Pathology Case Studies

Pathology Case Studies
Upon reflection of this case study, several teaching moments came to mind. According to Schuiling
and Likis (2017), "abnormal uterine bleeding accounts for one–third of all annual gynecologic visits
ns affects as many as 50% of women worldwide" (p. 610). Therefore, this was a great case to use for
this assignment. After reading the associated text, I can appreciate the significance to differentiate
between bleeding with and without related pathology. This opportunity supported learning
surrounding this topic. When women present with uterine bleeding that is defined by her to be
"abnormal," it is essential to rule out pathology. Treatment and options will be based on these
findings and the absence of such. M. M. presented with a change in her menstrual cycle. However,
she had been without medical care for five years. Therefore, a more comprehensive workup was
necessary to prepare for the next steps. She has desired a permanent fix to her menstruation.
Although, underlying pathology needed to be ruled out before ... Show more content on
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Dr. Wagner does research, and he practices up to date evidence. This experience is amazing because
I was able to witness firsthand evidence–based practice at the bedside. I was able to not only
recognize the steps necessary to rule out related pathology associated with menorrhagia and see how
the treatment plan becomes individualized based on a woman's quality of life and plans for fertility.
Each step was thoughtful and carefully contemplated. M. M. was in complete agreement and
expressed confidence with the plan discussed. Summary When caring for women with menorrhagia,
it is essential to explore a complete health history and workup. These steps can help identify patterns
and underlying pathology. Once these differentials can be ruled out of potential possibilities, then
the plan and options can be tailored the needs of each
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Menorrhagia
Case Summary Mrs. T is a 37 year old NZ European female who presented to her GP with persistent
fatigue. She had difficulty getting up in the morning, poor concentration in her daily activities due to
tiredness and occasional episodes of dizziness. She also felt she had increased cold intolerance. On
further history taking, she noticed increased menstrual heaviness and increased dysmenorrhea after
she had her first child 4 years ago, which was delivered via cesarean section. Her periods were
regular but would last 8–10 days and she would have heavy clots and many pad changes per day.
She had no past medical history of note, with no recent bleeding or GI symptoms. She was very
active and exercised 3–4 times per week, however this was becoming ... Show more content on
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Ferritin in the sample binds to the micro particles and is washed. In the second phase, the anti–
ferritin acridinium labeled conjugate is added. and the simultaneous binding of the purified
antihuman ferritin conjugated with alkaline phosphatase to the insoluble immune–complex. In stage
two, reaction of alkaline phosphatase with a substrate solution consisting of phenylphosphate
disodium and 4–amino–antipyrine. Following the addition of the pre–trigger (hydrogen peroxide)
and trigger (sodium hydroxide) a chemiluscent reaction occurs, which is measured as relative light
units (RLU). The RLUs detected are directly proportional to the concentration of ferritin in the
sample (Abbot, 2010) The intensity of the color developed during the 2nd Stage incubation is
directly proportional to both time and temperature; therefore, an increase in the 2nd Stage
incubation time will increase the intensity of the color, while a decrease in the 2nd Stage incubation
time will decrease the intensity of the color. The same applies for an increase or decrease in the
incubation

Chronic Menorrhagia Case Studies
Introduction "Anemia is the most common blood condition in the U.S. It affects about 3.5 million
Americans. Women, young children, and people with chronic diseases are at increased risk of
anemia" (Martin, 2016, p.1). Anemia is a disease of the blood that affects the ability of the red blood
cells to carry oxygen to the different parts of the body. Due to low iron levels in the blood, the
hemoglobin in the red blood cells is not produced at the normal level. According to the case study,
Ms. A has been experiencing breathlessness or shortness of breath, fatigue and generalized weakness
for some time. Then at the golf tournament, she had light headedness. She was taken to the hospital
and during examination in the emergency room, Ms. A had increased heartrate and respirations with
low blood pressure. She told doctor that she has been experiencing menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal
for ten to twelve years. Menorrhagia is prolonged or excessive bleeding during menstruation and
dysmenorrheal is painful menstruation. This coincides with the abnormal laboratory results
especially low hemoglobin level. With all these signs and symptoms, the cause of anemia in Ms. A`s
case is chronic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A, the treatment will be given accordingly. For hormonal imbalance, oral contraceptives are given.
Surgery is done for polyps or fibroids or cancer. Stop taking aspirin if it is one of the contributing
factors. Teaching the patient to eat foods rich in iron like meat, chicken and fish. Also vegetables
like beans, lentils and spinach are also rich in iron. Iron tablets will be recommended in case her
case as the hemoglobin is not below 7mg/dl and they are over counter but if she was actively
bleeding then she will go for other options. "If iron deficiency anemia is severe, you may need iron
given intravenously or you may need blood transfusions to help replace iron and hemoglobin
quickly" (Mayo Clinic, 2014,

Iron Deficient Anemia
Proper nutrition of macro and micronutrients is critical for optimal cellular metabolism and function,
growth, development, health promotion and the prevention of disease. Due to the direct correlation
of nutrition and health, alterations in nutrition can negatively impact all areas of a person's health
including; glucose regulation, immunity, thermoregulation, tissue integrity, hormone regulation,
perfusion and cardiac health. Deficient health can negatively affect nutritional status in the form of
intake and absorption. Iron deficient anemia (IDA) is a condition that develops through either
chronic blood loss or inadequate dietary intake, or a combination of both, leading to inadequate iron
in the blood. IDA is classified as a microcytic–hypochromic ... Show more content on
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A thorough head to toe assessment looking for typical signs of anemia, signs of hypoxia,
neuromuscular difficulties, and review of patients' past health history and labs looking for changes.
Laboratory diagnostics used to confirm IDA include; Hgb (M: 14–18, F: 12–16) for O2 carrying
capacity and Hct (M: 42–52, F: 37–47) percentage of RBC in total blood volume, reticulocyte count
(0.5%–2% of total number of RBCs) to determine bone marrow function and classify anemia,
Serum iron (55–160 µg/dL in men and40–155 µg/dL in women) measures circulating iron bound to
transferrin, ferritin (M:12–300 µg /mL or F:10–150 µg /mL) measures available iron stores in the
body, transferrin saturation (M: 20% to 50% F: 15% to 50%) determines iron

Hashimoto's Vs. Graves Disease
Hashimoto's Disease vs. Graves Disease
Anna Grochowski
Salter College
Anatomy and Physiology II
September 18, 2013
Dr. P. Wong
Hashimoto's disease can also be called chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis or autoimmune thyroiditis.
An autoimmune disease happens when the body's immune system attacks it's own cells and organs
instead of its normal job of protecting the body from infection. Hashimoto's disease specifically
attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammation interfering with the ability to produce thyroid
hormones. (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/hashimotos–
disease/basics/definition/con–20030293) A large number of white blood cells also accumulate in the
thyroid. These white ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keeping the body in its healthiest form by diet and exercise is always a helpful additive though.
Hashimoto's Disease compared to Graves' disease:
Whereas Hashimoto's is an under active or under developed thyroid gland, Graves' disease is the
opposite. Graves' disease is an immune system disorder that results in the overproduction of thyroid
hormones, better known as hyperthyroidism. Although a number of disorders may result in
hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease is a common cause. (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–
conditions/graves–disease/basics/definition/con–20025811)
What I've learned:
Living with Hashimoto's has taught me that I need to be very careful in the way that I treat my body.
Healthy diet and exercise is a great way to start taking care of yourself. Y ou also have to make sure
you take your medication as prescribed. I know first hand how hard it can be if you miss a dose of
levothyroxine or if you take it at the wrong time. Everything in moderation is okay, but when you
have a disease you have to be extra careful.
References
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases–conditions/hashimotos–disease/basics/definition/con–20030293

http://www.webmd.com/women/hashimotos–thyroiditis–symptoms–causes–treatments

Heavy Bleeding In Nursing Essay
Heavy bleeding (menorrhagia) is one of the most common problems women report to their doctors
(Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 2015). Menorrhagia affects more than 10 million American
women annually (CDC, 2015). This translates to menorrhagia affecting one of five women (CDC,
2015). Abnormal uterine bleeding can occur as a normal physiologic event, such as the irregular
bleeding that often accompanies menarche or perimenopause (Schuiling & Likis, 2013). However, it
can also signal pathologic, life–threatening conditions such as an ectopic pregnancy or endometrial
cancer (Schuiling & Likis, 2013).
Some women do not know about abnormal uterine bleeding and that there are options available to
help them. Some women feel culturally that they cannot seek treatment for abnormal uterine
bleeding. Other women are afraid that they may have another serious health issue. As an advanced
practice nurse, educating women to feel empowered to take control for their health care is a part of
providing holistic care. Abnormal uterine bleeding needs to identified and treated as this can lead to
serious life impacting disorders such as anemia (CDC, 2015).
This topic is of interest because of the unfamiliarity of hormones as women age and outpatient
options available for women with abnormal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Asking the patient about medications she takes is also important to determine the source to AUB
(Bradley & Gueye, 2016). Assessing for common inherited bleeding disorders are of importance,
such as Von Willebrand disease, which can occur in up to 70% of cases of acute AUB (Bradley &
Gueye, 2016). Some women will wait to seek care until they are acutely ill. Educating women about
options to increase quality of life is importance to decrease complications at various stages in their

Laparoscopic Myomectomy
"Myoma uteri" or "Uterine leiomyomas" or "Uterine fibroids" are the common female genital tract
tumors which are highest incidence in reproductive age (most common appearing during the 4th or
5th decade) (1–3) and affecting African–American women three times as usual as Caucasian
women. (1)The incidence is vary from 5 to 77 % depend on the diagnostic criteria.(2) Most of them
do not cause clinical symptoms, grow slowly and do not need any treatment. But they may present
with menorrhagia, pelvic pain with or without dysmenorrhea or pressure symptoms, infertility and
recurrent abortion.(2) The cause of leiomyoma is unknown (2, 4) but it may related to sex steroid
hormone, insulin–like growth factor, epidermal–like growth factor and transforming ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist/antagonist, progestin/anti–progestin, anti–fibrinolysis, non–
steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs, danazol, aromatase inhibitors, etc.) (11–13), non–invasive
procedure treatments without myomectomy (i.e.uterine artery embolization, uterine artery ligation),
intraoperative procedures (i.e. uterine artery ligation/dissection, temporary uterine artery occlusion,
vasopressin injection).(4, 13–23) This article reviewed about the intraoperative uterine artery
ligation/occlusion during laparoscopic myomectomy (LUAO+LM) by comparing the operative time,
operative blood loss, length of hospital stay and recurrence rate between LUAO+LMvs.LM alone.
Materials and

Trauma Autobiographical Memory
Trauma and autobiographical memory in Child Abuse
Science has examined the possible affection child maltreatment on autobiographical and memory.
Some information has shown that these effect has on a thin peaked in some research, include an old
person who has to survive or leaved with a child abuse within them self. It always leave a permanent
memory for lifetime. In fact, in some science investigator research has proven that when a child or
adult was abuse they remember exactly what happened to them. Their some memories that will
never vanish, especially, abuse memory. for example, they will recalled everything events of trauma
that happen to them from the begin to the end. Some time when this trauma started surfaced the
patient will end–up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The expectation of these study was allowing the neural correlates of memories of childhood abuse to
see if there was any different posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In any case with or without
(PTSD). Indeed, there were a study about 22 woman with a pass history with childhood sexual
abuse. They were monitoring their image of the brain function, while they were exposure to these
agony. They compare these image with the women with sexual abuse and the women without sexual
abuse; the women who suffer CSA has more blood flow into their brain and the women with PTSD.
Women with sexual abuse has lower blood flow in alteration in their medical prefrontal cortex.
Childhood sexual abuse is in regular to our society and it happen often than we thing it could happen
it 16% of even women and it rarely faded, (Bremner, Narayan, Staib, Southwick, & al, e.

Menorrhagia Research Paper
Endometriosis and Menorrhagia
Endometriosis is defined as a common disorder in which the endometrial tissue is found outside of
the uterus. Menorrhagia is defined as excessive menstrual bleeding or duration of the menstrual
period. (deWitt, 2017)
Etiology
Endometrial cells that shed during menstruation are transported through the fallopian tubes and
enter the pelvis, attaching to pelvic structures. Cells can travel outside the pelvis through the
lymphatic and blood vessels, during menstruation this tissue responds to hormonal changes and
bleeding which can cause inflammation to the surrounding tissue. Inflammation can lead to fibrosis,
and fibrosis leads to adhesions that can be painful. (docucare, 2017) Menorrhagia can occur with
endometriosis because of the hormone build up caused by the thicken of the uterine wall. (Mayo
Clinic 2017)
Signs and Symptoms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating and nausea are some of the other symptoms you may
experience with endometriosis. Menorrhagia can be a symptom of endometriosis, which is
characterized by soaking through one or more pads or tampons every hour for several consective
hours, needing to double up on pads to protect the control of you period, and needing to wake up
during the night to change your sanitary products. You may also experience anemia, tiredness,
fatigue and short of breath due to the blood loss. (Mayo Clinic

Uterine Cavitary Lesions Lab Report
Hysteroscopy for uterine cavitary lesions has become an important tool during a gynecologist's
practice. Mucosal polyps, submucous fibroids, intra–uterine ahesions, foreign bodies, and uterine
septa are frequent indications for operative endoscopy. Endometrial resection or ablation for benign
causes of menorrhagia are additionally done in advanced specialized centres. Insertion of the
resectoscope, typically size twenty six charriere, needs a 9–10 millimeter cervical dilatation.
reaching this degree of dilatation of the non–gravid cervix is often tedious and generally not
possible with firm cervix. Previously, laminaria tents and prostaglandins (PGs) of the E series are
proved effective in dilating and softening the cervix (1). However, genus Laminaria might not be
appropriate in ladies who have marked cervical stricture or hypersensitivity reaction, and PGs like
sulprostone and dinoprostone are not cheap and need special storage conditions. ... Show more
A variety of placebo–controlled studies have demonstrated the effectivity of misoprostol for this
purpose (2–10). Misoprostol is a PGE1 analog that has been accepted for the management of peptic
ulceration that's caused by NSAID medicine. Currently, misoprostol is widely employed in obstetric
situations as medical abortion within the 1st and second trimesters, cervical priming before surgical
processes, dilation and curettage, induction of labor, and prophylaxis and treatment of postnatal
hemorrhage (11). The advantage of misoprostol over different PG analogues is that it's cheaper,
stable at room temperature, and is also available in oral–tablet

Summary: Thrombocytopenia
A more rare cause of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is the immune thrombocytopenic purpura
(ITP), an autoimmune disorder characterized by the anti–platelet glycoprotein antibodies that
stimulate the platelet destruction in the spleen.6 There are two types of ITP: the acute form that is
common in children, is associated with viral infections and is self–limiting and the chronic form
which predominantly affects women. The diagnosis is clinical. Thrombocytopenia in ITP is
generally moderate but with platelet count usually below 100,000/µL and the symptoms are in direct
relation to the platelet levels. Patients could be completely asymptomatic or present ecchymosis,
petechiae, purpura, gums bleeding or menorrhagia.1 Unlike gestational thrombocytopenia, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although rare, spontaneous bleeding is the main maternal risk especially when the platelet count
falls below 20,000/µL. Steroids or IVIG are recommended before 36 weeks if platelet count is under
30,000/µL, the patient is symptomatic or an invasive procedure is considered.7 Around delivery, the
aim is to maintain platelet count above 50,000/µL, the level considered safe for both vaginal and
cesarean delivery. Intravenous immunoglobulin at a dose of 1 g/kg have a relatively rapid
therapeutic response (within 1–3 days) or prednisone 1 mg/kg with a therapeutic response within 2–
14 days could be used for treatment during pregnancy. The first–line therapy drug, prednisone, is
considered safe, but can induce or exacerbate gestational diabetes, maternal hypertension,
osteoporosis, weight gain and psychosis. Prednisone is metabolized by placenta but high doses have
been linked to fetal adrenal suppression and a small increase in incidence of cleft lip and palate if
used in the first trimester.8 In severe cases of thrombocytopenia, unresponsive to alternative
therapies, splenectomy can safely be performed, especially in second trimester of pregnancy. Pre–
splenectomy immunizations are safe in pregnancy, as all the vaccines required are inactivated.
Platelet transfusion is not indicated for ITP treatment due to the consumptive mechanism of this
condition. When emergency cesarean delivery is required with a platelet count under 50,000/µL,
platelet transfusions in association with IVIG is

Ms. A's Anemia Analysis
The purpose of this essay is to determine the type of anemia that Ms. A most likely has based on her
preliminary workup. Ms. A's anemia will be discussed including potential side effects and cases.
Finally, recommendations for improving Ms. A's anemia will be discussed. Anemia is a condition
that effects "more than 3 million people in the United States" (Peterson, 2012). Anemia is a decrease
in red blood cells (RBCs) or decreased hemoglobin in an individual's blood. RBCs carry oxygen
rich blood throughout an individual's tissues and organs, allowing the body to function properly.
Therefore, an anemic person has a decreased amount of oxygen rich blood flowing through their
body. A decreased amount of oxygenated blood is not immediately life threatening but can become
very serious. Some potential side effects of anemia are; fatigue, lack of energy, pallor, organ
damage, heart failure and death (Peterson, 2012). There are multiple types of anemia with the most
common being; iron–deficiency anemia, folic acid–deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency and
microcytic anemia (PDRhealth, 2015). Based on Ms A's preliminary worked she mostly likely has
microcytic anemia or iron deficient anemia. The symptoms of microcytic anemia and iron deficient
anemia are synonymous, making them difficult to differentiate ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Foods that are rich in iron are "meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, green, leafy vegetables
[and] dried fruit" (Peterson, 2012). In addition, an anemic person should decrease the amounts of
coffee and tea consumed since they interfere with adequate iron absorption. Instead foods and
beverages high in vitamin C should be consume since they aid in iron absorption (Peterson, 2012).
In rare cases iron can be given intravenously but can potentially produce serious allergic reactions as
a side effect (Microcytic Anemia,

Should Birth Control Be Considered A Cultural Lag
If I am understanding this correctly, I believe birth control would be considered a cultural lag. It is
being used to treat menstrual migraines, as well as treat acne and hair growth that has become
excessive by slowing down the production of male hormones (Other Benefits of Birth Control, n.d.).
If you are suffering from menorrhagia, taking birth control pill can decrease the blood. Yes, it also
protects women from becoming pregnant. There are many cultures that frown upon birth control
pills due to their religious belief. Another cultural lag is vaccines for cancer, such as the HPV
vaccine. Many people are skeptical about this because they question the long –term effects on their
children. This vaccine is given to boys and girls as

Gynecological Issues
Get treated for all teenage and adult gynecological issues A gynecologist is a physician who treats
female reproductive diseases and disorders. Obstetricians are specialized in the labor, pregnancy,
delivery, post–delivery care. However, they are generally called as OB & GYN. They offer medical
and surgical care to all groups of women. There are huge common gynecological issues for teens.
The prime case is Menorrhagia i.e. heavy bleeding which is caused due to hormonal imbalance,
dysfunction of ovaries, the growth of uterine polyps, coagulation impairment, using some
medications like anticoagulants, NSAIDS, thyroid disorder, endometriosis, kidney or liver disorders.
If the Menorrhagia is not controlled it will lead to severe anemia which simultaneously makes the
girls fatigue, drowsy with weak. Hormone therapy is prescribed the OB/GYN to stabilize the blood
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reasons behind the pain may be STD, IUD, anxiety, Fibroids, PID, and endometriosis. Missed
periods and skipped periods occur due to many reasons such as thyroid disorder and PCOD etc.,
Umpteen young women face lots of gynecological issues. The Common gynecological issues for
young women are briefed as under: Menopause: It represents an ending of the menstrual cycle that
happens to women who are in and above 40 years. It is a sign of aging and if it occurs before the 40s
then it is called a premature menopause. Fibroids: Fibroid is a benign tumor that develops in the
womb which is otherwise called myoma. The structure of the tumor varies from small to the largest
size and it may form a single tumor or a cluster. HPV (Cervical cancer and genital warts): Human
Papillomavirus a kind of viral infection targets the reproductive tract. Sexually active men and
women experience such infection at least once in their life cycle. HPV increases the risk of cervical
cancer and it leads to warts in the genital area which is highly

Nkda Case Studies Summary
Allergies: NKDA.
Family History:
Father: Deceased at the age of 48 from pulmonary embolism. He had diabetes and peptic ulcer
disease, peripheral vascular disease.
Mother: Died at age 63 from COPD.
Siblings: She had two brothers and one sister between 45 and 47–years old and they are healthy.
Children: No children.
Relatives: Her maternal grandmother and aunt had breast cancer.
Review of Systems:
General: No fever, chills, or fatigue, no weight change.
Eyes: No blurry vision, no double vision.
Ears/Nose: No ear pain or hearing loss. No sinus problems.
Mouth/Throat: No sore throat, no hoarseness. Good dentition.
Cardiovascular: No chest pain. She has dyspnea on exertion if she walks more than 20 steps. No
orthopnea or claudication. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She has colostomy bag.
Extremities: No clubbing or cyanosis. She has bilateral pedal edema.
Neuro: Alert, awake, and oriented to place, time, and person. No motor or sensory deficits. Good
short and long–term memory.
Psychological: Affect is appropriate.
Medical records received and reviewed.
Assessment: A 48–year–old Caucasian female with history of end–stage renal disease secondary to
type 1 diabetes, multiple comorbidities, including severe peripheral vascular disease, recurrent
neurotrophic foot ulcers, status post multiple debridements, aortoiliac vascular disease, status post
aortobifemoral bypass, bilateral femoral popliteal bypass, history of vaginal warts secondary to
HPV, status post incomplete radiation and chemotherapy.
Plan: Given the patient's age and history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, she will have to be evaluated in
a center that is certified to perform kidney and pancreas transplants. I explained the process to the
patient. She understands our inability at this moment to proceed with kidney and pancreas transplant

evaluation and she is willing to be referred to another center with her nephrologist guidance. All the
patient's questions were answered [__17:30__]

Endometriosis Essay
Endometriosis is described as a painful disorder in which the tissues that line the uterus travel to
areas outside of the uterus. The cells in the endometrial tissues become transplanted in areas outside
the uterus such as the abdomen, the ovaries, and in the rectovaginal septum and act as normal
endometrial tissue. The tissue thickens, breaks down, and bleeds with each menstrual cycle.
Endometrial tissues that become displaced cannot exit the body and it becomes trapped inside the
abdomen. Endometrial tissue can often spread beyond the lower pelvic region into the peritoneum.
"The cause of endometriosis is related to the mechanism of transit of endometrial cells from their
original source, the interior of the uterus, to another source, back into the fallopian tubes and
ovaries," (ROSDAHL2017). Retrograde menstruation is the most common cause in which displaced
cells stick to pelvic walls and tissues. The mechanism of retrograde menstruation involves menstrual
blood that flows backwards into the fallopian tubes in lieu of flowing down the vagina via the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Endometriosis symptoms include excessive menstrual flow, bleeding between periods, and painful
bowel movements. Menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, decreased libido, and reduced blood
density may occur. Pelvic pain worsens with the menstrual period, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea,
constipation, bloating, and dyspareunia or pain during or after sex may also occur. Symptoms of
menses commonly are associated with a degree of endometriosis. Endometriosis involves pain with
defecation and urination especially during a period. Menorrhagia, heavy periods, or
menometrorrhagia, excessive or heavy bleeding between periods are often seen with this condition.
Risk factors that could contribute to the condition include, never giving birth, female familial history
of endometriosis, pelvic infections, and inflammatory

Therapeutic Disorders: A Case Study
Case Study 1
Anemia is a very clinically common diagnosis, especially in women. From the given case study, one
can learn the factors that cause anemia and the common type of anemia in females. In this essay, the
author is going to analysis a typical 26–year–old young lady and identify the classification of
anemia and explanation of patient diagnosis with rationale.
Ms. A is 26–year–old female with a history of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea since she was 14–16
years old. In addition, she has taken aspirin during menstruation and for preventing and alleviating
joint pain during golf season. Her signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, lethargy, light
headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and hypotension. Her laboratory values show low Hemoglobin
(HB), Hematocrit (HCT) and Erythrocyte (RBC) but normal in Reticulocyte (REIC) count.
According to Chen, Zieve, & Ogilvie (2014, p. 1), the normal value of HB is 12.1 to 15.1g/dl, HCT
is 36.1% to 44.3%, RBC count is 4.2 to 5.2 x10/mm and RETIC count is 0.5% to 1.5% in female.
The low Hemoglobin and Hematocrit can direct that Ms. A has anemia. The RBC smear can
determine her classification of anemia. Her RBC smear showed microcytic and hypochromic cells.
The evidence can indicate that Ms. A has Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA).
Anemia is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The guideline matches the lab result of Ms. A. and undoubtedly approves that Ms. A has IDA. The
cheaper, safe and effective treatment of correcting IDA is oral iron supplementations (Johnson–
Wlimbley, & Graham, 2011, p181), therefore, Ms. A. needs to regular taking iron supplementation
or intake the iron from daily nutrients and avoids taking NSAID drugs for pain control and then she
can recover from

Iron Deficiency Anemia Case Studies
Considering Ms. A's signs and symptoms, including the laboratory results, she has iron deficiency
anemia. To be able to diagnose Ms. A's condition, the physician has to perform a physical
examination for signs of iron–deficiency anemia. These exams include checking the color and
complexion of the skin, gum, and nailbeds to see if they are pale. Listening to the heart for rapid and
irregular heartbeats, auscultation of the lungs for fast and uneven breathing, and palpation of the
abdomen to check for the size of the liver and spleen are three more test that is done to diagnose iron
deficient patients. Also, pelvic and rectal examination to check for internal bleeding.
Ms. A's medical history should be taken into account to clarify if she has

Ms. A Case Study Essay
Conferring to the case study 1 of Ms. A, who is suffering from iron deficiency anemia. "People who
experience iron deficiency anemia lack adequate iron required to produce hemoglobin. Hemoglobin
supports red blood cells in carrying oxygen all through the body" (Mayo Clinic, 2014). In this
presentation, the writer will provide rationales where Ms. A is presenting signs and symptoms of
Iron Deficiency Anemia.
Diagnosis
"The normal hemoglobin range is generally between 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL for women and hematocrit
normal levels are generally between 34.9 and 44.5 percent for adult women" (Mayo Clinic, 2014). If
the Level is lowered as compare to the above mentioned, it directs the presence of anemia.
Moreover "normal range of erythrocytes in females is 4.2 to 5.4 million cells/mcL" (MedlinePlus,
2014). Ms. A's indicative tests shows the level of hemoglobin is 8mg/dl, level of reticulocytes is 1.5,
level of hematocrit is 32% and count of erythrocytes is 3.1 x 10/mm, which indicates iron deficiency
anemia. Ms. A similarly reveals that she is experiencing a shortness of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ms. A, acknowledged as she plays golf throughout summer that might be a reasoning for her having
anemia. "Athletes are more prone to iron deficiency because they depend on their body's ability to
transport oxygen to their muscles" (Anemia org, 2008). Giving the Ms. A's case study, ample
amount of iron is required to permit the red blood cells to carrying oxygen to all cells of the body.
Moreover Sportspersons require adequate quantity of iron to allow their body to work consequently;
Players use extra iron as compare to the consumption. In the case of Ms. A, her body requirement
may be a smaller amount than the iron consumption which predispose Ms. A, to have iron
deficiency anemia (Anemia org,

Iron Disorder Case Studies
Ms. A has been suffering from menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea for 10– 12 years which indicates that
she has been loosing great amount of blood for a long time. Also she has a history of taking aspirin,
which means she is high risk for having haemorrhage. According to the history, sign and symptoms
of Ms. A, she has an iron deficiency anemia. An " Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type
of anemia, which develops due to a lack of iron in the body. The main reasons of having less iron in
the body are excessive blood loss, inadequate absorption of iron, pregnancy and childbirth, bypass
surgeries and others"(American Society of Hematology, 2015). Hemoglobin level of Ms. A is 8g/dl
and normal hemoglobin of adult female should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A has been suffering from menorrhagia for a long time. Menorrhagia is the main cause of having
iron deficiency anemia so menorrhagia should be treated by identifying the causes such as,
hormonal therapy for hormonal imbalance, treatment of uterine fibroids, polyps, adenomyosis and
others (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Encourage Ms. A to consume iron rich foods such as beef, pork, poultry,
especially organ meat such as, liver, fish, green leafy vegetables, legumes, rice, cereals and others.
Since her hemoglobin is 8g/dl, hematocrit and erythrocyte count is low, red blood transfusion should
be done to Ms. A because she has a history of active bleeding, shortness of breathing and low level
of energy. In addition, provide oral iron 2–5 mg/kg of body weight. Also, encourage to eat citrus
fruits such as, orange, lemon, grape fruits and others which will help to promote the absorption of
iron (American Society of Hematology,

Kelly's Family Therapy Paper
I will educate Kelly's family about depression and how it affects Kelly. I will start by explaining that
depression is a mental illness that affects many people. Depression is a brain imbalance that involve
neurotransmitters like Serotonin and Norepinephrine. Depression cause Kelly to have mood
regulation problems that are outside her will. c. Kelly is prescribed Paxil. She asks when she'll feel
better. Write a therapeutic response to Kelly's question and concerns. Paxil is antidepressant (SSRI:
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor), it inhibits the central nervous system reuptake of serotonin
but not norepinephrine or dopamine. It can take up to 1–4 weeks to reach therapeutic effects. It is
recommended to use caution in driving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As well as to stablish a vital sign baseline before starting a new medication. Neuromuscular and
gastrointestinal system need to be monitor to prevent

Hypothyroidism
 Discuss the criteria that must be met in order to diagnosis a patient with hypothyroidism. Find the
gold standard, best practice guidelines, or evidence–based information to support your answer.
Hypothyroidism is caused by the thyroid's gland inability to produce thyroid hormone as required by
the body. The diagnosis of hypothyroidism requires the laboratory testing of the thyroid stimulating
hormone known as TSH. When the TSH is found to be elevated, a clinician should repeat the test
along with a free thyroxine (T4) measurement. If the TSH is found to be elevated, while the T4 is
normal, the patient is said to suffer from subclinical hypothyroidism. However, if the TSH is
elevated and the T4 is low, the diagnosis is primary hypothyroidism (Gaitonde et al., 2012).
 How did this patient get ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hashimoto's Disease is an autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid
gland. Hashimoto's disease causes inflammation to the gland causing chronic lymphocytic
thyroiditis, resulting in hypothyroidism (Mayo clinic, 2014). This is the most common cause of
hypothyroidism in the US and the symptoms are manifested by fatigue, cold intolerance,
constipation, weight gain, pale , dry skin, hoarse voice, pain and stiffness in the joints and muscles,
menorrhagia, and depression (Mayo clinic, 2014).
 Identify the predisposing factors of hypothyroidism for the patient in this clinical case scenario.
The one predisposing factor for this patient is being a woman. According to Mayo clinic (2014),
women are more likely to have Hashimoto's disease.
 What were the specific common complaints and signs/symptoms of hypothyroidism that this
patient exhibited or presented with?
The common complaints and signs/symptoms the patient presented with are unexplained weight
gain, foggy thinking, depression, sleep disturbance, hair loss, constipation, and fatigue.
 List [7] seven differential diagnoses with suspected

Iron Deficiency Anemia Essay
Anemia
Anemia is a condition that arises due to lack of hemoglobin red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Individuals that are most likely to suffer from anemia are woman, children and people with chronic
diseases like HIV. Some diseases can lead to anemia are sometimes transferred from mother to their
unborn child. Iron deficiency anemia is common in women of childbearing age because of loss of
blood during their monthly period and the high demand of blood needed during pregnancy. Ill health
and poor nutrition makes adults to stand at a risk for gradual development of anemia.
According to health 24, 2013. The most common types of anemia are:
Iron deficiency anemia
Thalassemia anemia
Pernicious anemia
Aplastic anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Sickle cell anemia
I would address Anemia caused by Vitamin B–12 deficiency (pernicious anemia), based on the data
presented. The main districting symptoms are listed below.
Clumsiness and stiffness of the arms and legs
A tingling" pins and needles" sensation in the hands or feet
Difficulty with walking, an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. lacks sufficient red blood cells or fatty red blood cells which are suggestive of pernicious anemia.
This type anemia results due to lack of enough vitamin B–12, folate and iron. The other types of
anemia are not present because she is young and a healthy individual. Also, her condition gets worst
during her menstrual period, this implies that a large amount of blood is lost during this time
indicating that important minerals and vitamins are lost during her menstrual period, leading to
vitamin B–12 deficiency, iron and folate. The hemoglobin of 8mg/dl also gives a clear evident. Ms.
A's history of menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal for 10 to 12 years shows that too much blood is lost
during her monthly menstrual period , showing that she will be tired and weak due to excess blood
loss. This explains her low hematocrit (32%) and

Patient Education Plan for Uterine Fibroids
Patient Education Plan for Uterine Fibroids Ramona Pullum University of Phoenix NUR/427
Barbara Deets May 13, 2010 Patient Education Plan for Uterine Fibroids Uterine fibroids are
muscular tumors that grow in the wall of the uterus (womb). Another medical term for uterine
fibroids is "leiomyoma" (leye–oh–meye–OH–muh) or just "myoma". Fibroids are almost always
benign or non cancerous. Fibroids can grow as a single tumor, or there can be many of them in the
uterus. They can be as small as an apple seed or as big as a grapefruit. In unusual cases they can
become very large. The factors that increase a woman's chances of developing fibroids are: age,
fibroids are most common in women in their 40s and 50s, family history, women with a ... Show
She has a list of questions for her doctor, which includes questions the number, size and location of
the fibroids, what treatments does the doctor recommend, are there alternative treatment she could
try and are alterations to be with her lifestyle. Ethel C. belongs in the Health Belief Model. Redman
(2007) states, "The health belief model affirms that individuals are not likely to take a health action
unless (1) they believe that they are susceptible to the ill health condition in question, (2) they
believe that the condition would seriously affect their lives if they should contract it, (3) they believe
that the benefits of action outweigh the barriers to action, and (4) they are confident that they can
perform the action (self–efficacy). Cues such as an interpersonal crisis or the nature and severity of
symptoms trigger action." From interviewing Ethel and her questions for the gynecologist, she
believes she is susceptible to the illness. She knows that the condition is affecting the quality of her
life, because of her condition she is very tried and irritable, and this is having a negative affect on
her relationship with her family. She has had to take time off from work, usually three to four days
due to the pain and heavy bleeding during her menstrual period each month. She has expressed the
desire to decide on a course of action to take to treat her condition. Ethel C. does not exhibit any age
or

Essay On Menopause
Prior to women entering menopause there is a transitional period called perimenopause. This phase
typically occurs between ages 45 to 55 with menopause occurring at the average age of 51 years
(ACOG, 2017& Juve, Schadewald, Youngkin, & Davis, 2013). Menopause is defined as the absence
of menstrual period for 1 year. Your irregular bleeding is strongly associated with perimenopause
because your hormone levels are currently fluctuating. During this time–period you may also
experience intermittent symptoms of menopause. Hot flashes and sweating are the most common
symptoms of menopause. A hot flash is a warm feeling that typically begins in the chest area and
progresses upward to the neck and face. Hot flashes can occur during the day or night. If you are ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The thyroid secrets several hormones that regulate our metabolic rate, growth and development, and
body temperature. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough
hormones. An autoimmune disease called Hashimoto thyroiditis is a common cause on why people
develop hypothyroidism in the United States. An autoimmune disease is when our immune system
produces antibodies that attacks the thyroid gland (Domino, Baldor, Golding, & Stephens, 2018).
Hypothyroidism can cause menstrual irregularities and in some cases, it can cause sever
menorrhagia in 22% of women (Juve, Schadewald, Youngkin, & Davis, 2013). Other signs &
symptoms include: fatigue, weight gain, constipation, increased sensitivity to cold, slower pulse, dry
skin, deep and hoarse voice, brittle and dry hair, and may experience difficulties with concentration
(Domino et al., 2018). Hyperthyroidism is caused by increased production of thyroid hormones that
increases your metabolic rate. Symptoms include menstrual irregularities, fatigue, weight loss, heat
intolerances, excessive sweating, and your thyroid gland can enlarge (Jarvis,

Summary: Does Tranexamic Acid Uses
Tranexamic Acid Uses In Emergency Medicine Tranexamic acid is anti–fibrinolytic agent which
prevents breakdown of fibrin clots. The mechanism of action of the drug is a complex one. The acid
initially acts by hindering the binding of plasminogen and plasmin. Tranexamic acid has more
potency and efficacy than aminocaproic acid. Tranexamic acid is used in multiple emergency
medical conditions. The drug is used in prevention of postoperative bleeding disorders such as
hemophilia. The drug proves to very useful in treating conditions such as menorrhagia, epistaxis,
angioedema, and surface bleeding from tumors. In conditions such as DIC, tranexamic acid should
not be used. The acid should not be used because it works against clots and hence activates ... Show
Patients with bleeding disorders such as hemophilia have been using this drug for a long time and
now its use in emergency conditions is becoming common. Tranexamic acid has been the core of
various studies and trials. It has been in post–traumatic and post–surgical conditions. In various
cases tranexamic acid also reduced transfusion requirements associated with surgery. Its application
also reduced blood loss in gynecological bleeding disorders, such as heavy menstrual bleeding or
menorrhagia and postpartum hemorrhage. It can be concluded that tranexamic acid is tolerated
among masses. Most studies and trials have proved that it is a potent, effective, reliable and cheap
anti–fibrinolytic agent. Its uses in emergency scenarios proves to be amazing as it is responsible in
providing mortality. Its role in emergency situations such post–combat trauma are commendable.
The drug has proved to be a life savior in many surgical procedures as well. It can also be
administered in surgeries to counter blood loss. Furthermore, it can be concluded that keeping all of
the magnitudes of trauma in mind, tranexamic acid can avoid death by trauma or excessive bleeding.
Even though it is a useful agent further studies are required on international basis to understand the
drug and its attributes

Speech On Yoga For Kids
Yoga is well–known as one of an exercise that people play in the nowadays. Yoga is the practice of
mind and body which originate in ancient India philosophy. There are various types of Yoga connect
the breathing techniques, relaxation or concentration and physical posture together. Gurudev Sri Sri
Ravi Shankar, a spiritual leader and founder of the Art of Living Foundation stated that "Yoga is not
just exercise and asanas. It is the emotional integration and spiritual elevation with a touch of the
mystic element, which gives you a glimpse of something beyond all imagination." From practicing
in history to the current popular exercise, Yoga was adjusted from the original. Yoga began to gain
popularity in the West at the end of the 19th century ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Actually, Yoga is suitable for everyone but in this essay, we will discuss good effects of Yoga for
teens. Yoga is a great choice for teenagers who need to improve their body shape in a healthy and fit
way. It can help in develop a healthy mind and healthy body in a disciplined manner. Most of the
teenagers are have a problem with their body shape. Especially in girls, they trying so hard to
change their appearance. Yoga is well–known in helping lose weight, but it must be done along with
food control. There are other health benefits results of usually practicing Yoga. For instance, Yoga
helps teens overcome their self–image that imperfect and also promotes self–awareness to teens.
When teenagers face daily pressures, it can cause stress in them and the results are they gains more
weight and ruin their shape. In this case, Yoga can help. Practicing of Yoga can prevent weight
gaining, so they still keep and improve their perfect shape. Furthermore, Yoga also enhances the
personality of those who practice. More from the paragraph above, in the case of university's girl
that received many good results from practicing Yoga. She added: "Yoga enhances my personality.
Both standing and walking or sitting, I feel not humpback as I've been before, which is a very good
thing. In addition, I also feel that my body is more flexible as well." Here are some benefits of Yoga
to teenagers, if they keep practicing, it can guarantee that they will have both healthy mind and
firmly

Iron Deficiency Anemia Case Studies
Case Study 1: Anemia
Ms. A has noticed increased shortness of breath, and low levels of energy and enthusiasm especially
during her menses. During a golf tournament, she became light–headed. She presented in the
emergency clinic today with an elevated heart and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. She
reports history of menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea for 10–12 years. She takes 1,000 mg of aspirin
every 3–4 hours for 6 days during her period and during the summer while playing golf for joint
stiffness. This paper will explore the patient's diagnosis, classify the anemia, and give the rationale
for the diagnosis.
Patient Diagnosis Ms. A. has iron deficiency anemia (IDA) a form of microcytic anemia, which is
characterized by small erythrocytes with reduced amounts of hemoglobin. IDA is the most common
type of anemia in the world. In the United States (US) females of childbearing age have a higher
incidence than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. has suffered from menorrhagia (abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding) and dysmenorrhea
(painful menstruation) for 10–12 years. A blood loss of 2–4 mL/day is sufficient to cause IDA.
During a normal menstrual cycle blood loss averages 25–60 mL and a loss of iron averages 0.5–1
mg daily (London, Ladewig, Ball, Bindler, & Cowen, 2011). In addition, Ms. A. has been taking
aspirin with which an adverse side effect is gastrointestinal bleeding (Deglin, Vallerand, & Sanoski,
2011). Anemia is defined as a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs), the quantity of
hemoglobin, and the volume of packed red cells to below normal levels (London et al., 2011). A
normal level of erythrocytes or RBC in a female is 4.2–5.4 x 10/mm, hemoglobin and hematocrit
should be 12–16 g/dL and 37%–47% (Pagana & Pagana, 2010). Ms. A's results are all below normal
levels. Some of her RBCs are small and pale, which indicates that there is a reduced amount of
hemoglobin available. Symptoms of IDA include fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath
(Huether & McCance,

Essay on Case Study
Running head: CASE STUDY #1
Case Study #1
Ms. A presents to the ED with complaints of lightheadedness, dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia for
the past 10–12 years, with an elevated heart and respiratory rate, temperature of 98° F, and
decreased blood pressure. She states that she takes 1000mg of aspirin every three to four hours for
six days during menstruation, and also during the summer months to relieve stiff joints to play golf.
Her laboratory values reveal the following:
Hemoglobin = 8 g/dl
Hematocrit = 32%
Erythrocyte count = 3.1 x 10/mm
RBC smear showed microcytic and hypochromic cells
Reticulocyte count = 1.5%
Other laboratory values were within normal limits. According to Ms. A's presenting ... Show more
There is about 3.47 mg of iron present in every gram of hemoglobin, consequently, every milliliter
of blood lost produces a loss of 0.5 mg of iron (Harper, 2012). The complete blood count details the
seriousness of the anemia. Microcytic and hypochromic erythropoiesis is demonstrated in chronic
iron deficiency anemia (Harper, 2012). Additional laboratory testing should include a serum iron,
total iron–binding capacity, and serum ferritin levels. The serum ferritin level has been shown to be
the most precise test utilized to diagnose iron deficiency anemia (Shersten, Bennett, and Chambers,
2007). Patients who yield a serum ferritin concentration of less than 25 ng per mL have a higher
chance of iron insufficiency (Shersten, Bennett, and Chambers, 2007). Additionally, clients with iron
deficiency anemia enhance the iron–carrying protein transferrin. "The amount of iron available to
bind to this molecule is reduced, causing a decrease in the transferrin saturation and an increase in
the total iron–binding capacity" (Shersten, Bennett, and Chambers, 2007). Examination of the stool
for the existence of hemoglobin is valuable in determining "gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding as the
etiology of iron deficiency anemia" (Harper, 2012). It is imperative to consult a gastroenterologist to
assist with the determination of a GI bleed, as endoscopy is an extremely effective means in
recognizing and managing GI bleeding (Harper, 2012).

Family Genogram is Similar to the Family Tree
Family Genogram
A genogram is a tool similar to a family tree that is used to track family history and family
relationships. Genograms contain basic information such as: names, genders, birth/death dates,
illnesses, social behaviors, achievements, education, family relationships, social relationships and
emotional relationships (Genogram Guide, 2009). This paper will summarize finding after
completing a three generation genogram of this author's family history beginning with the maternal
(Johnson) and paternal (West) grandparents. The general traits that were analyzed was the family
relationships, social disorders and medical issues associated with the family.
Medical Issues
The Johnson and West family health issues is mainly hypertension or high blood pressure (HBP) for
both male and female. An individual with a blood pressure of 140/90 or greater is considered
elevated. It is believed by the second generation, which consist of this author's mother and mother's
siblings, that hypertension was inherited from the first generation. The first generation consist of this
author's paternal and maternal grandparents. The third generation consist of this author plus this
author's aunts' and uncles' children. The third generation tend to be in better health than the first and
second generation. The third general do not have any high blood pressure problems. Several of the
men and women of the second generation are obese. Obesity is a factor that can cause HBP.
Increased

Evaluating A Medical Case Study: Ms. A
In this case study, Ms. A is a 26–year–old white woman who is experiencing low levels of energy
and shortness of breath. Ms. A also stated that these symptoms seem to get worsen during her
menses. While playing golf in a mountainous area, she had gotten lighted headed. The attending
physician had collected the objective data. The objective information is elevated heart rate and
respiratory rate while having a normal temperature. Some of Ms. A's history is have menorrhagia
and dysmenorrheal problems for the last 10 to 12 years and takes 1,000 mg of aspirin every 3 to 4
hours during her menstruation. Also during the summer when she plays golf, she takes some aspirin
to help avoid stiffness in the joints.
The attending physician request lab work

The Problem Of Chest Pain
Since most people in our society consider chest pain to be of a cardiac origin, pediatric chest pain
can not only be scary the child, but can also cause anxiety for the parents due to the fear of their
child 's condition. Luckily, many causes of chest pain are usually benign and rarely can be a sign of
cardiac disease. With this in mind, providers should complete a preliminary evaluation for chest
pain, decide on differential diagnoses, and than develop an appropriate plan. Providers should also
be aware of the most likely causes of chest pain in children, which include reactive airway disease,
musculoskeletal pain, esophagitis, gastritis, and functional pain (Hay, Levin, Deterding, Abzug,
2014). Will all of those in mind, by far the most common cause in children is chest pain from a
musculoskeletal injury. The initial evaluation should include a detailed history and physical
examination to help guide the provider to the proper workup, and rarely is there a need for
laboratory tests or evaluation by a specialist (Hay, Levin, Deterding, Abzug, 2014). First finding out
when the pain started, last month, last year, and so forth, will be of high importance, then once a
time frame is establish, details about the most recent episode should be obtained. The provider
should ask how long the pain lasted, what made it better,made it worse, and then move on to what
brought on the pain, with arm movement, breathing, dizziness, particular activity and so forth. Once
the cause

Persuasive Essay On Birth Control
For some, the existence and overall use of contraceptives has led to the reduction of poverty, the
improvement of women's health, and the promotion of gender equality, education, labor
participation, and finical readiness. However, for others, the practice of birth control has resulted in
a direct violation to the preservation of morality and religious teachings. More specifically, the
Affordable Healthcare Act's requirement to offer birth control part of employer–sponsored insurance
plans has infringed on the right to religious freedom and the conservation of God's law. Therefore,
as a result, the Trump administration is attempting to exterminate the Obama–era contraceptive
mandate in hopes of allowing any company or nonprofit group to exclude the coverage for
contraception if it has a religious or moral objection. Yet, what the Trump administration and many
anti–contraceptive activists refuse to acknowledge and/or understand is not only the advantages of
contraceptive use, but the moral grounds of what constitutes as a just law opposed to an unjust law.
Each year, approximately six million women will become pregnant in the United States. However,
instead of being met with the tremendous amount of delight, anticipation, and hopefulness of most
expectant parents, roughly half, or 2.8 million American women, will experience of a spectrum of
confusion, fear, and regret as an outcome of an unintended, unwanted, or mistimed pregnancy
("Unintended Pregnancy in the United

Disease Case Study
1.Hormonal imbalances: Heavy bleeding is noted with hormone imbalances usually during early
menarche and during perimenopausal period when hormones are changing. Hormone imbalances
can also be caused by toxins or unbalanced lifestyles. Symptoms would be weight gain, decreased
libido, fatigue, depression, insomnia, hirsutism, thinning hair, and digestion problems. Labs need to
be drawn to evaluate LH, prolactin, and TSH level. Her TSH being elevated may very well be the
reason for this patient's abnormal bleeding. Lab work will help diagnose the patient with a hormone
issue. This diagnosis cannot be ruled out at this time.
2. Fibroids: Fibroids are benign growths that are hormone dependent. They are seen in 25% of
women in reproductive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Endometrial cancer is the most common type of pelvic cancer and dysfunctional bleeding assists in
early detection. An endometrial biopsy is the definitive test done to confirm this diagnosis. A Pap
smear can also show cytology that is consistent with endometrial cancer and one should be
performed as part of the examination process. If endometrial cancer is identified, a hysterectomy
needs to be performed. While the patient had a Pap that was normal 7/2017, this condition is less
likely but cannot be ruled out until EMB results are back.
Plan
The patient came to the clinic today with no previous medical records. She was able to pull up her
ultrasound for the provider to review on a personal medical app on her phone. A medical release was
signed to retrieve her medical records from Texas. The patient has a current Pap 7/2017 that was
noted by patient to be normal. Explained to the patient that we will obtain some blood for lab work
to evaluate her hormone levels, electrolytes, and blood count. Will draw CBC with diff, CMP,
Prolactin, LH, FSH, TSH, T3, and T4. Urine pregnancy test was negative. We will order a repeat
pelvic ultrasound and a EMB was performed in the office. The results will be back within one week.
The provider explained that the patient will need to return to the office after ultrasound, lab work,
and EMB results are back to discuss results and plan of care. Explained that

Anemia In Our Body System
Anemia is a condition in which one lacks an adequate amount of healthy red blood cells (RBC)
needed to transport the appropriate amount of oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body.
The body systems affected by anemia include the Circulatory/Cardiovascular, Respiratory,
Integumentary, and the Musculoskeletal System. The system or systems affected depends on the
type of anemia acquired or disease acquired causing the anemic state. All of our body systems need
healthy blood to function to their best ability; anemia prevents proper functionality.
Anemia has many causes and the associated symptoms vary depending on the type of anemia. The
most common symptoms are fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Other symptoms include an increase
in

Gynecologic Case Study
Subjective
C/C: "I'm here for my routine gynecologic visit"
HPI: 45 year old G2P2 female presents to the office today for a routine gynecologic check including
breast, external genital exam, and pelvic exam with no recent medical issues. Patient noted her
menstrual cycle occurs every 30 days with bleeding lasting 7 days with associated symptoms.
Denies dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, vaginal discharge, itchiness or lesions
on external genitalia. LMP 6/1/2017. Admits to abdominal bloating and fullness. States her daughter
told her that her abdomen appears to be swollen and has increased in size. Denies any contraceptive
use.
PMH:
Past medical history o Hypertension
Allergies o None
Medications o Lisinopril
Hospitalizations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are usually 3 to 8 cm in size and are asymptomatic and unilateral. Additional findings can
include a large follicular cyst which causes a tender palpable ovarian mass and can lead to ovarian
torsion when greater than 4 cm in size. Follicular cyst usually resolves spontaneously in 60 to 90
days. Another type of ovarian cyst are corpus luteum cyst which occur during the luteal phase of the
menstrual cycle and are formed due to the corpus luteum failing to regress after 14 days and
becomes enlarged or hemorrhagic. Patients usually present with dull lower quadrant

Why Teenagers Play Yoga
Why teenagers should play Yoga Yoga is well–known as one of an exercise that people play in the
nowadays. Yoga is the practice of mind and body which originate in ancient India philosophy. There
are various types of Yoga connect the breathing techniques, relaxation or concentration and physical
posture together. Gurudev Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, a spiritual leader and founder of the Art of Living
Foundation stated that "Yoga is not just exercise and asanas. It is the emotional integration and
spiritual elevation with a touch of the mystic element, which gives you a glimpse of something
beyond all imagination." From practicing in history to the current popular exercise, Yoga was
adjusted from the original. Yoga began to gain popularity in the West ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Actually, Yoga is suitable for everyone but in this essay, we will discuss good effects of Yoga for
teens. Yoga is a great choice for teenagers who need to improve their body shape in a healthy and fit
way. It can help in develop a healthy mind and healthy body in a disciplined manner. Most of the
teenagers are have a problem with their body shape. Especially in girls, they trying so hard to
change their appearance. Yoga is well–known in helping lose weight, but it must be done along with
food control. There are other health benefits results of usually practicing Yoga. For instance, Yoga
helps teens overcome their self–image that imperfect and also promotes self–awareness to teens.
When teenagers face daily pressures, it can cause stress in them and the results are they gains more
weight and ruin their shape. In this case, Yoga can help. Practicing of Yoga can prevent weight
gaining, so they still keep and improve their perfect shape. Furthermore, Yoga also enhances the
personality of those who practice. More from the paragraph above, in the case of university's girl
that received many good results from practicing Yoga. She added: "Yoga enhances my personality.
Both standing and walking or sitting, I feel not humpback as I've been before, which is a very good
thing. In addition, I also feel that my body is more flexible as well." Here are some benefits of Yoga
to teenagers, if they keep practicing, it can guarantee that they will have both healthy mind and
firmly

Anemia: Medical Case Study of Ms A
Case Study # 1 It is common for women to experience heavy menstrual bleeding at some point in
their life. These periods can be painful making it difficult for one to function in their daily work. A
good percentage of women who experience this situation also known as menorrhagia goes on to
develop anemia. Ms. A. a 26–year–old white woman had been experiencing increased shortness of
breath, low energy levels and these symptoms got worse during her menstruation periods. She had
also been experiencing Menorrhagia and dysmenorrheal for the last 10–12 years. There is a
possibility that Ms. A could be suffering from anemia. Moreover, on the day she was taken to the
emergency clinic, she experienced light–headedness the attending physician's notes indicated a temp
of 98 degrees F, an elevated heart rate and respiratory rate, and low blood pressure. According to a
study done by Ilyas , et al. (2012 ), Iron deficiency (ID) is majorly responsible for the cause of
nutritional anemia. Specifically Menorrhagia responsible for loss of more than 80 mL during the
menstrual periods is the most common cause of anemia in young women. Consequently, anemia
commonly causes reduction of oxygen movement in the blood, causing fatigue and a diminished
physical capacity. In addition, even moderate anemia can bring about shortness of breath, rapid heart
rate, lightheadedness as well headaches. Based on the above clinical symptoms that suggest anemia,
the detection or confirmation require a complete

The Use Of Intrauterine Devices ( Iud )
The use of intrauterine devices (IUD) by women is commonplace. Worldwide, IUDs are the most
used method of contraception, used by almost one–fourth of all female contraceptive users. The
typical indication for IUDs is as a method of long acting reversible contraception. Intrauterine
devices are effective, safe, easy to insert and relatively inexpensive (Dean & Goldberg, 2016).
Therefore, in treating women of childbearing years, the Nurse Practitioner will educate this patient
population about the risks and benefits of the IUD, as well as the risks and expected side effects.
The NP can provide a group of questions to the patient and mate to determine the appropriate choice
of contraception. (See table 1).
Prior to the consideration of the insertion of an IUD, the patient must have a negative pregnancy
test, and no active cervical, vaginal or bladder infections. The patient cannot have an untreated
abnormal PAP smear, active liver disease, breast cancer or an compromised immune system.
Intrauterine devices (IUD) are constructed from plastic in the United States (US). Worldwide,
however, steel is also used. Currently, the categories of IUDs in the US are: copper–releasing,
progesterone releasing or inert. Except for the unmedicated type, the IUDs release either copper or
progesterone in order to potentiate the effectiveness of the intrauterine device. There are four types
of IUDs available in the United States. The copper IUD is named ParaGuard and is approved by the
FDA for

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