1) Gonorrhoea, a common sexually transmitted infection, is caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and affects over 100 million people worldwide annually.
2) While often asymptomatic in females, gonorrhoea can cause urethritis, cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy if left untreated. Complications in males include urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis.
3) Diagnosis involves gram staining or culture of samples from genital sites, with nucleic acid amplification tests now the most sensitive method. Treatment consists of single dose cephalosporin antibiotics, with contact tracing and retesting for cure. Ongoing
Gonorrhea
is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium.
Gonorrhea can grow easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive
tract, including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb), and
fallopian tubes (egg canals) in women, and in the urethra (urine canal)
in women and men. The bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat,
eyes, and anus.
People get gonorrhea by having sex with someone who has the disease.
“Having sex” means anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Gonorrhea can still be
transmitted via fluids even if a man does not ejaculate. Gonorrhea can
also be spread from an untreated mother to her baby during childbirth.
People who have had gonorrhea and have been treated may get infected
again if they have sexual contact with a person infected with
gonorrhea.
Gonorrhea
is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium.
Gonorrhea can grow easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive
tract, including the cervix (opening to the womb), uterus (womb), and
fallopian tubes (egg canals) in women, and in the urethra (urine canal)
in women and men. The bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat,
eyes, and anus.
People get gonorrhea by having sex with someone who has the disease.
“Having sex” means anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Gonorrhea can still be
transmitted via fluids even if a man does not ejaculate. Gonorrhea can
also be spread from an untreated mother to her baby during childbirth.
People who have had gonorrhea and have been treated may get infected
again if they have sexual contact with a person infected with
gonorrhea.
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by N. gonorrhoeae. Hippocrates referred to acute gonorrhea as “strangury” obtained from the “pleasures of Venus” in the fourth and fifth centuries B.C. (229). It was not until A.D. 130 that Galen, who mistakenly confused the purulent discharge associated with gonococcal urethritis with semen, introduced the term gonorrhea, i. e., “flow of seed” . N gonorrhoeae is the second most commonly occurring reportable sexually transmitted infection after Chlamydia trachomatis.
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
This presentation will give a brief overview of one of the sexually transmitted diseases, which is more often found in the community, its main causative organism, symptoms, how to detect, prevent and treat, and rehabilitation.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted
bacterial infection that causes genital ulcers (sores) in its early stages. If
untreated, these ulcers can then lead to more serious symptoms of
infection.
An ancient disease, syphilis is still of
major importance today. In 2008, 13,500 cases of syphilis were reported in the
united States, mostly in people 20 to 29 years of age. Of these reported cases,
63 percent were among men who have sex with men. Syphilis rates have increased
in males each year between 2000 and 2008 and in females each year between 2004
and 2008.
HIV infection and syphilis are linked.
Syphilis increases the risk of transmitting as well as getting infected with
HIV.
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by N. gonorrhoeae. Hippocrates referred to acute gonorrhea as “strangury” obtained from the “pleasures of Venus” in the fourth and fifth centuries B.C. (229). It was not until A.D. 130 that Galen, who mistakenly confused the purulent discharge associated with gonococcal urethritis with semen, introduced the term gonorrhea, i. e., “flow of seed” . N gonorrhoeae is the second most commonly occurring reportable sexually transmitted infection after Chlamydia trachomatis.
Bacteria of the genus Salmonella are highly adapted for growth in both humans and animals and cause a wide spectrum of disease.
The growth of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi is restricted to human hosts, in whom these organisms cause enteric (typhoid) fever.
The remaining serotypes (non-typhoidal Salmonella or NTS) can colonize the gastrointestinal tracts of a broad range of animals, including mammals, reptiles, birds and insects.
This presentation will give a brief overview of one of the sexually transmitted diseases, which is more often found in the community, its main causative organism, symptoms, how to detect, prevent and treat, and rehabilitation.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted
bacterial infection that causes genital ulcers (sores) in its early stages. If
untreated, these ulcers can then lead to more serious symptoms of
infection.
An ancient disease, syphilis is still of
major importance today. In 2008, 13,500 cases of syphilis were reported in the
united States, mostly in people 20 to 29 years of age. Of these reported cases,
63 percent were among men who have sex with men. Syphilis rates have increased
in males each year between 2000 and 2008 and in females each year between 2004
and 2008.
HIV infection and syphilis are linked.
Syphilis increases the risk of transmitting as well as getting infected with
HIV.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Introduction
Gonorrhea has affected humans for centuries and remains common.
Worldwide, an estimated 106.1 million cases occur annually.
Significant public health problems are now-a-days occurring in
Bangladesh
Increasing proportion of gonococcal infections caused by resistant
organisms
Gono seeds, rhoea flow.
So gonorrhoea means abnormal flow of semen
3. History
Neisseria gonorrhoeae described by Albert
Neisser in 1879
Observed in smears of purulent exudates of
urethritis, cervicitis, opthalmia neonatorum
Thayer Martin medium enhanced isolation of
gonococcus in 1960
4. Risk Factors
Multiple or new sex partners
Inconsistent condom use
Urban residence
Adolescents, females particularly
Lower socio-economic status
Drug addicts
Exchange of sex for drugs or money
5. Transmission
Efficiently transmitted by sexual contact
– Male to female via semen
– Female to male urethra
– Anal intercourse
– Oro-genital sex (pharyngeal infection)
– Peri-natal transmission (mother to infant)
Gonorrhea associated with increased
transmission and susceptibility to HIV infection
6. PATHOGENESIS :
Gonococci get attached by Pilli to columnar epithelial cells
(urethra )
Produce marked polymorphonuclear response in the submucosa
(Anterior urethra )
Purulent exudates fill up the anterior urethra (male )
Inflammatory process extends to the posterior urethra
Granular tissue formed in mucosa and submucosa
Eventual fibrosis and scarring
Stricture urethra ( complication )
7.
Urethritis is uncommon in females
because of small urethra
Both transitional and stratified
squamous epithelium are highly
resistant to the organism, therefore
in adult vaginal canal is not
affected
10. Genital Infection in Men
Urethritis – Inflammation of urethra
Epididymitis – Inflammation of the
epididymis
11. Male Urethritis
Symptoms
– Typically purulent or mucopurulent urethral
discharge
– Often accompanied by dysuria
– Discharge may be clear or cloudy
Asymptomatic in 10% of cases
Incubation period: usually 1-14 days for
symptomatic disease, but may be longer
23. Genital Infection in Women
Most infections are asymptomatic
Cervicitis – inflammation of the cervix
Urethritis – inflammation of the urethra
24. Cervicitis
Non-specific symptoms: abnormal vaginal discharge,
intermenstrual bleeding, dysuria, lower abdominal pain,
or dyspareunia
Clinical findings: mucopurulent or purulent cervical
discharge, easily induced cervical bleeding
50% of women with clinical cervicitis have no symptoms
Incubation period unclear, but symptoms may occur
within 10 days of infection
37. GC Gram Stain
In symptomatic male urethritis:
– >95% sensitivity and specificity: reliable
to diagnose and exclude GC
In cervicitis:
– 50-70%sensitivity, 95% specificity
Not useful in pharyngeal infections
Accessory gland infection: similar to male
urethritis
Proctitis: similar to cervicitis
38.
Specific diagnosis of infection with N.
gonorrhoeae can be performed by testing
endocervical, vaginal, urethral (men only), or
urine specimens. Culture, nucleic acid
hybridization tests, and NAATs are available
for the detection of genitourinary infection
with N. gonorrhoeae.
Culture and nucleic acid hybridization tests
require female endocervical or male urethral
swab specimens.
39. • NAATs allow testing of the widest variety of
specimen types including endocervical swabs,
vaginal swabs, urethral swabs (men), and urine
(from both men and women), and they are FDAcleared for use .
•The sensitivity of NAATs for the detection of
N. gonorrhoeae in genital and nongenital
anatomic sites is superior to culture but varies
by NAAT type.
41. Gram Stain for GC:
Cervical Smear
PMN with
Gram
negative
intracellular
diplococci
42. GC Culture
Requires selective media with antibiotics to
inhibit competing bacteria (Modified Thayer
Martin Media, NYC Medium)
Sensitive to oxygen and cold temperature
Requires prompt placement in high-CO2
environment (candle jar, bag and pill, CO2
incubator)
In cases of suspected sexual abuse, culture
is the only test accepted for legal purposes
46. Management
It is important to receive treatment for gonorrhoea quickly.
Patients with gonorrhea frequently also have chlamydia,
they are treated for both diseases
In recent years, drug resistant gonorrhea has become
more problematic, both in the United States and worldwide
In the summer of 2012, the CDC updated the guidelines
again - recommending that all gonorrhea cases be treated
with injectable, rather than oral, antibiotics.
47.
Treatment depends on the site of involvement.
Infections that have spread beyond the primary
site of infection like DGI,pelvic inflammatpory
diseses or epididymitis, may also require more
intense treatment.
When you are being treated for gonorrhea it is
important that your sexual partners are treated
as well.
People who are infected with gonorrhea once are
likely to become infected again, so 3 months
later for a check up is necesssary.
49.
Fluoroquinolones are no longer
recommended for therapy for
gonorrhea acquired in Asia, the
Pacific Islands (including Hawaii),
and California.
50. Pregnant women should not be
treated with quinolones .Treat
with alternate cephalosporin
If cephalosporin is not
tolerated, treat with
spectinomycin 2 g IM once
51. Co-treatment for
Chlamydia
If chlamydial infection is not ruled out:
Tab.Azithromycin 1 gm (Tab.Zimax-500mg) Orally
Once
or
Doxycycline (Cap.Doxacil-100 mg)
Orally Twice a day for 7 days
52. DGI Treatment
Initial IV Therapy
Begin IV therapy for 24-48 hrs, switch to oral therapy for a
total of 1 week
Recommended regimen:
– Ceftriaxone 1g IV or IM q 24 h
Alternative Regimens:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cefotaxime 1 g IV q 8 h
Ceftizoxime 1 g IV q 8 h
Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q 12 h
Ofloxacin 400 mg IV q 12 h
Levofloxacin 250 mg IV q 24 h
Spectinomycin 2 g IM q 12 h
53. DGI Treatment
Subsequent Oral Therapy
Oral therapy for total treatment of 1 week:
Recommended Regimes:
– Cefixime 400 mg PO BID
– Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID
– Ofloxacin 400 mg PO BID
– Levofloxacin 500 mg PO QD
54. Follow-Up
A test of cure is not
recommended if a recommended
regimen is administered.
If symptoms persist, perform
culture for N. gonorrhoeae.
– Any gonococci isolated should be
tested for antimicrobial
susceptibility.
55. Prevention strategies:
Health promotion, education &
counseling
Increased access to condoms
Early detection through screening in
selected high risk populations
Effective diagnosis & treatment
Partner management
Risk reduction counseling
56. Home messages:
– Gonorrhoea is usually
symptomatic in males and
asymptomatic in females
– Untreated infections can result in
PID, infertility, and ectopic
pregnancy in women and
epididymitis and stricture urethra
in men
57.
It can be acquired from asymptomatic
partner.
Both sex partners need to be treated at a
time.
Over diagnosis of gonorrhoea should be
avoided
Mainly transmited by sexual contact.
Rarely children may be affected as result
of sexual abuse.
58.
All persons found to have who have
gonorrhea also should be tested for other
STDs, including chlamydia, syphilis, and
HIV.
A growing number of cases are being
reported globally of an antibiotic-resistant
strain known as HO41
Safe sex practice and sex with legal partners
can prevent gonorrhoea in our society