruits, vegetables and whole grains, Over-the-counter pain relievers and
vitamin supplements (e.g. B-6, Folid Acid, Vitamin E)
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32. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
ENDOMETRIOSIS
What is it? A disorder characterized by cells from the lining
of the uterus growing in other areas of the body.
Where does it occur? Common sites for the development of
endometriosis are the ovaries, bowel, rectum, bladder,
posterior broad ligaments, pelvis or perineum.
How do they get there?
– Regurgitation/Implantation Theory = Reverse Menstruation
– Vascular/Lymphatic Theory = Metastasize
– Metaplastic Theory = Immature, dormant cell elements
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33. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Menstrual Cycle Disorders
ENDOMETRIOSIS
S/S: Painful periods, Pain in the pelvis and lower abdomen
before or during menstruation, Cramps, Dyspareunia or Pain
with bowel movements or urination. R/t severity and location.
Complications: Infertility, endometriomas (cysts) in the
pelvis, increased risk for endometrial cancer
Labs: Laparoscopy, imaging techniques, Elevated Serum
CA-125 - associated with Ovarian cancer.
Treatment: Three stages - pain relief, endometrial
suppression (p. amenorrhea), and surgery (e.g. ablation).
Page 33
34. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Common locations of Endometriosis (excerpt from text pg. 1047)
Page 34
35. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Sample of Endometriosis on the Uterosacral Ligaments
Page 35
36. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Disorders of the Uterine Support (excerpt from text pg. 1051)
Page 36
37. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Disorders of the Uterine Support (excerpt from text pg. 1051)
CYSTOCELE
What is it? A herniation of the bladder into
the vagina. Also known as: “fallen bladder”.
When does it occur? When normal muscle
support for the bladder weakens and the
bladder sags below the uterus. This forces
the anterior wall of the vagina to stretch and
bulge downward.
S/S: “Bearing-down” sensation, difficulty
emptying the bladder, urinary urgency and
frequency, cystitis (bladder inflammation)
and stress incontinence
Clinical Manifestations: The bladder can
protrude into the vagina due to gravity and
pressures (e.g. coughing, lifting, urinating)
Treatment: Kegal exercises
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38. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Disorders of the Uterine Support (excerpt from text pg. 1051)
RECTOCELE
What is it? A herniation of the rectum
into the vagina. Congenital or acquired.
When does it occur? When the
posterior vaginal wall and underlying
rectum bulge forward. Perineal muscles
are weakened.
S/S: Discomfort r/t protrusion of rectum,
difficulty in defecation, lower back pain
or sensation.
Clinical Manifestations: The area
between the uterosacral ligaments may
weaken and form a hernial sac into the
small bowel (Enterocele).
Treatment: Kegal exercises
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39. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Disorders of the Uterine Support (excerpt from text pg. 1051)
UTERINE PROLAPSE
What is it? A bulging of the uterus into
the vagina.
When does it occur? When the main
supportive ligaments are stretched.
Three degrees of uterine prolapse.
S/S: Irritation r/t exposed mucous
membranes of the cervix and vagina.
Discomfort r/t protuding mass.
Clinical Manifestations: Assoc. w/
cystocele or rectocele. Can cause UTIs,
vaginal bleeding/discharge, dyspareunia
Treatment: Pessary, weight loss, avoid
straining/lifting. Advanced may require
surgery (e.g. vaginal hysterectomy)
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40. Disorders of the Female Genitourinary System
Disorders of the Uterine Support
FISTULA
What is it? A hole that develops
between the rectum and vagina or the
bladder and vagina.
When does it occur? Difficult childbirth,
Sexual Assault, Neoplasms (e.g.
Cervical cancer)
S/S: Incontinence or involuntary bowels
Clinical Manifestations: Severe
infections or ulcerations, Paralysis r/t
nervous damage, Tissue necrosis r/t
ischemia in the birth canal. Advanced:
severe dehydration, renal disease/failure
Treatment: Education, Reconstructive
surgery or Foley catheter
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41. Genitourinary and Reproductive Functions (Group 3)
References
BOOK REFERENCES
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2009). Pathophysiology Made Incredibly Easy.
(4th Ed.). Philadelphia: Author.
Porth, C.M. (2009). Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States
(3rd Ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
WEB REFERENCES
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. (August 8, 2009). Pictures and Images. In Fistula. Retrieved March 4, 2012, from
http://health.allrefer.com/pictures-images/fistula.html.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. (July 25, 2011). Diseases and Conditions. In Painful Menstrual Periods. Retrieved March 1,
2012, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0003637.
A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia. (September 19, 2011). Articles. In Enlarged Prostate. Retrieved February 26, 2012, from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000381.htm.
Kapoor, D. (February 21, 2012). Drugs, Diseases & Procedures. In Endometriosis. Retrieved March 1, 2012, from
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/271899-overview#aw2aab6b2b3.
U.S Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health. (n.d.). Publications. In Menstruation and the Menstrual
Cycle Fact Sheet. Retrieved February 28, 2012, from http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/
menstruation.cfm.
Web M.D. Medical Reference. (n.d.). Health and Sex Guide. In The Male Reproductive System. Retrieved February 29,
2012, from http://www.webmd.com/sex-relationships/guide/male-reproductive-system.
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