The document discusses particulate matter (PM) air pollution, including what PM is, its health risks like premature death and respiratory disease, how it is regulated, where it originates from both natural and human sources, and the extensive research that has been done to understand its effects through epidemiological studies and the setting of future research priorities.
A national study on long-term exposure to air pollution to human health and correlation to COVID-19 mortality - pollution kills and every 1ug/m3 PM 2.5 increases the death rate from COVID by 15%.
A national study on long-term exposure to air pollution to human health and correlation to COVID-19 mortality - pollution kills and every 1ug/m3 PM 2.5 increases the death rate from COVID by 15%.
Air pollution is a familiar environmental health hazard. We know what we’re looking at
when brown haze settles over a city, exhaust billows across a busy highway, or a plume
rises from a smokestack. Some air pollution is not seen, but its pungent smell alerts you.
It is a major threat to global health and prosperity. Air pollution, in all forms, is responsible
for more than 6.5 million deaths each year globally, a number that has increased over the
past two decades.
Air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources.
Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing
and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical
production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution.
Nature releases hazardous substances into the air, such as smoke from wildfires, which are
often caused by people; ash and gases from volcanic eruptions; and gases, like methane,
which are emitted from decomposing organic matter in soils.
Running head AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1.docxtoddr4
Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Date
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical problem of the modern world, which has posed dangerous toxicological effects to the environment and human health. Haze is among the most significant pollutants of the new civilized world. Haze originates from various emissions; however, industrial processes and vehicular emissions contribute to significant factors that lead to the formation of haze. As documented by the World Health Organization, six principal air contaminants include ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and Sulphur dioxide. Continuous exposure to factors that contribute to the formation of haze promote various toxicological effects on human life such as cardiovascular as well as respiratory ailments, irritation of the eyes, long term chronic ailments like cancer, and neuropsychiatric issues. Air pollution by haze is reported to be a major environmental threat in the progression and incidence of some health complications such as low birth weight, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson’ diseases, lung cancer, autism, fetal growth, psychological problems, and ventricular hypertrophy. In this research paper, major causes of pollution by haze are discussed, emission sources and subsequent effects on human wellbeing.
Air Pollution by Haze
The social and economic activities of densely populated areas release large volumes of fine particulate matters. While these fine particulate materials unendingly pile beyond the ability of atmospheric self-cleaning to eradicate it, the haze weather is created. Haze weather is usually a mixture of the effects of stable and static weather. Current scientific studies conducted mostly in western Europe and North America demonstrate that air pollution in urban areas as a result of haze is triggering numerous health issues from eye itching to death. Increase in the speed for urbanization and industrialization in major cities of the world has led to growth in the badness of urban air pollution. “Amounts of fine particles are usually in thousands of micrograms in cubic meter across many cities of the world that are going through modern industrialization” (Astrobum, Apr 30 2017). Grievous installments of air pollution have wrapped a better part of the world. By November 2015, for instance, in China, the cities located to the northern area of the country have recently experienced high levels of haze due to the rise in particulate matter. The particulate matter increased from 360 to 700 µg/m3 up to 28 times much above the levels recommended by the world health organization (WHO).
Exposure to particulate matter has often been linked with numerous health problems; however, issues related to mortality are undeniably the most important to address since they are also among the prevalently amenable issues to the assessment of the world. Most epidemiological da.
Assess and Forecast Air Pollution Using Environmental APIsAmbee
With the advancement of air pollution management and research since the 1960s, it has become more important for people to
understand the impact of pollen API and environmental API. The Ambee Pollen API makes it easy for customers to generate data
with just a few clicks.
Developing World and Occupational Health ImpactsAI Publications
The environment is an integral part of human life the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Occupational environment presents potential health hazards to workers employed in a variety of positions. This review adds to a growing body of evidence that PM is really harmful to health increasing overall mortality mostly deaths from cardiovascular disease as well as deaths from respiratory diseases.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Case studies in improving urban air qualityngocjos
IGU study finds that the switch to natural gas helps mega-cities dramatically improve air quality and reduce emissions of GHG and air pollutants – enhancing and saving lives. On the sidelines of the COP21 negotiations in Paris the IGU has released a major study that highlights the interconnection that exists between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing emissions of other air pollutants. It presents case studies of efforts in four cities — New York, Istanbul, Toronto, and Beijing — that have tackled or are tackling the issue of improving urban air quality and where gas has featured as the main contributor to their efforts. These cities can provide lessons for other cities seeking to reduce the potentially severe health consequences of urban air pollution.
Many forms of atmospheric pollution affect human health
and the environment at levels from local to global. These
contaminants are emitted from diverse sources, and some
of them react together to form new compounds in the air.
Industrialized nations have made important progress toward controlling some pollutants in recent decades, but air quality is much worse in many developing countries, and global circulation patterns can transport some types of pollution rapidly around the world. In this unit, discover the basic chemistry of atmospheric pollution and learn which human activities have the greatest impacts on air quality.
Why Do People Get Sick in Damp Buildings? The joint conference of the Wisconsin Environmental Health Association and the Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health (Wisconsin Department of Health Services).
Air pollution is a familiar environmental health hazard. We know what we’re looking at
when brown haze settles over a city, exhaust billows across a busy highway, or a plume
rises from a smokestack. Some air pollution is not seen, but its pungent smell alerts you.
It is a major threat to global health and prosperity. Air pollution, in all forms, is responsible
for more than 6.5 million deaths each year globally, a number that has increased over the
past two decades.
Air pollution is a mix of hazardous substances from both human-made and natural sources.
Vehicle emissions, fuel oils and natural gas to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing
and power generation, particularly coal-fueled power plants, and fumes from chemical
production are the primary sources of human-made air pollution.
Nature releases hazardous substances into the air, such as smoke from wildfires, which are
often caused by people; ash and gases from volcanic eruptions; and gases, like methane,
which are emitted from decomposing organic matter in soils.
Running head AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1.docxtoddr4
Running head: AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
AIR POLLUTION BY HAZE 1
Air Pollution by Haze
Student’s Name
Instructor’s Name
Date
Abstract
Air pollution is a critical problem of the modern world, which has posed dangerous toxicological effects to the environment and human health. Haze is among the most significant pollutants of the new civilized world. Haze originates from various emissions; however, industrial processes and vehicular emissions contribute to significant factors that lead to the formation of haze. As documented by the World Health Organization, six principal air contaminants include ground-level ozone, lead, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxides, and Sulphur dioxide. Continuous exposure to factors that contribute to the formation of haze promote various toxicological effects on human life such as cardiovascular as well as respiratory ailments, irritation of the eyes, long term chronic ailments like cancer, and neuropsychiatric issues. Air pollution by haze is reported to be a major environmental threat in the progression and incidence of some health complications such as low birth weight, asthma, Alzheimer and Parkinson’ diseases, lung cancer, autism, fetal growth, psychological problems, and ventricular hypertrophy. In this research paper, major causes of pollution by haze are discussed, emission sources and subsequent effects on human wellbeing.
Air Pollution by Haze
The social and economic activities of densely populated areas release large volumes of fine particulate matters. While these fine particulate materials unendingly pile beyond the ability of atmospheric self-cleaning to eradicate it, the haze weather is created. Haze weather is usually a mixture of the effects of stable and static weather. Current scientific studies conducted mostly in western Europe and North America demonstrate that air pollution in urban areas as a result of haze is triggering numerous health issues from eye itching to death. Increase in the speed for urbanization and industrialization in major cities of the world has led to growth in the badness of urban air pollution. “Amounts of fine particles are usually in thousands of micrograms in cubic meter across many cities of the world that are going through modern industrialization” (Astrobum, Apr 30 2017). Grievous installments of air pollution have wrapped a better part of the world. By November 2015, for instance, in China, the cities located to the northern area of the country have recently experienced high levels of haze due to the rise in particulate matter. The particulate matter increased from 360 to 700 µg/m3 up to 28 times much above the levels recommended by the world health organization (WHO).
Exposure to particulate matter has often been linked with numerous health problems; however, issues related to mortality are undeniably the most important to address since they are also among the prevalently amenable issues to the assessment of the world. Most epidemiological da.
Assess and Forecast Air Pollution Using Environmental APIsAmbee
With the advancement of air pollution management and research since the 1960s, it has become more important for people to
understand the impact of pollen API and environmental API. The Ambee Pollen API makes it easy for customers to generate data
with just a few clicks.
Developing World and Occupational Health ImpactsAI Publications
The environment is an integral part of human life the quality of which plays a critical role in human health. Occupational environment presents potential health hazards to workers employed in a variety of positions. This review adds to a growing body of evidence that PM is really harmful to health increasing overall mortality mostly deaths from cardiovascular disease as well as deaths from respiratory diseases.
Environmental health Effect and Air Pollution from cigarette smokers in Cross...IOSR Journals
This study is aimed at assessing the cause of air pollution and Environmental health effect on people living in Cross River State using cigarette smokers as a case study. Data was gathered through a well designed and articulated oral and written questionnaires, direct and first-hand observation of the environment, and comprehensive interview sessions were carried out with community Heads (Royal Authorities where possible), patients and youths. A total of one hundred and seventeen thousand (117,000) questionnaires were randomly distributed evenly to men of about 20-75years old in all the Eighteen (18) Local Government Area in Cross River State. Eighty seven thousand, five hundred and thirty three (87,533) valid questionnaire were received back. Nine hundred (900) of the people reported that they do not smoke any cigarette. Table 1 shows the total number of people who smoke cigarette. Table 2a,b show the total number of patients with smoking related diseases. Most of these patients with smoking related diseases such as decrease in lung function, increase of heart attack, Respiratory diseases, cancer, asthma, and other health effects are having those disease conditions as a result of their smoking habits.
Case studies in improving urban air qualityngocjos
IGU study finds that the switch to natural gas helps mega-cities dramatically improve air quality and reduce emissions of GHG and air pollutants – enhancing and saving lives. On the sidelines of the COP21 negotiations in Paris the IGU has released a major study that highlights the interconnection that exists between reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing emissions of other air pollutants. It presents case studies of efforts in four cities — New York, Istanbul, Toronto, and Beijing — that have tackled or are tackling the issue of improving urban air quality and where gas has featured as the main contributor to their efforts. These cities can provide lessons for other cities seeking to reduce the potentially severe health consequences of urban air pollution.
Many forms of atmospheric pollution affect human health
and the environment at levels from local to global. These
contaminants are emitted from diverse sources, and some
of them react together to form new compounds in the air.
Industrialized nations have made important progress toward controlling some pollutants in recent decades, but air quality is much worse in many developing countries, and global circulation patterns can transport some types of pollution rapidly around the world. In this unit, discover the basic chemistry of atmospheric pollution and learn which human activities have the greatest impacts on air quality.
Why Do People Get Sick in Damp Buildings? The joint conference of the Wisconsin Environmental Health Association and the Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health (Wisconsin Department of Health Services).
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
3. What is Particulate Matter?
Particulate matter (PM)
describes a wide variety of
airborne material. PM pollution
consists of materials (including
dust, smoke, and soot), that are
directly emitted into the air or
result from the transformation of
gaseous pollutants. Particles
come from natural sources (e.g.,
volcanic eruptions) and human
activities such as burning fossil
fuels, incinerating wastes, and
smelting metals.
Image from http://www.epa.gov/eogapti1/
module3/distribu/distribu.htm
4. How is PM Regulated?
PM is one of the six EPA “criteria pollutants” that have been
determined to be harmful to public health and the environment.
(The other five are ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
carbon monoxide, and lead.)
EPA is required under the Clean Air Act to set national ambient
air quality standards (NAAQS) to protect public health from
exposure to these pollutants. Areas that exceed the NAAQS are
designated as nonattainment, and must institute air pollution
control programs to reduce air pollution to levels that meet the
NAAQS.
5. PM
Where Does PM Originate?
VOCs
NO2
SO2
Sources may emit PM directly into the environment or emit precursors
such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), which are transformed through
atmospheric chemistry to form PM.
Ammonia (NH3)
Ammonia (NH3)
6. Sources of PM and PM Precursors
Mobile Sources
(vehicles)
VOCs, NO2, PM
Stationary Sources
(power plants, factories)
NO2, SO2, PM
Area Sources
(drycleaners, gas stations)
VOCs
Natural Sources
(forest fires, volcanoes)
PM
7. Determinants of PM Concentration
• Weather patterns
• Wind
• Stability (vertical movement of air)
• Turbulence
• Precipitation
• Topography
• Smokestack height and temperature of gases
Nearby natural and built structures may lead to downward moving
currents causing aerodynamic or building downwash of
smokestack emissions.
8. The Role of Inversions
An inversion is an extremely
stable layer of the atmosphere
that forms over areas.
Temperature inversions trap
pollutants close to the ground.
These inversions involve layers
of hot air sitting above cooler air
near ground level. When
particles accumulate in the air
layer, they are unable to rise
into the atmosphere where
winds will disperse them.
Source: http://www.epa.gov/apti/ course422/
ce1.html
9. 1930: Meuse River Valley, Belgium
• An inversion led to a high concentration of
pollutants during a period of cold, damp
weather
• Main sources: zinc smelter, sulfuric acid
factory, glass manufacturers
• 60 deaths recorded
1948: Donora, Pennsylvania
• Similar inversion to Meuse River Valley
• Main sources: iron and steel factories, zinc
smelting, and an acid plant
• 20 deaths observed
1952: London
• Killer fog (right)
• Primary source: domestic coal burning
• 4,500 excess deaths recorded during week-
long period in December
The Great London Smog
(1952)
Major Episodes of Severe Air Pollution
due to Inversions
10. Establishing a particle size
definition for irregularly shaped
particles necessitates the use of a
standardized measure referred to
as the aerodynamic diameter,
measured in microns or
micrometers (μm), a unit equal to
one millionth of a meter. The graph
at the right shows the distribution of
the 4 main particle size categories,
with the categories historically and
currently regulated by EPA
indicated below. By comparison, a
human hair is approximately 70
microns in diameter.
Top: Modified from Online Reference Module by JR
Richards et al. http://registrar.ies. ncsu.edu/ol_2000.
Bottom: U.S. EPA. Office of Research and Development.
Particulate Matter:
Aerodynamic Diameter
11. Size is important to the behavior
of PM in the atmosphere and
human body and determines the
entry and absorption potential
for particles in the lungs.
Particles larger than 10 mm are
trapped in the nose and throat
and never reach the lungs.
Therefore, particles 10 mm in
diameter or less are of most
concern for their effects on
human health. Particles between
5 and 10 mm are removed by
physical processes in the throat.
Particles smaller than 5 mm
reach the bronchial tubes, while
particles 2.5 mm in diameter or
smaller are breathed into the
deepest portions of the lungs.
Image: PM2.5. By D. Hershey. From New York
State Department of Environmental Conservation.
http://www.dec.state.ny.us/website/dar/baqs/micro
/two.html
Particulate Matter:
Size Matters
12. • Premature death
• Lung cancer
• Exacerbation of COPD
• Development of chronic lung disease
• Heart attacks
• Hospital admissions and ER visits for heart and lung disease
• Respiratory symptoms and medication use in people with
chronic lung disease and asthma
• Decreased lung function
• Pre-term birth
• Low birth weight
What Adverse Health Effects
Have Been Linked to PM?
13. Increasing Evidence of
Cardiovascular Effects
Until the mid 1990s, most
research focused on the
association of PM exposure with
respiratory disease. Since then,
there has been growing evidence
of cardiovascular health effects
from PM.
Source: Pope and Dockery, JAWMA, 2006
14. Toxicological, clinical and
epidemiological studies have
increased understanding of the
mechanism of action by which
PM leads to mortality and lung and
heart disease.
For example, at right are stained
photomicrographs of abdominal
arteries from mice exposed to
filtered air and air polluted with fine
particulate matter, with the
increased arterial blockage in the
PM-exposed mice providing
scientific support for the link
between PM and atherosclerosis
found in a study of human subjects
(Kunzli et al., 2005). Sun et al. JAMA, 2005
Integrating Toxicology, Epidemiology
and Clinical Studies
15. Several theories have been advanced as to the mechanism of
action. It is likely that more than one mechanism is involved in
causing PM-related health effects. Theories include the following:
4. PM causes inflammation
of lung tissue, resulting in
the release of chemicals
that impact heart function;
5. PM causes changes in
blood chemistry that
results in clots that can
cause heart attacks.
1. PM leads to lung irritation
which leads to increase
permeability in lung tissue;
2. PM increases susceptibility to
viral and bacterial pathogens
leading to pneumonia in
vulnerable persons who are
unable to clear these infections;
3. PM aggravates the severity
of chronic lung diseases
causing rapid loss of airway
function;
How Does PM Cause Health Effects?
16. Types of Air Pollution and Health
Studies
• Ecologic study – Examines the association between exposure rates
and disease rates in a group over time. In ecologic studies, the
exposure and disease status of individuals in the group are unknown.
Therefore, one limitation of this study design is that those exposed and
those with the disease may not be the same individuals.
• Time-series study – Analyzes a series of data points that results from
repeated measurements over time. Adjustments are made for cyclical
or seasonal trends such as daily peaks in PM levels or annual influenza
trends in order to identify larger trends that demonstrate the association
between exposure and disease.
• Cohort study – The health status of individuals in a cohort (i.e., group
of study participants) whose exposure status is known at the start of the
study is monitored over time to see if there is an association between
their exposure and particular health outcomes.
17. Donora, PA at noon on Oct. 29, 1948. Photo source:
Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - Early Studies
Early studies of air pollution
concentrated on the severe
episodes described earlier.
These episodes demonstrated a
clear link between increased
levels of ambient pollution and
adverse health outcomes.
Methods used to describe these
events included population
surveys, ecological studies,
and, later, time-series analyses.
18. The London Fog event of
1952 provides a clear
example of an early time-
series analysis. The figure
to the right shows the
estimates of weekly
mortality and average sulfur
dioxide concentrations for
London during the winter of
1952-53. Deaths in
December increased
approximately 2.5 times
over comparable periods in
1947 to 1951, and remained
elevated through February
1953. Source: http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/
studentwebs/session4/27/greatsmog52.htm
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - The London Fog
19. The modern era of air pollution
research involved using laboratory
sampling equipment and
epidemiologic methods to
determine personal exposures and
to monitor health effects. These
efforts were used in the Harvard
Six Cities Study, a prospective
study pioneered in 1973, in which
mortality data from a cohort of
adults in six cities with different
levels of air pollution were
analyzed, controlling for behavioral
risk factors such as smoking. This
study led to more complex
techniques for both measuring
exposure and modeling the
exposure-response relationship
between PM and health endpoints.
Source: Dockery D, et al. An Association between
Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities, NEJM
1993; 329 (24):1753-1759.
P=Portage, WI H=Harriman, TN
T=Topeka, KS L=St. Louis, MO
W=Watertown, MA
S=Steubenville, OH
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - Modern Studies
20. More recent studies have
introduced sophisticated statistical
approaches to the time-series
relationship. The National
Morbidity, Mortality, and Air
Pollution Study (NMMAPS) has
made substantial contributions
towards understanding the
association of PM with mortality by
applying a consistent approach to
data collected at 90 different sites
across the nation.
The graph at the right shows the
relative rates of mortality per 10 μg
increase in PM10 levels for the 90
individual study sites.
The Evolution of Air Pollution
Research Methods - Multiple Sites
Source: Samet JM, Zeger SL, Dominici FD et al. 2000. The
National Morbidity, Mortality, and Air Pollution Study. Part
II: Morbidity and Mortality from Air Pollution in the United
States. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute.
21. Air Pollution Research:
Setting the Future Agenda
The Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate
Matter was established by the National Research Council in January
1998 in response to a request from Congress and the EPA. The
Committee produced 4 reports over the period 1998 – 2004.
I. Immediate Priorities
and a Long-Range
Research Portfolio
II. Evaluating Research
Progress and Updating
the Portfolio
III. Early Research
Progress
IV. Continuing Research
Progress
22. Research Priorities
The Committee identified ten research areas of priority in
establishing the relation between PM exposure and public health:
1. Outdoor measures vs. actual
human exposure
2. Exposures of susceptible
subpopulations to toxic PM
components
3. Characterization of emission
sources
4. Air-Quality-Model development
and testing
5. Assessment of hazardous
particulate matter components
6. Dosimetry: Deposition and
fate of particles in the
respiratory tract
7. Combined effects of PM and
gaseous co-pollutants
8. Susceptible subpopulations
9. Mechanisms of injury
10. Analysis and measurement
23. For More Information
Further information on particulate matter air pollution is
available at:
http://www.healtheffects.org/
http://www.epa.gov/oar/particlepollution/
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_index.html
http://www.epa.gov/air/oaqps/greenbk/pindex.html