Paraquat is a toxic herbicide that can cause severe injury or death if ingested. It is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, accumulating in tissues and causing oxidative damage through free radicals. Clinical signs of poisoning include vomiting, respiratory distress, and eventual multi-organ failure. Diagnosis is made through tissue examination, chemical analysis of samples, and observation of characteristic lung pathology. Treatment focuses on decontamination, supportive care, and antioxidants, though prognosis is generally poor following significant ingestion. A new formulation using an alginate additive has shown promise in reducing absorption and toxicity when ingested.
As this herbicide poisoning is frequent with poor outcomes so its management needs to be discussed and awareness should be raised among farmers about its use and pre-hospital treatments.
Toxicology on aluminium phosphide, the characteristics, fatal dose,fatal period, sign and symptoms, postmortem appearance and medicolegal importance are discussed.
As this herbicide poisoning is frequent with poor outcomes so its management needs to be discussed and awareness should be raised among farmers about its use and pre-hospital treatments.
Toxicology on aluminium phosphide, the characteristics, fatal dose,fatal period, sign and symptoms, postmortem appearance and medicolegal importance are discussed.
Rodenticide Poisoning + Rat Killer paste poisoning managementVasif Mayan
Rodenticide paste poisoning
Case Study
Clinical features
Management
Investigations
Treatment guidelines
pathogenesis
N acetyl cysteine
Coumarins
other rodenticides
Rodenticide Poisoning + Rat Killer paste poisoning managementVasif Mayan
Rodenticide paste poisoning
Case Study
Clinical features
Management
Investigations
Treatment guidelines
pathogenesis
N acetyl cysteine
Coumarins
other rodenticides
Preconception Counseling - A Critical Window for Health Promotion v2zq
Preconception Counseling - A Critical Window for Health Promotion - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ healthandenvironment.org
Non-human primates in research and safety testingGreenFacts
Every year, more than 100 000 monkeys and apes are used for biomedical research around the world. Their genetic similarities to humans make them particularly suitable candidates for testing the safety of new drugs and for studying infectious diseases or the brain. But those very similarities to humans also raise specific ethical questions about their use for scientific experiments.
Are there alternatives to the use of non-human primates in research and testing? Would it be feasible to stop using them altogether?
this lecture give general overview on BIORISK management
as :
Contaminant principles and practices that are implemented to prevent the unintentional exposure to pathogens and toxins, or their accidental release defined as Biosafety
principles, technologies and practices and strategies aimed at minimizing the intentional misuse and release of a biological agent defined as Biosecurity
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
EU REACH regulation changed the way to do chemical risk assessment. All chemicals marketed or manufactured in the EU must have its own dossier. Non standard methods including alternatives to animal testing are accepted.
Half Italian, half English
2. Headlines July 2003 – Laurelhurst Park, Portland, OR(11) August 2004 – Willamette Park, Portland, OR(11) Images: http://www.aspca.org/site/DocServer/vetm0904_755-762.pdf?docID=5581&AddInterest=1101
3. Why can’t we fix this?How do I recognize/Differentiate clinical signs?
4. 1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridylium Uses Non-selective contact herbicide Allowed no-till farming Sources Restricted Use Pesticide Commercial Applicator License(13) Today products have <0.44% paraquat(4) Older products with 50% paraquat can be found(4) Protective Measures Emetics, Bitters, Odor, Color Image: http://agri.astate.edu/weeds/select_images.html
6. Mechanism of Toxicity Paraquat is taken up actively and selectively Polyamine transporter(4,15) Required for maintenance of high metabolic activity levels Cells depend on them for growth, renewal and metabolism Type I and II Alveolar cells most commonly affected by toxicity(4) Damage mostly confined to areas with high accumulations of paraquat
7. Mechanism of Toxicity Absorbed portion accumulates in tissues Cyclic oxidation-reduction rxns free radicals Oxygen and hydroxyl Free radicals overwhelm cellular defense Cause damage to tissues, esp membrane lipids Image: http://www.syngenta.com/pqmedguide/downloads/paraquat_booklet.pdf
8. Clinical Signs & Pathophysiology GI upset and vomiting present at all levels of toxicity Remember: emetics added to formulation “Early” Signs: Compromised renal function Mild hypertension Pulmonary alveolar damage Edema Hemorrhage Inevitable: Death by respiratory failure Image: 2007 MS ClipArt
11. [Realistic] Diagnosis Histologic examination of tissues Dithionite reaction/dithionite spot test Elevated Serum Lipase Radiographs CAUTION – Misdiagnoses/Complications Ingestion of unknown food Vomiting may be only clinical sign Serum lipase – ddx: pancreatitis Radiographs – usually appreciate abnormalities in late stage of toxicity Images: http://www.achilles-online.com
12. Treatment EARLY! Within hours in order to be effective Adsorbent(4) Fullers Earth, Activated Charcoal (rodent - add Mg citrate!)(4) ER? Kitty litter Caution with esophageal tubes Remove it(4) Emesis – but then control Gastric lavage Fluids/Forced Diuresis(4,5) Analgesics – opiates best(5) NO OXYGEN!(4,5) Nitrous Oxide improves gas exchange
13. Treatment in Research Taurine @CRI, followed by hemodialysis(8) Antioxidants(4,5) N-acetyl cysteine(5) Desferriozamine(5) Propanolol(5) Collagen synthesis inhibitor(4) Radiotherapy(5) Lung Transplant(5)
14. Prognosis Prognosis – Grave Depends on circumstance of poisoning: Good circumstances: inhalation, skin exposure, dilute formula Bad circumstances: ingestion Image: http://www.syngenta.com/pqmedguide/downloads/paraquat_booklet.pdf
19. Lack of:Renal, hepatic, pancreatic, or respiratory failure Image: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/66/187783004_db3362fd81.jpg?v=0
20. But there IS hope!! Image: www.syngentacropprotection-us.com Different Formulation Alginate Additive GramoxoneInteon(7,14) First used in human medicine for acid reflux Gelling action extends paraquat retention in stomach 0.79% absorbed/hour Other Possibilities… A higher concentration (10g/L) would be better(7) Require mixing prior to use?(2,17) Image: 2007 MS ClipArt
21. Resources AG PICoboSCP. Paraquat: Get the Facts at the Paraquat Information Center. 2008; http://www.paraquat.com/, 2008. Betman ND. New Formulation of Paraquat: A Step in the Wrong Direction? Public Library of Science. 2008. Broyhill I. Personal Safety Procedures. 2006; http://www.broyhill.com/images/interior/safety.gif. Cope RB, BCs, BVSc, PhD. Helping animals exposed to the herbicide paraquat. Veterinary Medicine. 2004;September 2004:755-762. http://www.aspca.org/site/DocServer/vetm0904_755-762.pdf?docID=5581&AddInterest=1101. CTL S. Paraquat Poisoning a practical guide to diagnosis, first aid and hospital treatment2008. Hampson EC, Pond SM. Ultrastructure of canine lung during the proliferative phase of paraquat toxicity. Br J Exp Pathol. Feb 1988;69(1):57-68. Heylings JR, Farnworth MJ, Swain CM, Clapp MJ, Elliott BM. Identification of an alginate-based formulation of paraquat to reduce the exposure of the herbicide following oral ingestion. Toxicology. Nov 20 2007;241(1-2):1-10. Izumi K, Nagata R, Motoya T, et al. Preventive effect of taurine against acute paraquat intoxication in beagles. Jpn J Pharmacol. Jun 1989;50(2):229-233. Paula. Path Gallery. In: Paraquat Toxicity l, dog, 20x, ed. Picasa Web Albums.Vol 2007. Prevention CfDCa. Facts about Paraquat. 2006; http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/paraquat/basics/facts.asp, 2008. Robben J. Test on dead dog points to paraquat. Portland Tribune. 7/25/2003, 2003. Spradley P. Pesticide Commercial Applicator License for Applying Restricted Use Pesticides. 2006; http://www.aragriculture.org/pesticides/training/commlicense.htm. Syngenta. GramoxoneInteon Label2008. Wallace HM, Fraser AV, and Hughes A. A Perspective of Polyamine Metabolism. Biochemical Journal. 2003(376):1-14. Wiesbrook M. Recent Happenings with Paraquat. May 2006 Newsletter. 2006. http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/ipr/i4147_829.html#2. Wilks MS, al e. Improvement in Survival After Paraquat Ingestion Following Introduction of a New Formulation in Sri Lanka. PLoS Medicine. 2008;5(2).