1. The document examines human exposure to the chemical DEHP found in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medical devices like IV bags and blood bags. DEHP can leach out of these devices into fluids and has been found at substantial levels in patients, particularly high-risk groups like premature infants.
2. Animal studies show that DEHP causes toxicity in multiple organ systems and is a reproductive toxicant, though the relevance to humans is uncertain. Alternatives to PVC exist for some medical devices that avoid DEHP exposure. More research is needed on the health effects of DEHP in humans.
Collection,Dispatch & Processing of toxicological samples.فهيم سلطان
Collection,Dispatch & Processing of toxicological samples.
Dr Faheem Sultan
Division of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Basic research in homoeopathy and ultra high dilution Department of Agricultu...DrAnkit Srivastav
Basic research in homoeopathy and ultra high dilution Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Italy Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Italy
Biomonitoring: Its Expanding Role in Public Health Evaluations and Litigationkurfirst
Biomonitoring involves measuring chemicals or their metabolites in human tissues and fluids to assess exposure. While it can help understand exposure trends, biomonitoring alone does not prove causation in litigation. The presence of a chemical does not necessarily mean harm or prove the chemical caused any disease. Biomonitoring also has limitations like not establishing the source of exposure or ruling out other sources. Courts require demonstrating actual injury rather than just subcellular changes.
BOTTLED WATER FOUND TO CONTAIN OVER 24,000 CHEMICALS, INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DIS...Steven Rhyner
A study found over 24,000 chemicals, including endocrine disruptors, in 18 bottled water products tested. A plasticizer called DEHF was consistently found and identified as an endocrine disruptor causing anti-estrogenic activity. 16 of the 18 samples inhibited androgen receptors by 90%. While DEHF contributed to anti-estrogenic effects, additional unidentified chemicals likely contributed to anti-androgenic effects. The study suggests many chemicals from plastic production are leaching into water and more research is needed to identify these chemicals and their health impacts.
Um maquinista de trem ganha R$100 por viagem a cada 4 dias, exceto em junho quando estará de férias. Para maximizar seus ganhos em um ano de 365 dias, ele precisa fazer 88 viagens.
Dispatch's billing capabilities allow users to add invoices or estimates within jobs, customers, or appointments. Invoices and estimates can be created by adding line items for labor, materials, adjustments, and mileage, which will calculate costs. Users can send invoices or estimates via email, convert estimates to invoices, record payments against invoices, and add discounts as needed by entering negative amounts in the adjustments section. Customer support is available by messaging within the app, emailing, or calling.
This study aimed to develop an ICP-AES method to determine phosphorus in fertilizers as an alternative to official AOAC methods. The method was tested on 15 Magruder check fertilizers. Results showed that wavelength 213.618 nm was best for phosphorus determination and that acid and matrix effects were negligible. The ICP-AES method provided comparable accuracy and precision to official methods.
Collection,Dispatch & Processing of toxicological samples.فهيم سلطان
Collection,Dispatch & Processing of toxicological samples.
Dr Faheem Sultan
Division of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology
Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Basic research in homoeopathy and ultra high dilution Department of Agricultu...DrAnkit Srivastav
Basic research in homoeopathy and ultra high dilution Department of Agricultural Science, University of Bologna, Italy Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University of Verona, Italy
Biomonitoring: Its Expanding Role in Public Health Evaluations and Litigationkurfirst
Biomonitoring involves measuring chemicals or their metabolites in human tissues and fluids to assess exposure. While it can help understand exposure trends, biomonitoring alone does not prove causation in litigation. The presence of a chemical does not necessarily mean harm or prove the chemical caused any disease. Biomonitoring also has limitations like not establishing the source of exposure or ruling out other sources. Courts require demonstrating actual injury rather than just subcellular changes.
BOTTLED WATER FOUND TO CONTAIN OVER 24,000 CHEMICALS, INCLUDING ENDOCRINE DIS...Steven Rhyner
A study found over 24,000 chemicals, including endocrine disruptors, in 18 bottled water products tested. A plasticizer called DEHF was consistently found and identified as an endocrine disruptor causing anti-estrogenic activity. 16 of the 18 samples inhibited androgen receptors by 90%. While DEHF contributed to anti-estrogenic effects, additional unidentified chemicals likely contributed to anti-androgenic effects. The study suggests many chemicals from plastic production are leaching into water and more research is needed to identify these chemicals and their health impacts.
Um maquinista de trem ganha R$100 por viagem a cada 4 dias, exceto em junho quando estará de férias. Para maximizar seus ganhos em um ano de 365 dias, ele precisa fazer 88 viagens.
Dispatch's billing capabilities allow users to add invoices or estimates within jobs, customers, or appointments. Invoices and estimates can be created by adding line items for labor, materials, adjustments, and mileage, which will calculate costs. Users can send invoices or estimates via email, convert estimates to invoices, record payments against invoices, and add discounts as needed by entering negative amounts in the adjustments section. Customer support is available by messaging within the app, emailing, or calling.
This study aimed to develop an ICP-AES method to determine phosphorus in fertilizers as an alternative to official AOAC methods. The method was tested on 15 Magruder check fertilizers. Results showed that wavelength 213.618 nm was best for phosphorus determination and that acid and matrix effects were negligible. The ICP-AES method provided comparable accuracy and precision to official methods.
The document summarizes research on how environmental toxins can impact child development. It discusses how air pollution, arsenic, dioxins, endocrine disruptors like BPA and phthalates, flame retardants, lead, maternal smoking, mercury, and other chemicals have been linked to issues like lower IQ, cancer, behavioral problems, and early puberty based on studies. The research suggests exposure to certain chemicals during development can have long-lasting health effects.
Endocrine disruptors in the healthcare sectorDES Daughter
Created for healthcare professionals on EDCs, this slideshow by Health Care without Harm Europe (HCWH) examines the reasons why we should be concerned, who is at risk, including on pregnant women and babies, and where EDCs are hidden in the healthcare sector.
Sources: https://noharm-europe.org/documents/presentation-slides-webinar-edcs-healthcare
Leaflet: https://noharm-europe.org/documents/edc-leaflet-health-professionals
Some chemicals can cause harm to human health. Toxic chemicals include carcinogens that cause cancer, mutagens that cause genetic mutations, and teratogens that cause birth defects. Many chemicals also affect the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. The toxicity of a chemical depends on factors like dose, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Scientists use animal testing and epidemiological studies to estimate toxicity, but these have limitations. More research is needed to understand the health impacts of many chemicals, especially at low exposure levels. Efforts to reduce chemical pollution and require safety testing aim to apply the precautionary principle.
The document discusses the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism in biomedical research. Some key points:
- Zebrafish are becoming a popular alternative to mammalian models due to their small size and low costs.
- They have been successfully used in developmental biology research employing genetic and molecular methods.
- Extensive past research has established zebrafish as a favored genetic model, providing brain anatomy and physiology similar to humans.
This document summarizes a journal article that reviews the controversies surrounding the use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions in small animal emergency and critical care. It provides background on the development of HES and its usage in human and veterinary medicine. While HES was widely used as the colloid of choice in human intensive care, recent large trials have shown increased risks of kidney dysfunction and mortality in critically ill patients, leading European authorities to restrict its use. The veterinary literature consists mainly of small experimental studies in dogs and one retrospective study in cats, and does not provide sufficient evidence for safety guidelines. More large prospective veterinary studies are needed to establish appropriate guidelines for HES usage in dogs and cats.
Detoxification of the major organ systems of the body is ever increasingly important. Environment, genetics, nutritional status and lifestyle all play interacting roles that can influence one's quality of life. Learn how to safely detoxify using real food and basic nutrients with the Detox 360 Program. This is an introduction for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose or replace medical care.
Who this is for: Health professionals.
Description: Dr. Sheila Bushkin-Bedient will be speaking on the prenatal origins of disease and why we should be focusing on studying possible connections between unconventional natural gas extraction and diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
About the Speaker: Sheila Bushkin is a member of the Institute of Health and the Environment at the State University at Albany, and Concerned Health Professionals of New York. She has been a member of the Medical Society of the State of New York for 15 years. Her specific areas of interest involve environmental health issues, chronic diseases, health concerns of older adults, and CME for physicians.
The document discusses environmental endocrine disruption and its effects. It presents on the topic by Leslie Carol Botha at the AutismOne 2017 conference. Some key points made include:
- We have failed to consider the impacts of misdiagnosis and increased incidence of illness due to a more toxic environment affecting the endocrine system.
- Most people have little knowledge about the endocrine system and the diseases that can arise when it breaks down. Environmental degradation is even causing abnormal hormone responses in many women.
- Exposure to chemicals like BPA and ethinyl estradiol can cause gene expression changes in turtles' brains and alter their behaviors, indicating long-lasting effects from developmental exposure.
-
Gene–environment interactions in development and disease lovely - 2016 - wi...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
ETHANOL: THE EMPEROR OF ALL TERATOGENS
An account of gene/environment interaction in relation to the petro chemical age, and the historical significance of alcohol as teratogen.
This document discusses toxicants in food packaging, specifically phthalates. It begins by providing background on food packaging and its benefits. It then focuses on phthalates, which are commonly added to plastics used in food packaging to increase durability. Low molecular weight phthalates like DEHP are classified as toxic and can leach from packaging into foods. The document outlines DEHP's metabolism, excretion, toxicities like effects on reproduction, and mode of action in disrupting hormone functions. It provides data on common levels of DEHP in foods and packaging. The summary concludes by suggesting ways to reduce DEHP exposure and potential alternatives for food packaging materials.
Transcript - Interpretation of Low-Incidence Findings in Reproductive and Dev...Joseph Holson
Transcript of Joe Holson's lecture on rare events in developmental and reproductive toxicity studies given at the 2002 Winter Meeting of the Toxicology Forum.
This guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care provides evidence-based recommendations for pre-operative fasting in children. A literature review was conducted covering studies comparing liberal versus conservative fasting regimens, the impact of food/fluid composition and comorbidities, the use of gastric ultrasound, and early postoperative feeding. The main recommendations based on GRADE 1C or 1B evidence were to reduce clear fluid fasting to 1 hour, reduce breast milk fasting to 3 hours, and allow early postoperative feeding. Gastric ultrasound may be useful for clinical decision making, and a light breakfast with controlled intake may be well tolerated. More research is still needed in several areas.
The document discusses erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare blood disorder that can cause light sensitivity, anemia, and fatigue. Researchers from Boston Children's Hospital studied EPP and its symptoms. EPP is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to an excess of the chemical protoporphyrin in the blood and skin. While there is no cure, treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The disorder was proposed as a possible explanation for myths about vampires being sensitive to sunlight.
Clinical research involves investigating investigational products in human subjects to discover or verify their clinical, pharmacological, and toxic effects. Clinical trials help translate basic scientific research into better ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. Conducting clinical research in pediatric populations requires special considerations due to important developmental differences compared to adults. Key areas of difference include organ maturation, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, which can vary significantly across pediatric age groups from neonates to adolescents. Informed consent from parents or guardians is required. Clinical trials in pediatrics aim to establish safe and effective treatments while minimizing risk.
Willem Kolff developed one of the first artificial kidneys in 1942 using a drum of aluminum slats and open dialysate bath. In the 1940s, J.P. Merrill's pediatric patient received a single 4-hour dialysis treatment with modest but short-lived improvement. Hemodialysis in children differs from adults and requires pediatric expertise, with considerations for growth, development, and age-appropriate facilities and equipment. Proper assessment and timing of dialysis initiation is important to avoid complications while allowing for normal development.
Here is a draft essay highlighting key aspects of a primary research article:
Primary Research Article on Diabetes Management
This essay will highlight important elements of the primary research article "A Patient-Centered Diabetes Management Program Using Health Coaching and Disease Management" published in the American Journal of Managed Care in 2018.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient-centered diabetes management program that utilized health coaching and disease management strategies. The program aimed to improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs for patients with type 2 diabetes.
The methods section provided details on the study design, setting, participants and interventions. It was a retrospective cohort study conducted with a large health plan. The intervention group received health coaching
Repurposing large datasets for exposomic discovery in diseaseChirag Patel
This document discusses the need for large-scale studies of environmental exposures (the exposome) analogous to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to better understand environmental contributions to health and disease. It notes that while genetics research has made great strides with GWAS, understanding of environmental influences lacks comparable methods and data. The author argues that characterizing the exposome through high-throughput methods could discover new environmental factors in phenotypes, as GWAS did for genetics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is presented as a model for collecting comprehensive human exposure data on a large scale.
This document provides an overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and discusses their potential impacts and regulation. It notes that EDCs can interfere with hormone systems and cause adverse health effects. Sources of EDCs include agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and food/beverage packaging. Regulation of EDCs differs globally. The insurance industry may face increased liability exposures from bodily injury claims related to chronic low-dose EDC exposure given evidence of their environmental persistence and ability to cause long-term health impacts even at low levels. Overall the paper aims to increase awareness of EDCs as an emerging risk that requires monitoring and risk mitigation strategies across industries.
Maternal And Paternal Risk Factors For Cryptorchidism And Hypospadias A Case–...Biblioteca Virtual
This study examined potential risk factors for cryptorchidism (undescended testes) and hypospadias (abnormal urethra opening) in newborn boys. The study compared 78 cryptorchidism cases, 56 hypospadias cases, and 313 controls. Paternal pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of cryptorchidism. Paternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. Maternal exposures were not associated with either condition. Being small for gestational age increased the risk of hypospadias, and preterm birth increased the risk of cryptorchidism.
The document summarizes research on how environmental toxins can impact child development. It discusses how air pollution, arsenic, dioxins, endocrine disruptors like BPA and phthalates, flame retardants, lead, maternal smoking, mercury, and other chemicals have been linked to issues like lower IQ, cancer, behavioral problems, and early puberty based on studies. The research suggests exposure to certain chemicals during development can have long-lasting health effects.
Endocrine disruptors in the healthcare sectorDES Daughter
Created for healthcare professionals on EDCs, this slideshow by Health Care without Harm Europe (HCWH) examines the reasons why we should be concerned, who is at risk, including on pregnant women and babies, and where EDCs are hidden in the healthcare sector.
Sources: https://noharm-europe.org/documents/presentation-slides-webinar-edcs-healthcare
Leaflet: https://noharm-europe.org/documents/edc-leaflet-health-professionals
Some chemicals can cause harm to human health. Toxic chemicals include carcinogens that cause cancer, mutagens that cause genetic mutations, and teratogens that cause birth defects. Many chemicals also affect the immune, nervous, and endocrine systems. The toxicity of a chemical depends on factors like dose, route of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Scientists use animal testing and epidemiological studies to estimate toxicity, but these have limitations. More research is needed to understand the health impacts of many chemicals, especially at low exposure levels. Efforts to reduce chemical pollution and require safety testing aim to apply the precautionary principle.
The document discusses the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model organism in biomedical research. Some key points:
- Zebrafish are becoming a popular alternative to mammalian models due to their small size and low costs.
- They have been successfully used in developmental biology research employing genetic and molecular methods.
- Extensive past research has established zebrafish as a favored genetic model, providing brain anatomy and physiology similar to humans.
This document summarizes a journal article that reviews the controversies surrounding the use of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions in small animal emergency and critical care. It provides background on the development of HES and its usage in human and veterinary medicine. While HES was widely used as the colloid of choice in human intensive care, recent large trials have shown increased risks of kidney dysfunction and mortality in critically ill patients, leading European authorities to restrict its use. The veterinary literature consists mainly of small experimental studies in dogs and one retrospective study in cats, and does not provide sufficient evidence for safety guidelines. More large prospective veterinary studies are needed to establish appropriate guidelines for HES usage in dogs and cats.
Detoxification of the major organ systems of the body is ever increasingly important. Environment, genetics, nutritional status and lifestyle all play interacting roles that can influence one's quality of life. Learn how to safely detoxify using real food and basic nutrients with the Detox 360 Program. This is an introduction for informational purposes only and is not intended to diagnose or replace medical care.
Who this is for: Health professionals.
Description: Dr. Sheila Bushkin-Bedient will be speaking on the prenatal origins of disease and why we should be focusing on studying possible connections between unconventional natural gas extraction and diabetes, obesity, and cancer.
About the Speaker: Sheila Bushkin is a member of the Institute of Health and the Environment at the State University at Albany, and Concerned Health Professionals of New York. She has been a member of the Medical Society of the State of New York for 15 years. Her specific areas of interest involve environmental health issues, chronic diseases, health concerns of older adults, and CME for physicians.
The document discusses environmental endocrine disruption and its effects. It presents on the topic by Leslie Carol Botha at the AutismOne 2017 conference. Some key points made include:
- We have failed to consider the impacts of misdiagnosis and increased incidence of illness due to a more toxic environment affecting the endocrine system.
- Most people have little knowledge about the endocrine system and the diseases that can arise when it breaks down. Environmental degradation is even causing abnormal hormone responses in many women.
- Exposure to chemicals like BPA and ethinyl estradiol can cause gene expression changes in turtles' brains and alter their behaviors, indicating long-lasting effects from developmental exposure.
-
Gene–environment interactions in development and disease lovely - 2016 - wi...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
ETHANOL: THE EMPEROR OF ALL TERATOGENS
An account of gene/environment interaction in relation to the petro chemical age, and the historical significance of alcohol as teratogen.
This document discusses toxicants in food packaging, specifically phthalates. It begins by providing background on food packaging and its benefits. It then focuses on phthalates, which are commonly added to plastics used in food packaging to increase durability. Low molecular weight phthalates like DEHP are classified as toxic and can leach from packaging into foods. The document outlines DEHP's metabolism, excretion, toxicities like effects on reproduction, and mode of action in disrupting hormone functions. It provides data on common levels of DEHP in foods and packaging. The summary concludes by suggesting ways to reduce DEHP exposure and potential alternatives for food packaging materials.
Transcript - Interpretation of Low-Incidence Findings in Reproductive and Dev...Joseph Holson
Transcript of Joe Holson's lecture on rare events in developmental and reproductive toxicity studies given at the 2002 Winter Meeting of the Toxicology Forum.
This guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care provides evidence-based recommendations for pre-operative fasting in children. A literature review was conducted covering studies comparing liberal versus conservative fasting regimens, the impact of food/fluid composition and comorbidities, the use of gastric ultrasound, and early postoperative feeding. The main recommendations based on GRADE 1C or 1B evidence were to reduce clear fluid fasting to 1 hour, reduce breast milk fasting to 3 hours, and allow early postoperative feeding. Gastric ultrasound may be useful for clinical decision making, and a light breakfast with controlled intake may be well tolerated. More research is still needed in several areas.
The document discusses erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), a rare blood disorder that can cause light sensitivity, anemia, and fatigue. Researchers from Boston Children's Hospital studied EPP and its symptoms. EPP is caused by a genetic mutation that leads to an excess of the chemical protoporphyrin in the blood and skin. While there is no cure, treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. The disorder was proposed as a possible explanation for myths about vampires being sensitive to sunlight.
Clinical research involves investigating investigational products in human subjects to discover or verify their clinical, pharmacological, and toxic effects. Clinical trials help translate basic scientific research into better ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. Conducting clinical research in pediatric populations requires special considerations due to important developmental differences compared to adults. Key areas of difference include organ maturation, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, which can vary significantly across pediatric age groups from neonates to adolescents. Informed consent from parents or guardians is required. Clinical trials in pediatrics aim to establish safe and effective treatments while minimizing risk.
Willem Kolff developed one of the first artificial kidneys in 1942 using a drum of aluminum slats and open dialysate bath. In the 1940s, J.P. Merrill's pediatric patient received a single 4-hour dialysis treatment with modest but short-lived improvement. Hemodialysis in children differs from adults and requires pediatric expertise, with considerations for growth, development, and age-appropriate facilities and equipment. Proper assessment and timing of dialysis initiation is important to avoid complications while allowing for normal development.
Here is a draft essay highlighting key aspects of a primary research article:
Primary Research Article on Diabetes Management
This essay will highlight important elements of the primary research article "A Patient-Centered Diabetes Management Program Using Health Coaching and Disease Management" published in the American Journal of Managed Care in 2018.
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a patient-centered diabetes management program that utilized health coaching and disease management strategies. The program aimed to improve clinical outcomes and reduce healthcare costs for patients with type 2 diabetes.
The methods section provided details on the study design, setting, participants and interventions. It was a retrospective cohort study conducted with a large health plan. The intervention group received health coaching
Repurposing large datasets for exposomic discovery in diseaseChirag Patel
This document discusses the need for large-scale studies of environmental exposures (the exposome) analogous to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to better understand environmental contributions to health and disease. It notes that while genetics research has made great strides with GWAS, understanding of environmental influences lacks comparable methods and data. The author argues that characterizing the exposome through high-throughput methods could discover new environmental factors in phenotypes, as GWAS did for genetics. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is presented as a model for collecting comprehensive human exposure data on a large scale.
This document provides an overview of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and discusses their potential impacts and regulation. It notes that EDCs can interfere with hormone systems and cause adverse health effects. Sources of EDCs include agricultural and industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods and food/beverage packaging. Regulation of EDCs differs globally. The insurance industry may face increased liability exposures from bodily injury claims related to chronic low-dose EDC exposure given evidence of their environmental persistence and ability to cause long-term health impacts even at low levels. Overall the paper aims to increase awareness of EDCs as an emerging risk that requires monitoring and risk mitigation strategies across industries.
Maternal And Paternal Risk Factors For Cryptorchidism And Hypospadias A Case–...Biblioteca Virtual
This study examined potential risk factors for cryptorchidism (undescended testes) and hypospadias (abnormal urethra opening) in newborn boys. The study compared 78 cryptorchidism cases, 56 hypospadias cases, and 313 controls. Paternal pesticide exposure was associated with an increased risk of cryptorchidism. Paternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. Maternal exposures were not associated with either condition. Being small for gestational age increased the risk of hypospadias, and preterm birth increased the risk of cryptorchidism.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
1. 1
Executive Summary
The Health Care Without Harm Campaign has commissioned the Lowell Center for Sustainable Produc-
tion to examine two aspects of human exposure to di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): the health risks
associated with this exposure; and alternatives to its use. DEHP is a phthalate ester widely used as a
plasticizer to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC or vinyl) medical products soft and flexible. PVC is used in a
range of medical devices from intravenous (IV) fluid containers and blood bags to medical tubing.
This review was conducted by examining the published literature on laboratory studies in animals, in-
vitro studies in human or animal cell lines, and evidence in humans, when available.Variability and uncertain-
ties regarding exposure and toxicity were carefully considered as was the relevance of studies in experimental
animals to the possibility of risk in humans, as this has been an especially contentious issue for DEHP.
Exposure to DEHP
Human exposure to DEHP can occur in the ambient environment and in the medical setting. DEHP
exposures occurring in the medical setting are of particular concern because the amount of exposure can be
substantial and because those exposed, such as premature infants and other neonates or adults with life-
threatening illnesses, may be particularly vulnerable to the effect of toxic chemicals.
Medically-related exposure
PVC medical devices, such as IV bags and blood bags, typically contain 30-40% DEHP by weight; other
devices, such as medical tubing, may contain as much as 80% DEHP by weight. Because DEHP is not
chemically bound to the polymer in a PVC medical device, it can be released when the device is heated or it
can leach out when the device comes into contact with certain media, such as blood, drugs, saline, or water.
The major factors determining the degree to which DEHP leaches from medical devices are temperature,
amount of DEHP in the device, agitation of the device while in contact with medical solutions, storage time
of the device while in contact with medical solutions, and the type of medium being stored in or moving
through the medical device. In practice the amount of leaching varies widely; an example is endotracheal
tubing, from which 6-12% of the DEHP was found to leach.
Two types of studies have been conducted in order to quantify human exposure to DEHP in the
medical setting. The first type measures the amount of DEHP that leaches from common medical devices,
such as PVC blood bags, IV bags, and tubing, into the physiologic medium that each device contains, such
as blood or saline solution. The second type measures the amount of DEHP or metabolites found in the
blood, urine, or tissues of patients treated with PVC medical devices.
Several studies found that DEHP leached from PVC blood bags, IV bags and tubing into blood, blood
products, and medical solutions. DEHP has been measured in blood products (whole blood, plasma,
Executive Summary
2. 2
DEHP in PVC Medical Devices
platelet, and red cell concentrates) in concentrations ranging from 4 to 650 mg/liter. DEHP has been
measured in concentrations ranging from 3.1 to 237 mg/liter in solutions containing drugs and solvents
and 5 mg/liter in sterile water and salt and sugar-based solutions. In at least some situations, the DEHP
that is leached into drugs can interfere with their delivery or their effects on humans. As a result of DEHP
leaching PVC medical devices, several pharmaceutical manufacturers provide warning labels advising
against the use of DEHP-plasticized PVC for administration of specific products.
As early as 1970, studies identified and measured DEHP and its metabolites in human tissue and
serum. These studies identified human exposure to DEHP in patients receiving dialysis, blood transfusions,
artificial ventilation, and exchange transfusions. Particular concern has been raised by researchers in the
pediatric setting who have documented DEHP exposures among premature and ill newborns receiving blood
transfusions, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy (ECMO), or respiratory therapy. These infants,
whose limited development and generally immature metabolic pathways may place them at greater risk of
toxic insults, receive among the highest doses of DEHP from medical devices. In addition, because DEHP
can cross the placental barrier, researchers have proposed that the developing fetus can be exposed when the
mother undergoes certain medical treatments, although the amounts received have not been well quantified.
A few limited studies in humans have found adverse health effects such as respiratory distress,
cholestasis, and histological abnormalities of the liver in the same subjects having documented exposure to
DEHP. In these studies, the researchers proposed that the observed health effects were related to the
DEHP exposure.
The range of human exposures to DEHP from PVC medical devices identified in the literature are as
follows:
Total DEHP exposure measured or estimated in these studies varies significantly, although the exact
reasons for the variability are unclear. Differences in study design and conditions, DEHP content in
devices, and blood storage time, among others, may play a role in this variability.
Ambient environmental exposure
Human exposure to DEHP also occurs in the general environment through inhalation of DEHP in air from
the off-gassing from PVC products such as flooring, drinking water contaminated with DEHP (from
various sources, including runoff and fallout of factory emissions), and through the ingestion of food
containing DEHP that has either leached into it from packaging or from exposures to livestock, poultry,
Human exposure to DEHP following treatment with PVC medical devices
Treatment Total exposure (mg) Exposure Rate
mg/kg body weight Time period
Hemodialysis 0.5-360 0.01-7.2 Dialysis session
Blood transfusion in adults 14-600 0.2-8.0 Treatment
Extracorporeal oxygenation in infants 42.0-140.0 Treatment period
Cardiopulmonary bypass 2.3-168 0.03-2.4 Treatment day
Artificial ventilation in preterm infants 0.001-4.2 Hour
Exchange transfusions in infants 0.8-4.2 Treatment
3. 3
Executive Summary
and dairy cattle. The average total daily ambient exposure to DEHP in the U.S. has been estimated at 0.27
mg per day, with exposure through food contributing 0.25 mg per day, exposure through water contributing
0.02 mg per day, and exposure through air contributing 0.4 µg per day (though this does not include
workplace air exposures, nor indoor air exposures from off-gassing of building materials, which may result
in substantially higher exposures).
Because DEHP is widely dispersed in the environment, ambient environmental exposures need to be
considered in addition to exposure from PVC medical devices when assessing the risk of DEHP to human
health.
Metabolism and toxicity of DEHP
When DEHP enters the human body, the compound is metabolized into various substances that are more
readily excreted. Unfortunately, the most important of these metabolites, mono-ethylhexyl phthalate
(MEHP) is thought to be responsible for much of DEHP’s toxicity. The enzymes that break down DEHP
into MEHP are found mainly in the intestines but also occur in the liver, kidney, lungs, pancreas, and
plasma. Because conversion of DEHP to MEHP occurs primarily in the intestinal tract, exposures to
DEHP by ingestion may be more hazardous than by intravenous exposure, which largely bypasses the
intestinal tract. However, MEHP has been measured in stored adult human serum as well as in the blood
sera of neonates undergoing exchange transfusions and adults undergoing hemodialysis. MEHP is not the
only metabolite of DEHP and many of the known secondary metabolites have not been studied for their
toxicity. The initial metabolism of DEHP is qualitatively similar among mammalian species, so that animal
studies are likely to be useful in understanding the consequences of human exposure. The ability to
metabolize DEHP is age-related and may also depend on underlying health status in ways that are not well-
understood. It is generally accepted that the toxicity of DEHP via one route of exposure should be consid-
ered relevant to exposure by other routes, in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
DEHP produces a spectrum of toxic effects in laboratory animals (including rodents and primates) in
multiple organ systems including the liver, reproductive tract (testes, ovaries, secondary sex organs), the
kidneys, lungs, and heart. It is also toxic to the developing fetus. The studies documenting these effects
range from large studies involving hundreds of animals, to smaller ones with few animals, as well as cell
culture studies, and case reports in humans. While most of these effects have been observed in laboratory
animals at high doses (the standard procedure by which experimental studies are made sufficiently powerful
to detect small effects), in some cases these doses were close to those that might be experienced by indi-
viduals undergoing medical treatment. For some adverse effects, such as testicular toxicity, the developing
organism (fetus and neonate) appears to be much more sensitive (greater toxicity and irreversibility of
effect) than the adult. It is unclear whether a threshold (a level of exposure below which no adverse effect
will occur) for adverse effects exists. A summary of key studies suggesting adverse effects of DEHP
exposure is provided in the table on the next page.
DEHP belongs to a class of chemicals called “peroxisome proliferators.” Peroxisomes are cell
membrane organelles that contain enzymes responsible for oxidation of fatty acids, the biosynthesis of
cholesterol, and other biochemical pathways. It is generally thought that peroxisome proliferation is
associated with liver cancer in animals, although the causal mechanisms by which this happens are not
currently known. Peroxisome proliferation occurs to a much lesser degree in humans than in rodents and
for this reason some researchers have questioned the relevance of animal studies of DEHP to humans.
4. 4
DEHP in PVC Medical Devices
Organ Effect Species Dose Duration Reference
Testis Tubular atrophy and Rat 0.9 and 1.9 g/kg/day 90 days Shaffer, et. al.,
degeneration in diet 1945
Histological damage to Rat Approximately 3.0-3.5 Day 1 of gestation to Arcadi, et. al.,
the testes in offspring mg/kg/day in water day 21 after delivery 1998
Testicular and Rat 750 mg/kg/day Day 14 of gestation Gray, et. al.,
epididymal atrophy and in diet and to day 3 of 1999
agenesis; hemorrhagic nursing
testes; hypospadias
Testicular Sertoli cell/gonocyte Rat 27 ug/l, concen- 48 hours Li, et. al., 1999
cells in detachment (neonatal) tration MEHP in
culture culture medium
Ovaries Suppressed or delayed Rat 2 g/kg /day in food 3 to 12 days Davis, et. al.,
ovulation, suppressed 1994
estradiol production,
polycystic ovaries
Lungs Respiratory distress, Human 0.001-4.2 mg/hour 12 to 30 days Roth, et. al.,
pathological changes neonate through artificial 1988
resembling hyaline ventilation
membrane disease
Heart Decrease in heart rate Rat Total cumulative arterial Short term - doses Rock, et. al,
and blood pressure dose: 20 mg MEHP each minute 1987
(heart rate); 75 mg
MEHP (blood pressure)
Kidneys Reduction in creatinine Rat 2mg/kg, 3 times per 1 year Crocker, et. al.,
clearance (measure of week in diet 1988
kidney function);
cystic changes
Fetus/ Fetal death, exencephaly, Mouse 1000 mg/kg/day 2 days Peters, et. al.,
Embryo open neural tubes, in diet 1997
reduced pup size
Liver Abnormalities in Rhesus Not directly measured – 1 year Kevy and
histology, reduction in monkey intravenous admin. Of Jacobson, 1982
liver function (immature) blood from PVC bags to
mimic human exposure,
estimated total dose
87.5-290.0mg
Hepatocellular Rat 146.6 mg/kg/day 104 weeks Moore, 1996
adenoma in diet
Observed toxicity of DEHP to different organ systems
5. 5
Executive Summary
There is still considerable uncertainty as to the exact mechanisms by which DEHP may cause various
different adverse effects in diverse organs of laboratory animals. The mechanisms of toxicity are likely to be
multiple and variable, depending on the health endpoint, the organ, and species studied. Recent studies in
mice exposed to DEHP show fetal toxicity, teratogenicity, testicular lesions, and kidney cysts, though not
liver lesions, in laboratory animals bred without the receptor necessary for mediating the enzymatic activity
of peroxisomes (PPAR alpha, a receptor also present in humans). That is, mice that have been bred to lack
one of the receptors necessary for the peroxisome development, in response to exposure to a peroxisome
proliferator, still exhibit toxic effects of DEHP. These studies strongly support the conclusion that much
of the non-hepatic toxicity of DEHP is at least partly independent of peroxisome proliferation.
As regards toxic effects that are mediated exclusively through peroxisome proliferation, our under-
standing of their relevance to humans turns on the extent of knowledge concerning the prevalence of this
phenomenon in humans. There may, for example, be considerable inter-individual variability in the
phenomenon of peroxisome proliferation from exposure to a chemical such as DEHP. As a result, it is
prudent to assume that at least some fraction of the population may be as effective at peroxisome prolifera-
tion as the laboratory animals in which most DEHP toxicity studies have been done. Moreover, it is still
not clear that peroxisome proliferation is absolutely necessary for malignant transformation. It remains
plausable that another mechanism, such as genotoxicity, may also contribute to cancer risks. For these
reasons the carcinogenic activity of DEHP in animal experiments may well be relevant to humans. This
same conclusion was recently reached by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assess-
ment with regards to DEHP carcinogenicity. They stated, ”at this point...OEHHA does not find this new
body of evidence [on perixosome proliferation] points toward a determination that human exposure to any
level of DEHP is without carcinogenic risk. Rather, the literature presents data that leave open the possi-
bility of human sensitivity to DEHP’s carcinogenic effects.“
There is a general lack of adequate human toxicity or epidemiologic studies to determine whether
DEHP exposure is associated with adverse outcomes in humans, despite the compound’s high volume
production, documented human exposure, and documented adverse effects in animals. The lack of epide-
miologic studies is at least partly explained by: (1) the difficulty in following high risk groups, such as
premature infants, because of long latent periods between exposures and possible effects; (2) the impacts of
DEHP exposure may be subtle (such as a partial loss in sperm production); (3) the considerable variability
in human exposure levels and the difficulty in measuring human exposure adequately; and (4) the ubiquity
of phthalate exposure in the environment, which means that humans are exposed to DEHP through many
different routes, making it difficult to distinguish exposed and unexposed groups.
Alternative materials
Given the human exposure to DEHP from medical uses and the potential for adverse health effects, it
would be prudent to investigate alternative materials for use in medical environments. When considering
potential alternative materials, other health and environmental concerns of PVC should also be borne in
mind. These concerns include: potential health hazards posed by other extractable plasticizers (which
PVC will always require), as well as the hazards posed by PVC production and disposal, such as the cre-
ation of toxic dioxins and related toxic chemicals (a brief review of the hazards posed by dioxin from PVC
production and incineration is included in an appendix to this report). A prudent and thoughtful course of
action would be to identify materials that provide necessary performance characteristics, pollute less
throughout their life cycles, and avoid exposing patients unnecessarily to potentially hazardous chemicals.
6. 6
DEHP in PVC Medical Devices
A review of the literature, coupled with supplier interviews, suggests that PVC alternatives are widely
available for use in most medical devices and can be cost-competitive. Several U.S. and European medical
device manufacturers already have developed government approved PVC-free alternatives for IV bags,
tubing, and platelet storage, some of which command a substantial share of their product market. The
development of new metallocene polyolefin polymers in the coming years will likely lead to the creation of
additional alternative products. Efforts towards innovation in red blood cell storage and medical tubing will
be needed, as PVC offers material advantages for these product uses. Where alternative materials do exist
that meet existing performance requirements at reasonable costs, these materials should be considered as
potential substitutes for DEHP-containing PVC medical devices.
Conclusions
On the basis of a review of more than one hundred published studies, reports, and analyses, the following
conclusions have been reached:
1. Humans are exposed to substantial levels of DEHP through medical devices. Certain populations
such as hemophiliacs, kidney dialysis patients, and high risk newborns are particularly heavily ex-
posed.
2. The nearly complete absence of rigorous studies of exposed human populations means that conclu-
sions about DEHP risks must necessarily be based on laboratory animal studies.
3. Studies of laboratory animals, supported by very limited human data, suggest that a wide range of
toxic effects occur in exposed mammals. Inadequate evidence exists to conclude that the toxic
mechanisms found in laboratory animals do not occur in humans.
4. Considerable uncertainty about many aspects of the potential health hazards of DEHP remains.
Quantitative estimates of risk to humans at various stages of life or health, or of safe levels of expo-
sure, cannot be established with confidence at this time.
5. Materials exist which do not contain DEHP or other similar plasticizers, and which are currently
being used in medical devices. These materials have the potential to be safer alternatives to DEHP-
containing medical devices.