This document provides information about the material properties of paper and boards. It discusses how cellulose fibers are derived from wood and plants to create pulp, which is then processed into paper. Additives are added to prevent moisture transfer and improve properties like absorbency. The document outlines the papermaking process, including pulping wood into fibers, refining, forming a paper web, and drying. Recycling paper is encouraged due to the energy and resources required to produce virgin paper from pulp.

1. Material Properties – Paper & Boards
LESSON 5/5
Within this lesson you will cover:
• How cellulose fibres are derived from wood and grasses to convert into paper.
• Understand the ecological issues in the manufacture & recycling of paper/board.
• How & why additives are added to prevent moisture transfer.

2. DO NOW ACTIVITY
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Take out last lessons homework for peer marking.
1. Card, Duplex Board (1 mark)
2. Weight, colour, size, thickness (2 marks)
3. Enable costing, transportation, manageable, ready
for manufacture, wastage, standard forms driven by
consumer demand (4 marks)
1. What could this be made from? (1 mark)
2. Give two standard forms of this material. (2
marks)
3. Why are materials sold in stock forms? (3
marks)

3. DO NOW ACTIVITY
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Take out last lessons homework for peer marking.
1. Card (1 mark)
2. Trees and plants – renewable (2 marks)
3. Lightweight, can be printed on, can be
folded easily. (2 marks)
1. Name a suitable material for the card. (1
mark)
2. What is the source of the material and is it
renewable? (2 marks)
3. Give two properties of that material. (2
marks)

4. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PnpY4iVY-F4
Have you ever wondered how
paper and boards are made and
originally sourced from?
Watch closely the video.

5. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Sources of papers & boards
Paper and boards are produced from a
pulp which is a mixture of cellulose fibres
and water (up to 99%).
The cellulose fibres are usually derived
from finely shredded wood. But other
materials can be used to such as bamboo
or hemp to produce paper.
Wood generally provides the best results
and this is why it is used. Woods which
are deciduous and coniferous are used.
With softwoods such as spruce or fir
being the most common.
WHY DO YOU THINK THIS IS USED?
WOOD
PULP
FIBRE
Cellulose
under a
microscope

6. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZl7KAESsaA
Paper Pulping
Pulp is a mechanical
process which
converts debarked
timber logs into fine
chips which are then
added to a chemical
solution and cooked
under pressure to
produce a paper pulp.
A fibrous liquid for a
desired finish bleaches
or colours the paper.
Pulp & Paper Manufacturing Process.

7. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
1) Pulping procedure will be done to separate and clean the fibres
2) Refining procedure will be followed after pulping processes
3) Dilution process to form a thin fibre mixture
4) Formation of fibres on a thin screened
5) Pressurisation to enhance the materials density
6) Drying to eliminate the density of materials
7) Finishing procedure to provide a suitable surface for usage

8. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Paper Pulping – Sizing
Once the pulping process has been completed the liquid
produced is then beaten with other chemicals or additives.
This process is called ‘sizing’.
Sizing stops the paper from being so absorbent, thereby
allowing it to be printed, photocopied or painted.
Paper with little sizing is more absorbent an example of which is
toilet or kitchen paper.

9. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Converting pulp into paper
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rLLpCO0TU88
The pulp is fed into a mesh
conveyor belt which drains
as much of the water away,
as possible.
Once it leaves the mesh it
passes through a series of
rollers which squeeze any
excess water the mesh
didn’t. It then goes
through dryer rollers and
then finally calendar
rollers; providing the
desired finish to the paper.

10. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Paper & the environment.
Like many materials paper if it is not
disposed off sensibly will end up in
landfill.
In the UK we use on average annually 12
million tonnes of paper. To put that into
perspective it takes 25 trees to produce
one tonne of paper.
MATHS TASK – HOW MANY TREES ARE
USED ANNUALLY THEN?
Trees are important to the environment
because they absorb carbon dioxide and
provide habitats for animals.
Paper in landfill
decomposes giving of
methane which is a
greenhouse gas.

11. PAPER/BOARD SOURCE
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Paper & the environment.
Recycling paper and boards is easily and
widely accessible to do so. When paper is
disposed off in a specialised paper bin it is
sent to be graded.
Magazines which are produced out of
high quality glossy paper will produce a
higher quality of recycled paper than a
newspaper would do.
The energy it needs to produce brand new
paper from pulp and those from recycled
materials is between 40-70% more.
THEREFORE RECYCLE YOUR
PAPER/MAGAZINES!
Have you seen
these signs?

12. TEST YOURSELF QUESTIONS
Objective - Learner will gain knowledge and
understanding of the primary sources of materials for
producing papers & boards.
Questions based on todays lesson:
 Why are we encouraged to recycle paper and boards?
 Briefly explain the pulping process
 Where are papers and boards sourced from?
 What are the negative effects of sending paper and board
to landfill sites?
Discuss these questions with your
neighbour and be prepared to share your
answers in five minutes.