Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its management
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease.
Asthma vs COPD - A quick summary of the differences between themLGM Pharma
Asthma is a lung disease that affects almost 20 million Americans. COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic lung disease that afflicts 24 million patients in the U.S. COPD is mainly caused by smoking or secondhand smoke, while asthma can by caused by exposure to allergens, dust and air pollutants. Innovative treatments are needed to combat both asthma and COPD, and LGM Pharma provides quality API's for the R&D needs of clients seeking treatments for these lung diseases.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an umbrella term used to describe progressive lung diseases including emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and refractory (non-reversible) asthma. This disease is characterized by increasing breathlessness
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its management
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease.
Asthma vs COPD - A quick summary of the differences between themLGM Pharma
Asthma is a lung disease that affects almost 20 million Americans. COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a chronic lung disease that afflicts 24 million patients in the U.S. COPD is mainly caused by smoking or secondhand smoke, while asthma can by caused by exposure to allergens, dust and air pollutants. Innovative treatments are needed to combat both asthma and COPD, and LGM Pharma provides quality API's for the R&D needs of clients seeking treatments for these lung diseases.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)- Preeti sharmaEducate with smile
COPD is a type of obstructive lung disease and related conditions. it is very helpful presentation to you about information of COPD.
It includes all things that is definition, causes, symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, types, treatment and role of nurses for COPD patient.
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𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐨𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐬
𝐃𝐞𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐃) is a group of lung diseases that cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems.
𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
COPD is more prevalent in developing countries, but it is also a growing problem in developed countries. In the United States, COPD is the third leading cause of death.
Forms of 𝐂𝐎𝐏𝐃
• Chronic bronchitis
• Emphysema
𝐏𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐲
In normal lungs, air flows freely in and out of the bronchi and alveoli. However, in people with COPD, the airflow is blocked. This can be caused by inflammation of the airways, mucus production, or damage to the air sacs.
𝐑𝐢𝐬𝐤 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬
There are several risk factors for COPD, including smoking, air pollution, and genetics. Smoking is the most common risk factor for COPD. Smoking is responsible for about 80% of COPD cases. Air pollution, particularly indoor air pollution from cooking and burning fuels, can also increase the risk of COPD. Genetics can also play a role in COPD. People with a family history of COPD are more likely to develop the disease.
𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬
The main causes of COPD are smoking and air pollution. Smoking damages the lungs and makes it difficult to breathe
𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐬
• Stage 1
• Stage 2
• Stage 3
.
𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬
The most common symptoms of COPD are:
• Shortness of breath
• Cough
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Fatigue
𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
COPD can lead to several complications, including:
• Anemia
• Right-sided heart failure
• Muscle weakness
• Lung infections
• Bone thinning
• Collapsed lungs
𝐃𝐢𝐚𝐠𝐧𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
COPD is diagnosed with a spirometry test, which measures how much air a person can exhale.
𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐎𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬
There is no cure for COPD, but there are treatments that can help manage the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Treatment options include:
• Bronchodilators
• Antibiotics
• Supplemental oxygen
• Vaccination
𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞 𝐌𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐝𝐬
The best way to prevent COPD is to avoid smoking and air pollution. Several lifestyle changes can help reduce the risk of COPD, such as eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly.
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Discussion #11. What physical findings might be indicative of a .docxmecklenburgstrelitzh
Discussion #1
1. What physical findings might be indicative of a patient with emphysema? The diagnosis is made on patients that usually are long term smokers, and they complaint of dyspnea, cough, and mucus expectoration. Most patients seek medical attention late in the course of their disease, usually ignoring smoldering symptoms that start gradually and progress over the course of years. The cough typically is worse in the morning with finite production of clear-to-white sputum. Dyspnea, emphysema's most significant symptom, does not generally occur until the sixth decade of life. However, patients with emphysema due to alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficit will exhibit the following characteristics: early presentation (< 45 y), predilection of emphysematous changes in the lung bases, and the panacinar morphological pattern.
Although the sensitivity of the physical evaluation in mild-to-moderate disease is relatively poor, the physical signs are quite sensitive and specific in severe disease. Patients with severe disease may experience tachypnea and dyspnea with mild exertion.
The respiratory rate increases in proportion to disease severity with the use of accessory respiratory muscles and paradoxical contraction of lower intercostal spaces becoming evident during exacerbations.
In end-stage emphysema, cyanosis, elevated jugular venous pressure, atrophy of limb musculature, and peripheral edema due to the development of pulmonary hypertension, right-to-left shunting, and/or right heart failure can easily be observed.
Thoracic examination reveals a 2:1 increase in anterior to posterior diameter (“barrel chest”), diffuse or focal wheezing, diffusely diminished breath sounds, hyperresonance upon percussion, prolonged expiration, and/or hyperinflation on chest radiographs.
2. What is the purpose and interpretations of the pulmonary function test? Pulmonary function tests will test the mechanical function of the lungs, chest wall, and respiratory muscles by measuring the total volume of air exhaled from a full lung (total lung capacity [TLC]) to maximal expiration (residual volume [RV]). This volume, the forced vital capacity (FVC) and the forced expiratory volume in the first second of the forceful exhalation (FEV1), In Emphysema, spirometry may show typical obstructive pattern due to the blockage of the air during expiration. As a result of the air trapping, the spirometry will show decreased in FVC, but less than the FEV 1, and increased FRC and RV.(McCance, & Huether, 2013).
3. What are the pathophysiological findings specifying emphysema? As a result of the cellular apoptosis, and early cellular senescence, the alveolar cells are damaged, and a reduced surface of gas exchanged occurred. The destruction of the alveoli creates bullae, which are large spaces in the lung parenchyma and air spaces adjacent to pleurae(blebs). Both elements bullae, and blebs difficult the air exchange. In addition, areas of the lungs that are bad perfused contributes to w.
CHRONIC OBUSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE POWER POINT.pptxAgbaMakuochi
This describes a whole lot more of what Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is with their pathophysiology and management both medical and nursing management
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Objectives
Definitions
Pathophysiology
Air flow Limitation
Hyperinflation
Alternation in Gas Exchange
Control of ventilation
Respiratory Muscle
Dyspnea
Peripheral muscle functions
Integrative Approach
3. Definitions
COPD ’’is a disease characterized by presence of airflow obstruction due to
emphysema classically typified by small airway inflammation and chronic
bronchitis.’’
Emphysema ’’is an abnormal permanent enlargement of airspace distal to
the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their wall without
fibrosis.’’
Chronic bronchitis ’’is a presence of chronic predictive cough for 3 months in
each 2 successive years.’’
4. Pathophysiology
*Biopsy studies from large airways of COPD patients reveal the
presence of large number of neutrophils , the neutrophils is more
manifest in smoking patients who have airway obstruction than
smoking patients without airflow limitation.
*Biopsy samples of smaller bronchi and lung parenchyma reveal the
presence of large number of lymphocytes ’’CD8+’’ and macrophages.
These finding suggest that cigarette smoking induces an inflammatory
process which able to release enzyme capable of destroying lung
parenchyma.
5. Cont….
Functionally , the airflow limitation is not uniform in nature. This causes uneven
distribution in of ventilation and blood prefusion .
And that result in Hypoxemia and hypercarbia .
In patient with emphysema component the total lung volume increase result in
hyperinflation what ether inflammation and mucus secretion with COPD patient
decrease the airflow
So The best predictor of morbidity and mortality in COPD is the Value of
postbrochodilator FEV1
6. Cont…..
Research develop comprehensive staging system that would allow
categorization for COPD population and they develop BODE index.
B= Body mass Index
O= Obsructive degree
D= Dyspnea
E= Exercise endurance
indeed, in one report , postrehabilition improvement in BODE index was
associated with better survival .
7. Cont…..
The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Disease ’GOLD’ and both American
Thoracic Society ‘ATS’ and European Respiratory Society stage COPD according to
the degree of FEV1.
The BODE index has proved to be better predictor of mortality than the FEV1
Variable Include in a new staging system for COPD patients:
1-FEV1 2- Timed walked distance
3- Dyspnea rating 4-Nutrition
8. Air flow Limitation
To move air in and out the lungs, the bellows must force air through
conducting airways .
The resistance to a flow is given by interaction of air molecules with each
other, so the resistance depend on physical property of gas and length of
diameter of airways.
Let us compare :
This shape caused by
the smaller diameter of
intrathoracic airways.
9. Hyperinflation
As parenchymal destruction of many patients with COPD progress.
Distal airspaces enlarge.
The loss of lung elastic recoil from this destruction increase the resting lung
volume .
Be aware if increased breathing
frequency that will cause worsen
hyperinflation, because the expiratory
time decrease and result in air trapping.
10. Alternation in Gas Exchange
The lungs of COPD patients can considered as consisting of two portions:
1- More emphysematous
2-More normal
The distribution of ventilation is non-uniform and overall the emphysematous areas
are under ventilated compared with normal areas, because the perfusion is more
compromised than ventilation in the emphysematous areas, they have high ventilation
: perfusion ratio and behave as dead space.
At the same time narrower bronchi well not allow appropraite ventilation to reach the
lungs and that result in low ventilation perfusion and will cause venous admixture and
hypoxemia.
As ventilator demand increase so the work of breath increase so the COPD patient
attempt to increase the ventilation to maintain adequate deliver of oxygen.
11. Control of ventilation
For gas exchange to occur, it necessary to move air in and out the lungs and that achieved by :
1-Respiratory Center 2- The nerve that carry the signals
3-The respiratory muscle 4- The rib cage and abdomen
And the sensor input :
1-PaO2 2-PaCO2 3-PH
The relationship between ’’drive’’ and inspiratory pressure or volume is ’’Coupling’’ and it usually
smooth and occurs with minimal effort. And that way the breathing is effortless.
The ventilator control can be assessed by different way , the simples is the minute ventilation VE
And it composed by :
1-Tidal Volume : the volume of air inhaled in breath
2-Respiratory Frequency.
12. Respiratory Muscle
The respiratory muscle can be divide into:
1-Inspiratory muscle : that help to inflate the lungs
2-Expiratory muscle : that help to deflate the lungs
The most important inspiratory muscle is Diaphragm .
The diaphragm can shorten up to 40% between full expiration and end inspiration.
Inspiratory muscle include: diaphragm, intercostal space, sternocleidomastoid and the scalene
muscles.
Expiratory muscle include: diaphragm, rectus abdominus.
13. Dyspnea
Many COPD patients stop exercising because of dyspnea, and it the dominant symptom during
acute exacerbation of the disease.
Studies shows that in COPD, dyspnea with exercise correlate better with degree of dynamic
hyperinflation than with changes in airflow indices or blood gas exchange.
Dyspnea in COPD patients may also be influenced by the resting respiratory drive level and
individual’s central output response to various stimuli.
14. Peripheral muscle functions
Many patient with COPD will stop exercising because of the leg fatigue rather than
dyspnea.
At baseline, patients with COPD have lower level of the oxidative enzymes than do
healthy individual. After exercise the content of these enzymes increase .
This was associated with an improvement in exercise endurance and decrease lactic
acid production at peak exercise.
15. Integrative Approach
The main problem is airway narrowing and hyperinflation.
Effort to prevent disease form developing (smoking cessation) must be associated with
methods aimed at reversing airflow obstruction . Indeed, bronchodilator antibiotic and
corticosteroids is given to improve airflow. If this effective, hyperinflation should decrease .
For must patients pulmonary rehabilitations shows :
1-Improvement in peripheral muscle function
2-Better coordination of breathing
3-Improved nutrition
4-Implementation of adequate coping mechanism .