The document is a review article on the pathophysiology of monkeypox, detailing its viral nature, symptoms, spread, and lack of specific treatments. Monkeypox, a zoonotic disease primarily found in Central and West Africa, was first identified in 1959 with human cases reported since 1970. Currently, the treatment is supportive, and further studies are needed to understand disease transmission and improve prevention strategies.

1. PRACTICE SCHOOL

2. DOMAIN –
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
OF MONKEY POX

3. A Review Article By
BADGUJAR KEDAR GOPICHAND
Final Year B. Pharmacy
P.R.N NO- (1952811823008)
Guided By
Dr. A.G.JADHAV SIR

4. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
 It is the study of the changes of normal
mechanical, physical, and biochemical function,
either caused by disease or any disease related
condition.
Pathophysiology means the Functional changes
associated with disease.

5. INTRODUCTION
Monkeypoxisaviralzoonosis(AVirustransmittedtohumansfrom
Animals.)withsymptomssimilartothesmallpoxorchickenpox.
Whichisclinicallylesssevere.
Themonkeypoxviruswasfirstisolatedandidentifiedin1959(Danish
laboratory
whenmonkeysshippedfromSingaporetoaDenmarkresearch
facilityfellill.However,thefirsthumancasewasfoundin1970
mostcasesofmonkeypoxoccurincentralandwestAfrica.

6. ETIOLOGY
 ETIOLOGY:Etiology isbranchofmedicalsciencedealingwith
“Thecauseororiginofdisease.”
 Monkeypox belongsto the
 Family: Poxviridae,
 Subfamily: chordopoxvirinae,
 Genus: orthopoxvirus,
 Species: monkeypox virus.

7.  electronmicroscopy, themonkeypox virusisrelativelylarge(
about200to250nanometers).
 Poxvirusesarebrick-shaped, surroundedbyalipoprotein
envelopewith alineardouble-strandedDNAgenome.
 poxvirusesincludeallnecessaryreplication,transcription in
theirgenome.
 Monkeypox isazoonosisandisspreadfromanimalsto
humans.

8. EPIDEMILOGY
 EPIDEMIOLOGY: Thescientificstudy ofthespread andcontrol
ofrdiseases.
Monkeypox wasazoonotic diseaseendemictocentralandwestern
Africa.
 Infections haveoccurredinsquirrels, rats,mice,monkeys, prairiedogs,
andhumans.
 Cases ofhumanmonkeypoxhaveoccurredoutsideof Africa.

9. InOctober2018,onecaseoccurredinamanwhotraveledfrom
NigeriatoIsrael.
InMay2019,onecaseoccurredinamanwho traveledfrom
NigeriatoSingapore
InMay2021,afamilyreturnedtotheUnitedKingdom after
travelingtoNigeria,andthreefamilymembersbecame
infectedwiththemonkeypox virus.

10. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Monkeypoxareentryfromanyroute(oropharynx,
nasopharynx,orintradermal)
 themonkeypoxvirusreplicatesattheinoculationsiteand
thenspreadstolocallymphnodes.
 Thisrepresentstheincubationperiod,typicallylasting7to14
dayswithanupperlimitof 21days.

11.  Infectedpatientsmaybecontagiousatthistime.
Lesionsstartintheoropharynx andthenappearontheskin.

12. SYMPTOMS
• Bacterialskininfection.
• Permanentskinscarring.
• Hyperpigmentationorhypopigmentation.
• Permanentcornealscarring(visionloss).
• Pneumonia
• Dehydration(vomiting, diarrhea,decreaseoforalintake)
• Sepsis
• Death

14. TREATMENT
 Currently,therearenospecificclinicallyproventreatmentsformonkeypox
infection.Aswithmostviralillnesses,thetreatmentissupportivesymptom
management.
 Theinfectedindividualshouldremaininisolation,wearasurgicalmask
 TECOVIRIMAT&BRINCIDOFOVIRmedicamentsforMonkeypox
 DualtherapyWhichcanbetrialedinseverecases.
 TECOVIRIMATinhibitsviralenvelopeproteinVP37,thusblockingviralmaturationas
wellasthereleaseofthevirusfrominfectedcells.

15. BRINCIDOFOVIR isapprovedfor thetreatmentof smallpoxintheUS.
Normalsaline.

16. DIFFERENTIALDIAGNOSIS
• Smallpox
• Disseminatedzoster
• Chickenpox
• Eczema
• Syphilis
• Scabies
• Ricketts
• Measles
• Bacterialskininfections

17. Conclusion:-
 Human monkeypox has the potential for spread via zoonotic
reservoirs,civil conflicts and displacement cause concerns for
movement of the virus into an area without monkeypox. The
Documented rise in incidence of human diseases needs further
evaluation and consideration with addititional studies to better
understand the range of factors invoved in diseases transmission and
spread.
 There are still many unanswered questions about human diseases ,
animal resorvior and the virus itself advances in our understanding of
this important zoonosiswill help better guide prevention stratergies
and mitigate human diseases.

18. REFERENCES
 JOURNAL ON VIRULANCE &PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF
MONKEYPOX {USA},UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK
 WIKIDOC
 NCBI NIH BOOKS