all about parkinsons disease

2. PARKINSON
DISEASE

3.  INTRODUCTION:-
It was described by a doctor called james
parkinson in 1817.
Parkinson disease is a chronic disease that
causes mental and physical disorder.

4. DEFINITION:-
Parkinson disease is a brain disorder.It occur
when certain nerve cells(neurons) in a part of the
brain called the substantia nigra die or become
impaired.
 Dopamine allows smooth,coordinated function of
the body muscles and movement.When
approximately 80% of the dopamine producing
cells are damaged ,the symptoms of parkinson

5.  SUBSTANTIANIGRA:-
The substantia nigra is a basal ganglia structure located in
the midbrain that plays an important role
in reward and movement. Parkinson's disease is
characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the
substantia nigra pars compacta.
The pars compacta is a portion of the substantia nigra,
located in the midbrain. It is formed by dopaminergic
neurons and located medial to pars reticulata. Parkinson's
disease is characterized by the death of dopaminergic

7. INCIDENCE:-
• 1in 100 people older then 65 yr. Suffers from
parkinson’s.
•Usually begins after age 50.Although more cases
are detected between 70-80 yr. Of age.
•Parkinson’s disease in an irreversible
neurodegenerative disorder that affects 55% in
males and 45% in female.

8. CAUSES:-
Idiopathic
Genetic factor:-
In large population studies, researchers have
found that people with an affected first-degree
relative, such as a parent or sibling, have a four
to nine percent higher chance of developing PD,
as compared to the general population.

9. CONT….:-
Enviromental factors:-
Rural living
Well water
Manganese
Pesticides
MPTP, a synthetic heroin contaminant, can cause
severe parkinson's disease.

10. CONT....:-
Age:-
More cases of parkinson’s disease are found
mostly in 70-80 yr. Age group people.
Sex:-
Males are more common then the females.
 Exposures to toxins

11. CONT….:-
Head injury
Stress
Mutation

12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:-
Due to etiological factor
Nerve cell affected(die or impaired)
Low secreation of dopamine
Sign & symptoms devlop

13. SIGN & SYMPTOMS:-
Diffculty in movement
Anomalies in position
Tremors
Walk in inappropriate way
Rigidity

14. CONT….:-
Depression
Skin disorder
Sleep disorder
Sexual problem
Disorder of speech

16. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:-
History taking
Physical examination
MRI
Ultasound of the brain
PET scan & SPCET scan
CSF examination

19. PREVENTION:-
Intake vitamin E
Intake vitamin b6(like meat, liver, fish, yolk
or egg)
Make exercise
Drink between four and six cups of coffee

20. TREATMENT:-
Anticholinergics
Levodopa
Bromocriptine
Selegiline
Antadine

22. CONT….:-
Deep brain stimulation:-it is a surgical
procedure use to treat parkinson disease. An
electrode is placed in the deep with in the parts of
the brain that control movement(thalamus) and
connect to a pulse generator implanted in the
skin in upper chest. The electrode block the nerve
pathway in the brain that cause tremors.

23.  CONT….:-
Neural transplantation:-surgical
implementation of aderenal medullary tissue
into the carpus striatum is performed in an
effort to re-establish normal dopamine
release.

24. MANAGEMENT:-
Encourage independence. Provide assistive devices as
appropriate
Provide rest periods between activities.
Provide frequent warm baths and massage to help relax
muscles and relieve muscle cramps.
Protect the patient from injury.
Monitor drug treatment and report
any adverse reactions.

25. NSG. DIAGNOSIS:-
Ineffective airway clearance
Impaired verbal communication
Impaired physical mobility
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements
Impaired swallowing
Risk for injury
Deficient knowledge