The document discusses the concept of 'paradigm' as introduced by Peter Haggett and R.A. Chorley, defining it as a prevailing pattern of thought that can influence beliefs, values, and techniques within a discipline. It elaborates on Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific development, illustrating how scientific knowledge evolves through crises and paradigm shifts rather than a linear accumulation. The text categorizes various traditional and contemporary paradigms in the context of science and emphasizes the necessity of formulating new laws to address emerging challenges.

1. welcome

2.  Paradigm word 1st used by Peter Hagget and R.A. Chorley
 Prevailing pattern of thought in a discipline or part of discipline
is referred as paradigm
 Paradigm having the capacity to change
1)Thinking 2)outlook 3)ideology of the people….
 A paradigm is the entire constellation of :-
belief values techniques

3.  Thomas Kuhn develop this concept to large extent
“Structure of Scientific Revolution”
 Theory is about the growth and development of science.
 According to Kuhn science is not well regulated activity where each
generation automatically builds upon the result achieved by earlier work.
 Accretion of knowledge are separated by crises which can lead to
upheaval within subject disciplines and breaks in continuity
KUHN’S PARADIGM

4. Development of thought/science
Pre
paradigm/science
Model drift
Model
crisis
Model
revolution
Paradigm
shift
Normal
science

6. Traditional Paradigm
1. Teleological descriptive paradigm
2. Environmentalistic paradigm (deterministic):
Darwin, Semple
3. Possibilistic Paradigm:
Blache, Brunch
4. Chorological Paradigm: Hartshorn(areal differentiation), Hetner

7. Contemporary Paradigm
1. Positivistic Paradigm: August compte “real knowledge is always
scientific”
2. Quantitative Paradigm: Hagget, Gregory (statistical methods)
3. Behavioural Paradigm: Kirk
4. Radical Paradigm (Marxist): belief that imp. Political or social changes are
necessary
5. Welfare Paradigm: deals with the issues related to inequality and injustice

8. One law cant fit to all. We need new law for new world.
Because old one could not useful scientifically for new
situation.
So new law must be formulated to fit the observed
facts
Conclusion