Pathology in CVI
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Cortical Visual Impairment has a multifactorial etiology and how it affects the dorsal and ventral visual systems determines the clinical outcome.
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Traumatic brain injury
Head injuries from physical trauma can result in skull fractures, brain parenchymal injuries, and vascular injuries, which can all occur simultaneously. Trauma can cause closed or open head injuries that are either penetrating or blunt. The consequences of central nervous system trauma depend on the location of the lesion and the brain's limited ability to repair itself. Even injuries affecting just a few cubic centimeters of brain tissue can result in outcomes ranging from no symptoms to severe disability or death depending on the specific location.
Sturge weber final
A 31-year-old female presented with convulsions in a known case of epilepsy and Sturge-Weber syndrome. She has a port wine stain over the right side of her face, trunk, and hand. Sturge-Weber syndrome is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder involving blood vessel growth in the brain and skin. It can cause seizures, developmental delays, eye problems, and port wine stains on the face. Treatment focuses on seizure control, managing eye pressure and headaches, and laser treatment for the port wine stain.
BRAIN DAMAGE
Brain damage can be caused by physical trauma, stroke, tumors, infections, toxins, genetic factors, or lack of oxygen. The main types of brain damage are traumatic brain injury from blows to the head, stroke from blocked or burst blood vessels in the brain, brain tumors which can be cancerous or non-cancerous, and infections from bacteria or viruses. Brain injuries can also result from chemical exposure, genetic disorders like Down syndrome, or cell death processes in the brain.
Head injuries
A 56-year-old male was found dead at the bottom of his home stairs with a small forehead wound. Police found alcohol bottles nearby. An autopsy was requested. The document discusses mechanisms of head injuries like focal damage from lacerations or skull fractures. It describes types of intracranial hematomas from blunt trauma, and diffuse brain injuries like axonal shearing. Autopsy findings of injuries and timing are important to determine cause and manner of death in these cases.
Head injury( Diagnosis/symptoms/investigation/Treatment)
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including:
- Classifications based on mechanism (primary vs secondary), severity (Glasgow Coma Scale), and patho-anatomical findings (focal vs diffuse injuries).
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam including Glasgow Coma Scale, and imaging like CT scan per NICE guidelines.
- Management includes emergency stabilization, monitoring for raised intracranial pressure, and either conservative treatment like head elevation/blood pressure control or surgery depending on injury type and severity.
- Outcomes involve rehabilitation and discharge criteria for minor/mild injuries focus on neurological status and education.
Sturge weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a neurological and skin disorder characterized by port-wine stain-like birthmarks on the face combined with abnormalities of the eyes and brain. It results from mutations that cause abnormal blood vessel development in the brain and skin during early embryonic development. Patients with SWS commonly experience seizures, glaucoma, strokes, developmental delays and neurological deficits. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and imaging tests. Management aims to control seizures with medications and potentially surgery, monitor for glaucoma, and use laser treatments to reduce facial birthmarks. Prognosis depends on severity of symptoms but multidisciplinary care can help improve outcomes.
Head injury and medical tratment
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in India, with over 1 million injuries and 200,000 deaths reported annually. The leading causes of TBI in India are road traffic accidents, which account for 60-70% of cases. Common types of TBI include concussions, skull fractures, and contusions. Initial treatment focuses on stabilizing the airway, breathing, and circulation, with diagnostic tests like CT scans used to further evaluate injuries. Management involves measures to reduce cerebral edema as well as medical therapies tailored to the specific injuries. Long-term rehabilitation is often needed to address physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments resulting from TBI.
Head injury
This document discusses head injuries, including their epidemiology, pathophysiology, types, and management. Head injuries are a major public health problem worldwide and are mostly caused by road traffic accidents and assaults. The main types of head injuries discussed are cerebral contusions, diffuse axonal injury, cerebral edema, traumatic intracranial hematomas such as extradural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, and concussions. Initial management focuses on preventing secondary brain damage through measures such as neurological observation, immobilization, intubation if needed, and transport to a dedicated neurological facility for patients with more severe injuries.
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Traumatic brain injury
Head injuries from physical trauma can result in skull fractures, brain parenchymal injuries, and vascular injuries, which can all occur simultaneously. Trauma can cause closed or open head injuries that are either penetrating or blunt. The consequences of central nervous system trauma depend on the location of the lesion and the brain's limited ability to repair itself. Even injuries affecting just a few cubic centimeters of brain tissue can result in outcomes ranging from no symptoms to severe disability or death depending on the specific location.
Sturge weber final
A 31-year-old female presented with convulsions in a known case of epilepsy and Sturge-Weber syndrome. She has a port wine stain over the right side of her face, trunk, and hand. Sturge-Weber syndrome is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder involving blood vessel growth in the brain and skin. It can cause seizures, developmental delays, eye problems, and port wine stains on the face. Treatment focuses on seizure control, managing eye pressure and headaches, and laser treatment for the port wine stain.
BRAIN DAMAGE
Brain damage can be caused by physical trauma, stroke, tumors, infections, toxins, genetic factors, or lack of oxygen. The main types of brain damage are traumatic brain injury from blows to the head, stroke from blocked or burst blood vessels in the brain, brain tumors which can be cancerous or non-cancerous, and infections from bacteria or viruses. Brain injuries can also result from chemical exposure, genetic disorders like Down syndrome, or cell death processes in the brain.
Head injuries
A 56-year-old male was found dead at the bottom of his home stairs with a small forehead wound. Police found alcohol bottles nearby. An autopsy was requested. The document discusses mechanisms of head injuries like focal damage from lacerations or skull fractures. It describes types of intracranial hematomas from blunt trauma, and diffuse brain injuries like axonal shearing. Autopsy findings of injuries and timing are important to determine cause and manner of death in these cases.
Head injury( Diagnosis/symptoms/investigation/Treatment)
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including:
- Classifications based on mechanism (primary vs secondary), severity (Glasgow Coma Scale), and patho-anatomical findings (focal vs diffuse injuries).
- Evaluation involves history, physical exam including Glasgow Coma Scale, and imaging like CT scan per NICE guidelines.
- Management includes emergency stabilization, monitoring for raised intracranial pressure, and either conservative treatment like head elevation/blood pressure control or surgery depending on injury type and severity.
- Outcomes involve rehabilitation and discharge criteria for minor/mild injuries focus on neurological status and education.
Sturge weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a neurological and skin disorder characterized by port-wine stain-like birthmarks on the face combined with abnormalities of the eyes and brain. It results from mutations that cause abnormal blood vessel development in the brain and skin during early embryonic development. Patients with SWS commonly experience seizures, glaucoma, strokes, developmental delays and neurological deficits. Diagnosis is based on clinical features and imaging tests. Management aims to control seizures with medications and potentially surgery, monitor for glaucoma, and use laser treatments to reduce facial birthmarks. Prognosis depends on severity of symptoms but multidisciplinary care can help improve outcomes.
Head injury and medical tratment
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in India, with over 1 million injuries and 200,000 deaths reported annually. The leading causes of TBI in India are road traffic accidents, which account for 60-70% of cases. Common types of TBI include concussions, skull fractures, and contusions. Initial treatment focuses on stabilizing the airway, breathing, and circulation, with diagnostic tests like CT scans used to further evaluate injuries. Management involves measures to reduce cerebral edema as well as medical therapies tailored to the specific injuries. Long-term rehabilitation is often needed to address physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments resulting from TBI.
Head injury
This document discusses head injuries, including their epidemiology, pathophysiology, types, and management. Head injuries are a major public health problem worldwide and are mostly caused by road traffic accidents and assaults. The main types of head injuries discussed are cerebral contusions, diffuse axonal injury, cerebral edema, traumatic intracranial hematomas such as extradural, subdural, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, and concussions. Initial management focuses on preventing secondary brain damage through measures such as neurological observation, immobilization, intubation if needed, and transport to a dedicated neurological facility for patients with more severe injuries.
Management of head trauma
This document outlines the management of head trauma. It begins with generalities on head trauma mechanisms and classifications. The goals of management are to prevent secondary brain injuries like hypoxia and hypotension. Initial management involves resuscitation, stabilization of ABCs, and assessing the patient's status. Secondary management includes a full examination, ordering a CT scan if needed, and admitting the patient to the ICU if their Glasgow Coma Scale is low or they have signs of a bleed or fracture. Ongoing management focuses on continually monitoring vitals, providing treatments to reduce ICP like mannitol or hyperventilation, administering prophylaxis, and maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance. The overall approach is to rapidly assess and stabilize
Surgery 5th year, 2nd/part two, 3rd & 4th lectures (Dr. Ari Sami)
A head injury can range from minor to severe and life-threatening. It is classified as either closed, caused by blunt force, or penetrating, caused by an object breaking through the skull. The severity depends on factors like the force of impact and age of the individual. Serious head injuries require close monitoring for deterioration and may necessitate surgical intervention or reducing intracranial pressure to prevent further brain damage. Management involves stabilizing the patient, treating any brain injuries or swelling, and monitoring for complications that can arise from a head injury.
Physiotherapy assessment Traumatic brain injury
- The document presents a physiotherapy assessment of traumatic brain injury when the patient is unconscious. It covers definitions of TBI, brief brain anatomy, epidemiology showing high rates in males and older adults, and common causes being road accidents and falls.
- The assessment includes subjective information from the patient's history and objective examination of vital signs, Glasgow Coma Scale, and neurological assessment.
- Common radiological findings are discussed including focal injuries like contusions and hematomas, as well as diffuse injuries like concussions and diffuse axonal injury. Proper assessment is important for accurate diagnosis and management of TBI patients.
Head injuries
This document defines and describes head injuries and their mechanisms and treatment. It begins by defining head injury and traumatic brain injury. It then describes different types of head injuries like open or closed injuries. It outlines primary and secondary brain injuries and different types of brain hematomas and edema that can occur. The document discusses signs, symptoms, assessments like the Glasgow Coma Scale, treatments like managing increased intracranial pressure, and expected outcomes for patients with head injuries.
Head injury
This document discusses head injuries, including traumatic brain injury caused by external forces. Common causes are motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Mechanisms of injury include coup-contrecoup injuries where impact causes injury on both sides of the brain. Skull fractures and brain injuries like concussions and contusions can occur. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, seizures and loss of consciousness. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI and X-rays. Management focuses on ABCs, controlling intracranial pressure, oxygenation and surgery if needed. Nursing diagnoses address issues like impaired mobility, anxiety and knowledge deficits.
01. head injuries dr phillip bmc
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including definitions, surgical anatomy of relevant structures like the scalp, skull, meninges and brain, epidemiology, etiology, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, workup and management. It discusses different types of head injuries such as blunt and penetrating injuries, and classifications based on integrity of the dura mater, site of injury and pathology. Specific types of injuries like fractures, hematomas, and brain injuries are described in detail.
Traumatic Brain Injury: Approach
70% of RTA patients have head injury(HI).
One of the most important public health problems of today.
70% of deaths in RTA are due to HI.
At Risk population
Males 15-24
Infants
Young Children
Elderly
Visual problems, nystagmus, and vertigo
This document discusses various visual problems including field defects, diplopia, nystagmus, and vertigo. It defines these conditions and outlines their typical causes. Field defects can result from lesions anywhere along the visual pathway and present as scotomas, hemianopias or quadrantanopias. Diplopia can be binocular or monocular with various causes such as cranial nerve palsies or myasthenia gravis. Nystagmus includes jerk, pendular, and gaze-evoked types and may be congenital or acquired from vestibular or central nervous system lesions. Vertigo can be peripheral from issues like BPPV, Meniere's disease, or vestibular neur
Head injuries
The document discusses various types of head injuries including causes, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic tests, types of brain injuries such as concussion and contusion, complications, and nursing management focusing on airway maintenance, monitoring for increased intracranial pressure, and administering medications to reduce swelling in the brain such as mannitol. Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to severe injuries requiring surgical intervention and long-term effects depend on the areas of the brain that are damaged.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force to the head that can lead to temporary or permanent impairment. It is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in young people. A TBI can be closed, without skull fracture, or open, with skull penetration. Initial management involves assessing severity with CT or MRI scans and monitoring for complications like increased intracranial pressure. Rehabilitation therapies like physiotherapy and occupational therapy aim to restore functions and prevent issues like spasticity or contractures. Outcomes depend on the severity of injury but long-term disabilities can impact cognition, movement, speech, and behavior.
surgery.Head injury.(dr.ari)
A head injury can range from mild to severe and is caused by blunt force trauma or penetrating injuries to the skull and brain. Symptoms of a serious head injury include loss of consciousness, persistent headaches, vomiting, or abnormal behavior. Treatment depends on severity but may include monitoring for deterioration, supporting circulation and lowering intracranial pressure by evacuating hematomas or reducing brain swelling.
Head trauma & Management
This PPT is basically necessary for Final - MBBS as well as Internship students. As day by day head injuries are increasing on the way.
Head injuries
This document discusses head injuries, including:
- Definitions of head injury and traumatic brain injury as injuries resulting from trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain.
- Common causes are motor vehicle crashes, falls, assaults, and firearms.
- Injuries can be impact injuries from an object striking the head or acceleration/deceleration injuries from differential movement within the skull.
- Consequences can include scalp injuries, skull fractures, brain injuries like contusions and hematomas, and complications like infection, edema, and herniation. Proper management involves airway control, immobilization, monitoring, and treatment of raised intracranial pressure.
Head injury dr kariuki 101
This document provides information on head injuries, including definitions, classifications, mechanisms of injury, imaging findings, and management strategies. It discusses the types of head injuries such as concussions, extradural and subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hemorrhages. Risk factors for secondary brain injury and guidelines for CT imaging are also outlined. Management of increased intracranial pressure and severe head injuries is described.
Seminar on head injury
This document summarizes a seminar on head injuries presented by Dr. Soumen Kanjilal. It discusses the anatomy of the skull and meninges, types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, extradural and subdural hemorrhages. It covers the management of traumatic brain injuries including indications for CT scans, initial management, treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, and intensive care management. Diffuse axonal injury is also summarized.
Sturge weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurological and skin disorder characterized by a facial birthmark and abnormalities of the brain and eyes. It results from errors in development before birth. Symptoms may include seizures, glaucoma, developmental delays, and weakness on one side of the body. The severity varies from case to case. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, managing glaucoma, and reducing the birthmark with laser treatments. Prognosis depends on when seizures start - earlier seizures are linked to greater intellectual impairments.
Hydrocephalus
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which increases pressure inside the skull. It can be congenital, meaning present at birth, or acquired later in life due to factors like infection, brain tumors, or head injuries.
2) The main types are communicating, which is caused by impaired fluid reabsorption, and non-communicating, caused by an obstruction of fluid flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include headache, nausea, vomiting, and vision problems.
3) Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment is usually surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid out of
Head Injury
This document discusses head injuries, including the pathophysiology and management of traumatic brain injury. Some key points:
- Head injuries account for over 50% of trauma hospitalizations, mostly from falls, motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and recreational injuries.
- Primary brain injury includes contusions, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and intracranial hemorrhages. Secondary brain injury results from biochemical and vascular changes after the initial trauma.
- Management of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) aims to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure by reducing ICP through sedation, drainage, or increasing blood pressure with fluids/pressors. Monitoring ICP is important for guiding treatment.
Case record...Cerebral palsy
This case discusses a 22-month-old female patient diagnosed with asymmetric dyskinetic cerebral palsy. MRI images show bilateral cystic necrosis of the lateral putamen and globus pallidus, likely due to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. This resulted in an extrapyramidal form of cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is caused by nonprogressive brain defects or lesions early in development. Perinatal factors cause 70-80% of cases. Basal ganglia injury can result in dyskinetic cerebral palsy phenotypes.
Pediatric stroke radiology
Pediatric stroke can be caused by a variety of conditions including sickle cell disease, infections like varicella, cardiac diseases, moyamoya disease, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and vascular malformations. Diagnostic techniques like MRI, MRA, CT, and angiography are used to identify abnormalities and characterize the nature of the stroke. Common findings include lesions in the brain parenchyma that may involve gray or white matter or cross vascular territories, stenosis or occlusion of arteries, moyamoya vessels, and venous sinus thrombosis. Pediatric stroke requires identifying its underlying cause to provide appropriate treatment and management.
Pediatric stroke modified
Pediatric stroke can be caused by a variety of factors such as cardiac diseases, infections like varicella, sickle cell disease, moyamoy disease, cerebral sinus thrombosis, and genetic conditions like MELAS. The presentation of pediatric stroke depends on the location and size of the lesion in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging techniques like CT, MRI, MRA and angiography. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long term neurological deficits in children.
Neurological Conditions and Diseases (At birth)
This document discusses various neurological conditions and diseases that can cause macrocephaly in infants and children. It describes conditions present at birth such as caput succedaneum, subgaleal hemorrhage, cephalohematoma, osteopetrosis, subdural hematomas, benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space, megalencephaly, vein of Galen aneurysm, and hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus and its causes, clinical presentation, assessment, treatments including shunts, and complications are discussed in detail. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus as a consequence of intraventricular hemorrhage is also outlined.
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Management of head trauma
This document outlines the management of head trauma. It begins with generalities on head trauma mechanisms and classifications. The goals of management are to prevent secondary brain injuries like hypoxia and hypotension. Initial management involves resuscitation, stabilization of ABCs, and assessing the patient's status. Secondary management includes a full examination, ordering a CT scan if needed, and admitting the patient to the ICU if their Glasgow Coma Scale is low or they have signs of a bleed or fracture. Ongoing management focuses on continually monitoring vitals, providing treatments to reduce ICP like mannitol or hyperventilation, administering prophylaxis, and maintaining electrolyte and fluid balance. The overall approach is to rapidly assess and stabilize
Surgery 5th year, 2nd/part two, 3rd & 4th lectures (Dr. Ari Sami)
A head injury can range from minor to severe and life-threatening. It is classified as either closed, caused by blunt force, or penetrating, caused by an object breaking through the skull. The severity depends on factors like the force of impact and age of the individual. Serious head injuries require close monitoring for deterioration and may necessitate surgical intervention or reducing intracranial pressure to prevent further brain damage. Management involves stabilizing the patient, treating any brain injuries or swelling, and monitoring for complications that can arise from a head injury.
Physiotherapy assessment Traumatic brain injury
- The document presents a physiotherapy assessment of traumatic brain injury when the patient is unconscious. It covers definitions of TBI, brief brain anatomy, epidemiology showing high rates in males and older adults, and common causes being road accidents and falls.
- The assessment includes subjective information from the patient's history and objective examination of vital signs, Glasgow Coma Scale, and neurological assessment.
- Common radiological findings are discussed including focal injuries like contusions and hematomas, as well as diffuse injuries like concussions and diffuse axonal injury. Proper assessment is important for accurate diagnosis and management of TBI patients.
Head injuries
This document defines and describes head injuries and their mechanisms and treatment. It begins by defining head injury and traumatic brain injury. It then describes different types of head injuries like open or closed injuries. It outlines primary and secondary brain injuries and different types of brain hematomas and edema that can occur. The document discusses signs, symptoms, assessments like the Glasgow Coma Scale, treatments like managing increased intracranial pressure, and expected outcomes for patients with head injuries.
Head injury
This document discusses head injuries, including traumatic brain injury caused by external forces. Common causes are motor vehicle accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries. Mechanisms of injury include coup-contrecoup injuries where impact causes injury on both sides of the brain. Skull fractures and brain injuries like concussions and contusions can occur. Signs and symptoms include headache, vomiting, seizures and loss of consciousness. Diagnostic tests include CT scans, MRI and X-rays. Management focuses on ABCs, controlling intracranial pressure, oxygenation and surgery if needed. Nursing diagnoses address issues like impaired mobility, anxiety and knowledge deficits.
01. head injuries dr phillip bmc
This document provides an overview of head injuries, including definitions, surgical anatomy of relevant structures like the scalp, skull, meninges and brain, epidemiology, etiology, classifications, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, workup and management. It discusses different types of head injuries such as blunt and penetrating injuries, and classifications based on integrity of the dura mater, site of injury and pathology. Specific types of injuries like fractures, hematomas, and brain injuries are described in detail.
Traumatic Brain Injury: Approach
70% of RTA patients have head injury(HI).
One of the most important public health problems of today.
70% of deaths in RTA are due to HI.
At Risk population
Males 15-24
Infants
Young Children
Elderly
Visual problems, nystagmus, and vertigo
This document discusses various visual problems including field defects, diplopia, nystagmus, and vertigo. It defines these conditions and outlines their typical causes. Field defects can result from lesions anywhere along the visual pathway and present as scotomas, hemianopias or quadrantanopias. Diplopia can be binocular or monocular with various causes such as cranial nerve palsies or myasthenia gravis. Nystagmus includes jerk, pendular, and gaze-evoked types and may be congenital or acquired from vestibular or central nervous system lesions. Vertigo can be peripheral from issues like BPPV, Meniere's disease, or vestibular neur
Head injuries
The document discusses various types of head injuries including causes, mechanisms of injury, diagnostic tests, types of brain injuries such as concussion and contusion, complications, and nursing management focusing on airway maintenance, monitoring for increased intracranial pressure, and administering medications to reduce swelling in the brain such as mannitol. Head injuries can range from minor scalp lacerations to severe injuries requiring surgical intervention and long-term effects depend on the areas of the brain that are damaged.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by an external force to the head that can lead to temporary or permanent impairment. It is a leading cause of death and disability, especially in young people. A TBI can be closed, without skull fracture, or open, with skull penetration. Initial management involves assessing severity with CT or MRI scans and monitoring for complications like increased intracranial pressure. Rehabilitation therapies like physiotherapy and occupational therapy aim to restore functions and prevent issues like spasticity or contractures. Outcomes depend on the severity of injury but long-term disabilities can impact cognition, movement, speech, and behavior.
surgery.Head injury.(dr.ari)
A head injury can range from mild to severe and is caused by blunt force trauma or penetrating injuries to the skull and brain. Symptoms of a serious head injury include loss of consciousness, persistent headaches, vomiting, or abnormal behavior. Treatment depends on severity but may include monitoring for deterioration, supporting circulation and lowering intracranial pressure by evacuating hematomas or reducing brain swelling.
Head trauma & Management
This PPT is basically necessary for Final - MBBS as well as Internship students. As day by day head injuries are increasing on the way.
Head injuries
This document discusses head injuries, including:
- Definitions of head injury and traumatic brain injury as injuries resulting from trauma to the scalp, skull, or brain.
- Common causes are motor vehicle crashes, falls, assaults, and firearms.
- Injuries can be impact injuries from an object striking the head or acceleration/deceleration injuries from differential movement within the skull.
- Consequences can include scalp injuries, skull fractures, brain injuries like contusions and hematomas, and complications like infection, edema, and herniation. Proper management involves airway control, immobilization, monitoring, and treatment of raised intracranial pressure.
Head injury dr kariuki 101
This document provides information on head injuries, including definitions, classifications, mechanisms of injury, imaging findings, and management strategies. It discusses the types of head injuries such as concussions, extradural and subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hemorrhages. Risk factors for secondary brain injury and guidelines for CT imaging are also outlined. Management of increased intracranial pressure and severe head injuries is described.
Seminar on head injury
This document summarizes a seminar on head injuries presented by Dr. Soumen Kanjilal. It discusses the anatomy of the skull and meninges, types of head injuries including concussions, contusions, extradural and subdural hemorrhages. It covers the management of traumatic brain injuries including indications for CT scans, initial management, treatment of elevated intracranial pressure, and intensive care management. Diffuse axonal injury is also summarized.
Sturge weber syndrome
Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurological and skin disorder characterized by a facial birthmark and abnormalities of the brain and eyes. It results from errors in development before birth. Symptoms may include seizures, glaucoma, developmental delays, and weakness on one side of the body. The severity varies from case to case. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, managing glaucoma, and reducing the birthmark with laser treatments. Prognosis depends on when seizures start - earlier seizures are linked to greater intellectual impairments.
Hydrocephalus
1) Hydrocephalus is a condition where there is excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, which increases pressure inside the skull. It can be congenital, meaning present at birth, or acquired later in life due to factors like infection, brain tumors, or head injuries.
2) The main types are communicating, which is caused by impaired fluid reabsorption, and non-communicating, caused by an obstruction of fluid flow. Symptoms vary depending on age but can include headache, nausea, vomiting, and vision problems.
3) Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, imaging tests like CT or MRI scans. Treatment is usually surgical placement of a shunt to drain fluid out of
Head Injury
This document discusses head injuries, including the pathophysiology and management of traumatic brain injury. Some key points:
- Head injuries account for over 50% of trauma hospitalizations, mostly from falls, motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and recreational injuries.
- Primary brain injury includes contusions, diffuse axonal injury (DAI), and intracranial hemorrhages. Secondary brain injury results from biochemical and vascular changes after the initial trauma.
- Management of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) aims to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure by reducing ICP through sedation, drainage, or increasing blood pressure with fluids/pressors. Monitoring ICP is important for guiding treatment.
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Surgery 5th year, 2nd/part two, 3rd & 4th lectures (Dr. Ari Sami)
Surgery 5th year, 2nd/part two, 3rd & 4th lectures (Dr. Ari Sami)
Similar to Pathology in CVI
Case record...Cerebral palsy
This case discusses a 22-month-old female patient diagnosed with asymmetric dyskinetic cerebral palsy. MRI images show bilateral cystic necrosis of the lateral putamen and globus pallidus, likely due to perinatal hypoxia/ischemia. This resulted in an extrapyramidal form of cerebral palsy. Cerebral palsy is caused by nonprogressive brain defects or lesions early in development. Perinatal factors cause 70-80% of cases. Basal ganglia injury can result in dyskinetic cerebral palsy phenotypes.
Pediatric stroke radiology
Pediatric stroke can be caused by a variety of conditions including sickle cell disease, infections like varicella, cardiac diseases, moyamoya disease, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and vascular malformations. Diagnostic techniques like MRI, MRA, CT, and angiography are used to identify abnormalities and characterize the nature of the stroke. Common findings include lesions in the brain parenchyma that may involve gray or white matter or cross vascular territories, stenosis or occlusion of arteries, moyamoya vessels, and venous sinus thrombosis. Pediatric stroke requires identifying its underlying cause to provide appropriate treatment and management.
Pediatric stroke modified
Pediatric stroke can be caused by a variety of factors such as cardiac diseases, infections like varicella, sickle cell disease, moyamoy disease, cerebral sinus thrombosis, and genetic conditions like MELAS. The presentation of pediatric stroke depends on the location and size of the lesion in the brain. Diagnosis involves imaging techniques like CT, MRI, MRA and angiography. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent long term neurological deficits in children.
Neurological Conditions and Diseases (At birth)
This document discusses various neurological conditions and diseases that can cause macrocephaly in infants and children. It describes conditions present at birth such as caput succedaneum, subgaleal hemorrhage, cephalohematoma, osteopetrosis, subdural hematomas, benign enlargement of the subarachnoid space, megalencephaly, vein of Galen aneurysm, and hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus and its causes, clinical presentation, assessment, treatments including shunts, and complications are discussed in detail. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus as a consequence of intraventricular hemorrhage is also outlined.
Pediatric stroke
This document discusses pediatric stroke. It begins with definitions, types, epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of pediatric stroke. The main types are ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors in children include structural heart disease, vasculopathies, hematological disorders, and prothrombotic states. Clinical features can include focal neurological deficits like hemiparesis. Diagnosis involves neuroimaging such as MRI and distinguishing stroke from other conditions. Management aims to prevent recurrence and support rehabilitation.
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Pathology in CVI
- 1. PATHOLOGY IN CVI Dr. B.A.Maithri Senior Resident Dept of Ophthalmology CMC,Vellore
- 8. Causes of “insult” to brain ■ Development of CVI depends on: 1. Stage of brain development when the insult happens 2. Severity of the insult 3. Duration of the insult
- 9. ■ Hypoxic-ischemia ■ Pre-maturity ■ Epilepsy ■ Localised infarction ■ Chromosomal/Metabolic disorders ■ Congenital brain malformations – Holoprosencephaly, Hydrocephalus, Septo-optic dysplasia ■ Neonatal hypoglycemia ■ Trauma ■ Infections – Meningitis, Encephalitis
- 10. ■ Vascular supply in an infant: Major cerebral arteries, ■ Watershed areas lie at the interfaces between the major cerebral arterial distributions. ■ Mild degrees of hypoxic-ischemic injury produce watershed infarctions in the arterial border zones, injuring both gray and white matter and resulting in cortical visual loss.
- 11. White Matter Disease of Immaturity ■ Ischaemic brain injury ■ Mostly affects pre-term infants ■ White matter gliosis ■ Seen around the ventricles ■ Spastic cerebral palsy with or without epilepsy
- 12. DecreasedO2 to brain Disappearance/degeneration of brain tissue (grey/white matter) Replaced by cystic fluid filled areas PVL/Encephalomalacia/WMDI Cerebral atrophy
- 14. Normal PVL
- 16. Encephalomalacia
- 19. Cortical atrophy
- 20. Cerebral infarct
- 23. Take Home ■ CVI depends on time, severity and duration of insult to brain ■ Clinical features depend on location of insult ■ Knowing the pathogenesis will help in targeted therapy
- 24. THANKYOU