1) The technology of pulp and paper production has advanced significantly since paper's invention in 105 AD, but improvements have also increased environmental impacts through air and water pollution. Recent technological developments aim to reduce this, such as using substitute raw materials, organosolv pulping methods, and total chlorine free bleaching.
2) Nigeria relies on pulp and paper imports due to its obsolete domestic production facilities. Updating facilities with recent technologies is needed if Nigeria wants to become self-sufficient in pulp and paper production.
3) Key technological advances discussed include organosolv pulping methods that produce high quality pulp without environmental issues, total chlorine free bleaching that eliminates dioxin production, and using short hard
Agricultural waste pulping in nigeria prospects and challengesAlexander Decker
The document discusses the prospects and challenges of using agricultural waste for pulp and paper production in Nigeria. It notes that Nigeria generates substantial volumes of agricultural waste but it is currently underutilized. Agricultural waste like straw can be used as a raw material for pulp and paper mills and has several advantages over wood: it is widely distributed throughout Nigeria including in areas unsuitable for forestry; and waste straw is a byproduct of farming so pulp mills could earn farmers extra income and create jobs by processing the straw. However, establishing agricultural waste pulp mills also faces challenges such as a lack of detailed data on waste quantities and characteristics in Nigeria.
Paper Materials for Furniture: A Design ReviewIJMREMJournal
This paper discusses the paper waste can be the alternative materials for furniture to replace the wood and
metal materials. Furniture is an important product that occupies indoor and outdoor spaces that used for
sitting, lying, storing, eating, sleeping and working. Paper waste in landfills has the higher amount of waste
compared to other waste such as plastics, glass, metals and food waste. Besides, the recycling process is the
best way to overcome the major environmental issues such as the pollution, deforestation, pervasive logging,
landfill waste, dangerous greenhouse gases and global warming. So, the human must play their roles in
recycling activities, process, and campaign. The advantages of the paper materials for furniture such as easy to
handle, cost saving, lightweight, strong, and stiff. The waste materials had been applied in construction
activities already been proven so that it can be the alternative materials to reduce the cost and usage of raw
materials. The futuristic design of paper materials furniture is the best approach to satisfy the customer’s
requirements and the new successor in furniture industries by using Product Development Process (PDP). The
paper waste materials into furniture products is a part of the innovation and Green Technology approach.
The document discusses the paper industry in India. It provides background on what the paper industry is, how India's paper industry has developed, and classifications of the industry by raw materials used. It also summarizes India's current status in the global paper industry, key trends impacting demand, projections for future consumption and production, a SWOT analysis, and concludes with the need for sustainable practices.
IRJET- Application of Paper Sludge in different FieldsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on applications of paper sludge in different fields. It discusses using paper sludge in agricultural fields to improve soil conditions, as a hydraulic barrier material in landfills, and in hydrophobic concrete. Studies found that applying paper sludge to agricultural land provided benefits like soil conditioning from organic matter, increased soil pH and addition of plant nutrients. Research also showed some types of paper sludge have properties suitable for use as low permeability barriers in landfill covers. Additionally, transforming waste paper sludge ash into a super hydrophobic powder was found to improve the water resistance of concrete.
Business economics term report for MBA studentAmir Wahab
Global plastic production has grown rapidly due to its wide range of uses replacing other materials. In 2014, global plastic production was 311 million metric tons with China as one of the largest producers. Plastic production in Pakistan has also grown significantly at 15% annually with total estimated capacity of 624,200 metric tons per year, contributing over 1.69% to GDP. While plastics have benefits, their production requires energy and plastic waste is a major environmental issue as it takes hundreds of years to degrade and pollutes the environment.
Review Paper on Application of Waste Plastic in Modifying Bitumen PropertiesIJERA Editor
Industrialisation and population is increasing day by day leading to the increase in the amount of waste plastic. Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance i.e. it is not decomposed by bacteria easily. So, dumping it causes soil pollution which leads to decrease in the fertility of soil. Another way of getting rid of plastic is by burning it, which also produces a lot of harmful gases and leads to increase in air pollution. Soil and air pollution both are harmful for the environment. Waste plastic can be used in bitumen as a modifier. In this paper we will discuss the variation of the properties of bitumen on addition of waste plastic at different percentage
1) Waste plastic from sources like bottles and packaging can be used to coat aggregates that are then used in road construction. The coated aggregates improve the strength and performance of roads compared to those made only with natural materials.
2) Plastic waste is separated, cleaned, shredded, and used to coat hot aggregates at a mixing plant. The coated aggregates are then mixed with hot bitumen to form the final road construction material.
3) Roads made with plastic-coated aggregates require less bitumen, have higher strength and durability, provide a smoother ride, and help reduce environmental problems caused by plastic waste.
The document discusses Dr. R. Vasudevan's invention of a process for laying roads using waste plastic. By mixing shredded plastic with bitumen and aggregates, plastic roads are stronger and more durable than normal roads. Dr. Vasudevan patented this process through TCE and numerous organizations have recognized its benefits for building roads while solving the problem of plastic waste disposal. His simple innovation offers a way to improve road infrastructure and the environment.
Agricultural waste pulping in nigeria prospects and challengesAlexander Decker
The document discusses the prospects and challenges of using agricultural waste for pulp and paper production in Nigeria. It notes that Nigeria generates substantial volumes of agricultural waste but it is currently underutilized. Agricultural waste like straw can be used as a raw material for pulp and paper mills and has several advantages over wood: it is widely distributed throughout Nigeria including in areas unsuitable for forestry; and waste straw is a byproduct of farming so pulp mills could earn farmers extra income and create jobs by processing the straw. However, establishing agricultural waste pulp mills also faces challenges such as a lack of detailed data on waste quantities and characteristics in Nigeria.
Paper Materials for Furniture: A Design ReviewIJMREMJournal
This paper discusses the paper waste can be the alternative materials for furniture to replace the wood and
metal materials. Furniture is an important product that occupies indoor and outdoor spaces that used for
sitting, lying, storing, eating, sleeping and working. Paper waste in landfills has the higher amount of waste
compared to other waste such as plastics, glass, metals and food waste. Besides, the recycling process is the
best way to overcome the major environmental issues such as the pollution, deforestation, pervasive logging,
landfill waste, dangerous greenhouse gases and global warming. So, the human must play their roles in
recycling activities, process, and campaign. The advantages of the paper materials for furniture such as easy to
handle, cost saving, lightweight, strong, and stiff. The waste materials had been applied in construction
activities already been proven so that it can be the alternative materials to reduce the cost and usage of raw
materials. The futuristic design of paper materials furniture is the best approach to satisfy the customer’s
requirements and the new successor in furniture industries by using Product Development Process (PDP). The
paper waste materials into furniture products is a part of the innovation and Green Technology approach.
The document discusses the paper industry in India. It provides background on what the paper industry is, how India's paper industry has developed, and classifications of the industry by raw materials used. It also summarizes India's current status in the global paper industry, key trends impacting demand, projections for future consumption and production, a SWOT analysis, and concludes with the need for sustainable practices.
IRJET- Application of Paper Sludge in different FieldsIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research on applications of paper sludge in different fields. It discusses using paper sludge in agricultural fields to improve soil conditions, as a hydraulic barrier material in landfills, and in hydrophobic concrete. Studies found that applying paper sludge to agricultural land provided benefits like soil conditioning from organic matter, increased soil pH and addition of plant nutrients. Research also showed some types of paper sludge have properties suitable for use as low permeability barriers in landfill covers. Additionally, transforming waste paper sludge ash into a super hydrophobic powder was found to improve the water resistance of concrete.
Business economics term report for MBA studentAmir Wahab
Global plastic production has grown rapidly due to its wide range of uses replacing other materials. In 2014, global plastic production was 311 million metric tons with China as one of the largest producers. Plastic production in Pakistan has also grown significantly at 15% annually with total estimated capacity of 624,200 metric tons per year, contributing over 1.69% to GDP. While plastics have benefits, their production requires energy and plastic waste is a major environmental issue as it takes hundreds of years to degrade and pollutes the environment.
Review Paper on Application of Waste Plastic in Modifying Bitumen PropertiesIJERA Editor
Industrialisation and population is increasing day by day leading to the increase in the amount of waste plastic. Plastic is a non-biodegradable substance i.e. it is not decomposed by bacteria easily. So, dumping it causes soil pollution which leads to decrease in the fertility of soil. Another way of getting rid of plastic is by burning it, which also produces a lot of harmful gases and leads to increase in air pollution. Soil and air pollution both are harmful for the environment. Waste plastic can be used in bitumen as a modifier. In this paper we will discuss the variation of the properties of bitumen on addition of waste plastic at different percentage
1) Waste plastic from sources like bottles and packaging can be used to coat aggregates that are then used in road construction. The coated aggregates improve the strength and performance of roads compared to those made only with natural materials.
2) Plastic waste is separated, cleaned, shredded, and used to coat hot aggregates at a mixing plant. The coated aggregates are then mixed with hot bitumen to form the final road construction material.
3) Roads made with plastic-coated aggregates require less bitumen, have higher strength and durability, provide a smoother ride, and help reduce environmental problems caused by plastic waste.
The document discusses Dr. R. Vasudevan's invention of a process for laying roads using waste plastic. By mixing shredded plastic with bitumen and aggregates, plastic roads are stronger and more durable than normal roads. Dr. Vasudevan patented this process through TCE and numerous organizations have recognized its benefits for building roads while solving the problem of plastic waste disposal. His simple innovation offers a way to improve road infrastructure and the environment.
Use of Recyclable Material in Civil ConstructionYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario the cement concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Increase in the population growth is leads to increase in the demands of various fields like cultivation, transportation and building construction etc. Nowadays, there is a very much increase in the demand for construction works like residential buildings, commercial buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc. and because of this increase in demand the availability of resources for the cement concrete ingredients is getting very complex. Hence people are looking for the alternative resources for the concrete ingredients in order to meet their requirements. This thesis work deals with the study of physical properties of the cement concrete with using Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. The major objective of this research work is to determine that what percentage of Used Aggregate can be utilized in the cement concrete mixture to achieve its target mean strength. In this research work it is concentrated on the use of Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. A series of tests were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength with and without addition of Used Aggregate. The use of recyclable material in cement concrete mixture also helps in preservation of the environment by saving the natural resources. However, in coming few decades, it can raise new challenges for the construction industry. It is essential to investigate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete to encourage and escalate its application in the civil engineering construction industry. This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with different quantity Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mix. Arpit Mathur | R. C. Patil "Use of Recyclable Material in Civil Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41102.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41102/use-of-recyclable-material-in-civil-construction/arpit-mathur
Reusability of Construction & Demolition Waste in BricksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on reusing construction and demolition (C&D) waste in making bricks. C&D waste currently takes up significant landfill space. The study collected C&D waste from a construction site, crushed and sieved it to produce fine and coarse aggregates. Bricks were made with two compositions - one using cement and fly ash as binders, the other using only cement. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on the bricks, including compressive strength and water absorption, and compared to standard clay bricks. Results showed one composition of bricks made with a ratio of 1:2.75:2.25 of binder to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate met strength and absorption standards, providing a potential sustainable
Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Techn...ijtsrd
The natural fibers like Banana, Coir, Cotton, Sisal and Jute have attracted the attention of scientists and technologist for application in consumer goods, low cost housing and other civil structures. Nonwoven products are taking the place of many woven and knit materials because of their lower cost and lighter weight. Nonwoven fabrics are also predominate in the geotextiles industry because of their higher permeability, better friction and construction survivability compared to that of woven products point out Niir Board (2000). The fibres apart from low cost and renewable in nature, it is more attractive as reinforcing material for composite says Billie. J. Collien et al., (2001). The use of natural material gives the user or a designer more inspiration and indicates the flow and performance of a product.A study was conducted in three districts of Southern part of Tamil Nadu namely Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi to find out the preference of nonwoven made up of natural fibres such as Jute, Coir, Banana and blends which were low cost and locally available fibers. Seven nonwoven samples were prepared by needle punching process from the selected natural fibers such as Jute, Coir, Banana as 1st, 2nd & 3rd samples Coir and Jute, Coir and Banana, Banana Jute as 4th, 5th, 6th samples and Jute Coir Banana as 7th sample. The study revealed that the country fishermen and company owners were concerned with marine environment and they preferred to select nonwoven made of natural fibres at affordable cost. Dr.Sr.Mary Gilda | Dr.V.Subramaniam"Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3573.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/clothing-and-textiles/3573/preparation-of-nonwoven-fabrics-using-natural-fibers-by-needle-punching-technology/drsrmary-gilda
This report discusses sustainability in the textile industry. It covers raw materials and processing, energy and water usage, environmental impacts, waste management, and developing a more sustainable future. The textile industry is an important part of the economy in Sri Lanka but also uses many chemicals and resources. Proper disposal of waste and use of renewable energy sources are vital to reduce environmental hazards while meeting increasing global demand for textiles. New technologies may help make materials, manufacturing, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover more sustainable.
About 2460kg (on average )plastic was collected by a factory named Sun Shine Plastic.amount of sorted plastic hard plastic (51%), semi hard plastic (38%) and soft plastic (11%).
Sun Shine plastic Factory has used 98070 kg raw materials and recycled around 7530 kg.
According to factory daily estimates, it is possible to produce of 28050 new products from 12515 kg raw materials.
The Indian pulp and paper industry has grown significantly from 1951 to 2011. Installed capacity increased from 0.137 million tonnes per year in 1951 to a projected 11.2 million tonnes per year in 2009-2011. Capacity utilization also improved over time, reaching a peak of 90% in 1978-1979. Paper production in 2001-2002 was 3.162 million tonnes, with 60.8% from non-wood materials and 39.2% from wood. India's per capita paper consumption was around 4 kg in 2002, one of the lowest rates in the world. Key factors that impacted the paper industry between 1991-2002 included international pulp price trends, growth in user industries, changes in import duties on paper
The document provides a history of paper making and the modern pulp and paper production process. It discusses how paper making has evolved from being done by hand to utilizing modern machinery. The Kraft pulping process is described as the most popular method today. However, pulp and paper production can cause environmental problems like deforestation, water pollution from chemicals, and air pollution. Solutions discussed include sustainable forestry practices and improvements to reduce waste and chemical usage.
A study on the plastic waste treatment methods for road constructionIJARIIT
Plastic found in different forms is almost 5% amongst municipal solid waste, which can prove to be toxic in nature. It
is a common sight in both urban and rural areas to find empty plastic bags and another type of plastic packing material littering
the roads as well as drains. Due to its biodegradability, it creates stagnation of water and associated hygiene problems. In order
to contain this problem experiments have been carried out whether this waste plastic can be reused productively in the
construction of roads. The experimentation at several institutes indicated that the waste plastic, when added to hot aggregate
will form a fine coat of plastic over the aggregate and such aggregate, when mixed with the binder is found to give higher
strength, higher resistance to water and better performance over a period of time. Therefore, it is proposed that we may use waste
plastic in the construction of Rural Roads.
This document compares the amount of material waste generated between Industrialized Building System (IBS) construction and conventional construction. Through a Delphi study with 18 construction experts, it was found that IBS construction generated less waste for most materials, including bricks, cardboard, concrete, glass, plastic, roofing materials, soil/sand, tiles, and wood. The highest waste for both systems was concrete, but IBS produced less concrete waste. IBS also produced less waste for other materials except metal, which saw higher waste potentially due to metal molds used in precasting. Overall, the study shows that IBS is more sustainable and reduces construction material waste compared to conventional construction methods.
This document discusses utilizing plastic waste and iron slag as a road filling material. It summarizes previous research showing blast furnace slag and plastic waste can be used in road construction. The document presents a methodology where plastic waste is crushed and mixed with heated iron slag at 1600-1700°C to form a slurry. Testing showed a mixture of 80% plastic and 20% iron slag had a compressive strength of 8N/mm2, making it suitable as a road filling material. The conclusion is that using this method can utilize waste products while repairing roads and improving the local environment.
This document is the preface to Volume 4 of Chemistry and Technology of Explosives by Tadeus Urbanski. It provides background on the scope and contents of the volume, acknowledges those who contributed information and assistance, and thanks the various organizations that granted permission to reuse content. The preface expresses the author's dedication to peaceful applications of explosives and avoidance of military topics. It aims to comprehensively but critically cover available literature on the subject as of the late 1980s/early 1990s.
Su-Tech Engineers Pvt. Ltd. is a company that specializes in pulp and paper technology. It provides contact information for two representatives, Jackson Fernandez and Jayanti Patel, as well as an email address and website. The company is located at Plot No 29, Behind Maharashtra Distillaries, MIDC Chilathana, Aurangabad.
This report initiates coverage on three Brazilian pulp and paper companies - Suzano, Klabin and Fibria - and names Suzano as the top pick. It provides an overview of the global pulp market, noting growing demand from China and other Asian markets will support prices. While prices may be flat in the near term, the analysts expect shutdowns of higher cost capacity to balance new production. Among the three companies, Suzano receives the highest ratings due to its integrated model, strong balance sheet, and an implied real return of 12% at current prices. Klabin also receives favorable ratings for its business profile and growth opportunities from its new mill, though Fibria faces challenges from currency fluctuations and lacks a sufficient margin of safety
Valmet provides technology, automation systems, and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. It has a global presence with over 100 service centers and sales offices in 33 countries. Valmet aims to improve its customers' performance by combining advanced process technologies, automation solutions, and services. Key strategic objectives include achieving excellence in customer service, technology innovation, operational processes, and developing its employees.
World Economic Forum Young Global Leaders Sharing Economy Position Paper June...Collaborative Lab
This paper seeks to place the sharing economy on the global agenda for companies, governments, communities and entrepreneurs alike. It is presented by the WEF YGL Sharing Economy Working Group which is part of the Circular Economy Innovation and New Business Models Initiative.
The goal of this paper is to explain what the sharing economy is and why it holds potential, focusing on key principles, drivers, trends and models. It maps out critical factors and conditions required for access-based business models to scale up, and identifies both opportunities and possible challenges to their success. It also embeds the sharing economy within a larger context and movement focused on resource efficiency, sustainability, changing demographics and user behaviors.
The sharing economy represents one of several substantive investigations by the WEF community into new disruptive business models that are impacting industries, value chains and systems around the world. It is intended to serve as an input to future WEF summits, sessions and engagements focused on the future of business, cities, technology, demographic shifts and a variety of sector-specific verticals.
cleaner technology in pulp and paper industry Chētâñ Şhărmă
Chetan Sharma presented on cleaner technology in the pulp and paper industries. The presentation covered the significant environmental impacts of pulp and paper production, including high water usage, large wastewater outputs containing chemicals from pulping and bleaching, and air emissions. It also discussed technologies that have been implemented to reduce pollution, such as chemical recovery systems, best available techniques, new pulping/bleaching processes, and primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment methods including biological, chemical, and physical processes. The presentation concluded that minimizing waste and further developing treatment technologies are important to reduce the environmental risks of the pulp and paper industry.
The document provides a business plan for a paper recycling plant called K&N Paper Recycling Plant. The plan includes details on the company information, description, executive summary, production plan, marketing plan, operational plan, industry analysis, management team, financial analysis, and social/environmental benefits. The key aspects are recycling paper to produce paper pulp and paper products, selling pulp to paper manufacturers, and addressing the environmental and economic benefits of recycling paper waste.
The document provides an overview of the Indian paper industry. It notes that India is the 15th largest paper producer in the world, with the industry employing nearly 1.5 million people. Per capita paper consumption in India is estimated to be 7 kg in 2006, much lower than global and Asian averages. The industry is expected to face challenges in meeting growing demand due to constraints on raw material availability. Projections estimate paper demand in India could double by 2015 and reach 21 million tonnes by 2020.
This document summarizes the specifications of a mini paper plant that converts waste into paper products. The plant can produce tissue paper, towel paper, and napkins with a basis weight between 13 to 30 g/m2 and a trim width of 600mm or 787mm. It has a production capacity of 0.5 to 1 ton and can operate at speeds between 10 to 30 meters per minute. The total cost of investment for a plant that converts waste paper into finished tissue paper through the entire production process is USD 43,500.
Use of Recyclable Material in Civil ConstructionYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario the cement concrete is one of the most widely used construction material in the world. Increase in the population growth is leads to increase in the demands of various fields like cultivation, transportation and building construction etc. Nowadays, there is a very much increase in the demand for construction works like residential buildings, commercial buildings, bridges, dams, roads etc. and because of this increase in demand the availability of resources for the cement concrete ingredients is getting very complex. Hence people are looking for the alternative resources for the concrete ingredients in order to meet their requirements. This thesis work deals with the study of physical properties of the cement concrete with using Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. The major objective of this research work is to determine that what percentage of Used Aggregate can be utilized in the cement concrete mixture to achieve its target mean strength. In this research work it is concentrated on the use of Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mixture. A series of tests were carried out to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength with and without addition of Used Aggregate. The use of recyclable material in cement concrete mixture also helps in preservation of the environment by saving the natural resources. However, in coming few decades, it can raise new challenges for the construction industry. It is essential to investigate the properties of fresh and hardened concrete to encourage and escalate its application in the civil engineering construction industry. This research investigates the properties of fresh and hardened concrete made with different quantity Used Aggregate in the cement concrete mix. Arpit Mathur | R. C. Patil "Use of Recyclable Material in Civil Construction" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41102.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/41102/use-of-recyclable-material-in-civil-construction/arpit-mathur
Reusability of Construction & Demolition Waste in BricksIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on reusing construction and demolition (C&D) waste in making bricks. C&D waste currently takes up significant landfill space. The study collected C&D waste from a construction site, crushed and sieved it to produce fine and coarse aggregates. Bricks were made with two compositions - one using cement and fly ash as binders, the other using only cement. Physical and mechanical tests were performed on the bricks, including compressive strength and water absorption, and compared to standard clay bricks. Results showed one composition of bricks made with a ratio of 1:2.75:2.25 of binder to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate met strength and absorption standards, providing a potential sustainable
Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Techn...ijtsrd
The natural fibers like Banana, Coir, Cotton, Sisal and Jute have attracted the attention of scientists and technologist for application in consumer goods, low cost housing and other civil structures. Nonwoven products are taking the place of many woven and knit materials because of their lower cost and lighter weight. Nonwoven fabrics are also predominate in the geotextiles industry because of their higher permeability, better friction and construction survivability compared to that of woven products point out Niir Board (2000). The fibres apart from low cost and renewable in nature, it is more attractive as reinforcing material for composite says Billie. J. Collien et al., (2001). The use of natural material gives the user or a designer more inspiration and indicates the flow and performance of a product.A study was conducted in three districts of Southern part of Tamil Nadu namely Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi to find out the preference of nonwoven made up of natural fibres such as Jute, Coir, Banana and blends which were low cost and locally available fibers. Seven nonwoven samples were prepared by needle punching process from the selected natural fibers such as Jute, Coir, Banana as 1st, 2nd & 3rd samples Coir and Jute, Coir and Banana, Banana Jute as 4th, 5th, 6th samples and Jute Coir Banana as 7th sample. The study revealed that the country fishermen and company owners were concerned with marine environment and they preferred to select nonwoven made of natural fibres at affordable cost. Dr.Sr.Mary Gilda | Dr.V.Subramaniam"Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3573.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/clothing-and-textiles/3573/preparation-of-nonwoven-fabrics-using-natural-fibers-by-needle-punching-technology/drsrmary-gilda
This report discusses sustainability in the textile industry. It covers raw materials and processing, energy and water usage, environmental impacts, waste management, and developing a more sustainable future. The textile industry is an important part of the economy in Sri Lanka but also uses many chemicals and resources. Proper disposal of waste and use of renewable energy sources are vital to reduce environmental hazards while meeting increasing global demand for textiles. New technologies may help make materials, manufacturing, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, and recover more sustainable.
About 2460kg (on average )plastic was collected by a factory named Sun Shine Plastic.amount of sorted plastic hard plastic (51%), semi hard plastic (38%) and soft plastic (11%).
Sun Shine plastic Factory has used 98070 kg raw materials and recycled around 7530 kg.
According to factory daily estimates, it is possible to produce of 28050 new products from 12515 kg raw materials.
The Indian pulp and paper industry has grown significantly from 1951 to 2011. Installed capacity increased from 0.137 million tonnes per year in 1951 to a projected 11.2 million tonnes per year in 2009-2011. Capacity utilization also improved over time, reaching a peak of 90% in 1978-1979. Paper production in 2001-2002 was 3.162 million tonnes, with 60.8% from non-wood materials and 39.2% from wood. India's per capita paper consumption was around 4 kg in 2002, one of the lowest rates in the world. Key factors that impacted the paper industry between 1991-2002 included international pulp price trends, growth in user industries, changes in import duties on paper
The document provides a history of paper making and the modern pulp and paper production process. It discusses how paper making has evolved from being done by hand to utilizing modern machinery. The Kraft pulping process is described as the most popular method today. However, pulp and paper production can cause environmental problems like deforestation, water pollution from chemicals, and air pollution. Solutions discussed include sustainable forestry practices and improvements to reduce waste and chemical usage.
A study on the plastic waste treatment methods for road constructionIJARIIT
Plastic found in different forms is almost 5% amongst municipal solid waste, which can prove to be toxic in nature. It
is a common sight in both urban and rural areas to find empty plastic bags and another type of plastic packing material littering
the roads as well as drains. Due to its biodegradability, it creates stagnation of water and associated hygiene problems. In order
to contain this problem experiments have been carried out whether this waste plastic can be reused productively in the
construction of roads. The experimentation at several institutes indicated that the waste plastic, when added to hot aggregate
will form a fine coat of plastic over the aggregate and such aggregate, when mixed with the binder is found to give higher
strength, higher resistance to water and better performance over a period of time. Therefore, it is proposed that we may use waste
plastic in the construction of Rural Roads.
This document compares the amount of material waste generated between Industrialized Building System (IBS) construction and conventional construction. Through a Delphi study with 18 construction experts, it was found that IBS construction generated less waste for most materials, including bricks, cardboard, concrete, glass, plastic, roofing materials, soil/sand, tiles, and wood. The highest waste for both systems was concrete, but IBS produced less concrete waste. IBS also produced less waste for other materials except metal, which saw higher waste potentially due to metal molds used in precasting. Overall, the study shows that IBS is more sustainable and reduces construction material waste compared to conventional construction methods.
This document discusses utilizing plastic waste and iron slag as a road filling material. It summarizes previous research showing blast furnace slag and plastic waste can be used in road construction. The document presents a methodology where plastic waste is crushed and mixed with heated iron slag at 1600-1700°C to form a slurry. Testing showed a mixture of 80% plastic and 20% iron slag had a compressive strength of 8N/mm2, making it suitable as a road filling material. The conclusion is that using this method can utilize waste products while repairing roads and improving the local environment.
This document is the preface to Volume 4 of Chemistry and Technology of Explosives by Tadeus Urbanski. It provides background on the scope and contents of the volume, acknowledges those who contributed information and assistance, and thanks the various organizations that granted permission to reuse content. The preface expresses the author's dedication to peaceful applications of explosives and avoidance of military topics. It aims to comprehensively but critically cover available literature on the subject as of the late 1980s/early 1990s.
Su-Tech Engineers Pvt. Ltd. is a company that specializes in pulp and paper technology. It provides contact information for two representatives, Jackson Fernandez and Jayanti Patel, as well as an email address and website. The company is located at Plot No 29, Behind Maharashtra Distillaries, MIDC Chilathana, Aurangabad.
This report initiates coverage on three Brazilian pulp and paper companies - Suzano, Klabin and Fibria - and names Suzano as the top pick. It provides an overview of the global pulp market, noting growing demand from China and other Asian markets will support prices. While prices may be flat in the near term, the analysts expect shutdowns of higher cost capacity to balance new production. Among the three companies, Suzano receives the highest ratings due to its integrated model, strong balance sheet, and an implied real return of 12% at current prices. Klabin also receives favorable ratings for its business profile and growth opportunities from its new mill, though Fibria faces challenges from currency fluctuations and lacks a sufficient margin of safety
Valmet provides technology, automation systems, and services for the pulp, paper and energy industries. It has a global presence with over 100 service centers and sales offices in 33 countries. Valmet aims to improve its customers' performance by combining advanced process technologies, automation solutions, and services. Key strategic objectives include achieving excellence in customer service, technology innovation, operational processes, and developing its employees.
World Economic Forum Young Global Leaders Sharing Economy Position Paper June...Collaborative Lab
This paper seeks to place the sharing economy on the global agenda for companies, governments, communities and entrepreneurs alike. It is presented by the WEF YGL Sharing Economy Working Group which is part of the Circular Economy Innovation and New Business Models Initiative.
The goal of this paper is to explain what the sharing economy is and why it holds potential, focusing on key principles, drivers, trends and models. It maps out critical factors and conditions required for access-based business models to scale up, and identifies both opportunities and possible challenges to their success. It also embeds the sharing economy within a larger context and movement focused on resource efficiency, sustainability, changing demographics and user behaviors.
The sharing economy represents one of several substantive investigations by the WEF community into new disruptive business models that are impacting industries, value chains and systems around the world. It is intended to serve as an input to future WEF summits, sessions and engagements focused on the future of business, cities, technology, demographic shifts and a variety of sector-specific verticals.
cleaner technology in pulp and paper industry Chētâñ Şhărmă
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Agricultural waste pulping in nigeria prospects and challengesAlexander Decker
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Waste is actually the biggest feed stock available for
processing, to produce useful and usable products. The
increasing amount of waste is a characteristic of the modern
human, though this discloses a more luxury life it presents an
environmental hazard that cannot be ignored. Following this
understanding we decided to impact on method of utilizing waste
and converting it into useful and usable products as well as
reducing the nuisance of waste. The methodology followed comes
in steps; first a random trial to detect the use of unsorted waste
and evaluating the equipment design, secondly improvement of
blending of different components of waste, thirdly improvement
of facilities for uniformity of heat and pressure, finally arriving
at suitable formula regarding the ratio of the different waste
components to give uniformity and better hold of the product.
This document summarizes research on converting plastic waste to liquid fuel through pyrolysis. It discusses:
- Plastic waste management is a major problem in Khartoum, Sudan, with over 1 million tons of solid waste annually, 12.7% of which is plastic.
- Pyrolysis involves heating plastic in the absence of oxygen to produce liquid oil, gas, and carbon black. The oil yield from plastic pyrolysis is 80-90%.
- The document evaluates several commercial pyrolysis processes and modifies the thermofuel process in Aspen Hysys software to improve efficiency.
- The modified process uses screw conveyors to melt plastic continuously and utilizes uncondensed gases to heat the feed,
Reinforced rubber products combine a rubber matrix and a reinforcement material so that high rates of strength and flexibility can be achieved. The reinforcing material, usually a type of fiber, provides strength and rigidity. The rubber matrix, with low strength and rigidity, provides air-fluid tightness and supports the reinforcement materials to maintain their relative positions. These positions are of great importance as they influence the resulting mechanical properties.
Rubber and textiles have been used together, each working in combination to deliver performance in a wide range of applications, since the early days of the rubber industry in the most developed areas of the world.
For many years, sizable rubber companies, using textile reinforcement, employed their own textile technologist working alongside rubber technologists. But in the last third of the 20th century, faced with global competition and the need to control and reduce total costs, this luxury has practically disappeared, as well as large companies (especially tire companies). Most organizations now rely on their textile suppliers to provide technical knowledge and experience. As a result, the textile component for many applications is now considered in the same way as other raw materials, that is, as an existing product, which only requires introduction into the manufacturing process, without any special knowledge or understanding, and is supplied with an agreed specification, which was probably drawn up by the textile manufacturer.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Schiedel sought to reduce plastic usage at its Washington manufacturing plant. It identified plastic wrap used for flexible liners as an area for improvement. Trials with an alternative thinner wrap from Kite showed a considerable reduction in plastic used - from 17.65kg to 14.85kg per shift. The new wrap also improved efficiency by reducing changeovers and allowing more product to be transported while providing better coverage. The plant was pleased with the results and hopes it can inspire other companies to pursue similar plastic reduction initiatives.
The advantages of enzymes in the pulp and paper Industry.pdfultrezenzymes
Papers are an important resource in our life. We can utilize them in multiple ways as per our needs. But are we aware of the procedure of the pulp and paper industry for its transformation? How often do we know about the method of unprocessed resources like cotton or wood that get converted into white, crisp sheets of paper?
This document presents a comparative study of the physico-chemical properties of effluents from small and large-scale pulp and paper mills in India. Samples were collected from different processing units and seasons from one small-scale agro-based mill (Mill A) and one large-scale wood-based mill (Mill B). The samples were analyzed for parameters like pH, color, BOD, COD, TDS, etc. The results showed that the effluents varied significantly between the different units and mills. Overall, Mill A was found to have more polluted effluents compared to Mill B, likely due to differences in raw materials and processing. The effluents generally did not meet regulatory standards for discharge
The environmental impact of paper production is significant, as the industry is one of the largest polluters of air, water, and land. Increased use of disposable paper led to high levels of consumption and waste. There is now a trend toward sustainability in the pulp and paper industry through reducing pollution, emissions, and impacts on local water and air quality. Paper production generates substantial emissions and pollution, and is a major contributor to deforestation and climate change through methane emissions from decomposing paper. Recycling and reducing paper use can help address these environmental impacts.
The document discusses paper, its history, uses, and sustainability. It notes that paper was first created in China around 105 AD and has since spread around the world. Paper is made from renewable resources like trees, agricultural residues, and recycled paper. The paper industry plants more trees than it harvests and uses renewable energy. While paper can be recycled and degrades naturally, it plays an important role in information sharing, education, packaging, and hygiene. The document argues that contrary to common myths, paper production is environmentally friendly and sustainable.
The document summarizes a research study investigating the effectiveness of using sidjapo skin (from the sidjapo shrub) for paper production as an alternative to craft papers made from cellulose fibers. The study aims to compare properties of paper made from sidjapo skin to commercially produced craft papers. It outlines the problem statement, hypothesis, significance of the study, scope and limitations, definition of key terms, and review of related literature. The research will determine if there are significant differences between sidjapo skin and commercial craft papers in physical appearance, texture, acceptability, absorption, strength, and weight.
This document provides an overview of the paper manufacturing process. It discusses (1) preparing wood through debarking, chipping, and screening, (2) cooking the wood chips using chemicals like sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide to break down lignin, (3) washing, screening, and bleaching the pulp to remove remaining lignin and impurities, and (4) the final paper making process of forming sheets from the pulp. Key aspects of bleaching include oxygen delignification to reduce lignin content followed by chlorine dioxide or chlorine-free bleaching to achieve a bright, high quality pulp for paper production.
Dispelling Myths: Recycled vs. Virgin FiberNew Leaf Paper
To help you navigate the debate between recycled vs virgin fiber, New Leaf Paper hosted a free live webinar on Tuesday, March 9th featuring Susan Kinsella, the Executive Director of Conservatree. Susan is an expert on environmental paper and environmentally preferable product procurement issues.
As Director of Research and Communications for Conservatree Paper Company from 1985-1990, she wrote the first national article "Exploding the Myths" about recycled paper (Garbage Magazine, 1990), gave policy speeches, handled media communications, and educated manufacturers, distributors, buyers, legislators, recyclers and environmentalists on market and production realities and requirements. She coined the phrase, "If you're not buying recycled products, you're not recycling,"
The slides from this webinar explored the myths and realities about recycled and virgin paper to help you make more informed purchasing decisions.
Initially, paper was made out of fibres from mulberry bark,papyrus, straw or cotton. Wood only emerged as the chief raw material for paper mass production as recently as the mid 19th century.
The printed page is immediate, its message cutting across cultures; a tactile experience that demands attention and creates desire. It is a passport to knowledge, a storage medium, a persuasive tool and an entertaining art form.
Paper is a sustainable resource and a permanent document.
Green Computing and Sustainable Environment – Introduction of E-documents and...AM Publications,India
This document discusses the environmental impacts of the paper manufacturing process. It begins by describing how paper is made, including the raw materials used and manufacturing steps. It then discusses several environmental impacts:
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Advances in pulp and paper technology and the implication for the paper industry in nigeria
1. Industrial Engineering Letters www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6096 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0581 (online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2014
3
Advances in Pulp and Paper Technology and the Implication for
the Paper Industry in Nigeria
Ogunwusi, A.A. and H.D. Ibrahim
Raw Materials Research and Development Council, Abuja
Abstract
The technology of pulp and paper production has advanced considerably since the discovery of paper in AD 105.
The improvements in technology have also increased the environmental impact of the processes through air and
water pollution. Efforts are being made to reduce the enviromental impact of the processes through
development of substitute raw materials. The increasing pulping of non wood raw materials, development of
organosolv pulping methods, total chlorine free bleaching and introduction of nanotechnology in pulp and paper
production aim at addressing these problems. The impact of the recent technological developments on the
obsolete pulp and paper production facilities in Nigeria dictate that new investments are required in the sector if
the country is to remove itself from being a perpetual paper importer.
Keywords: organosolv, nanotechnology, chlorine, kraft pulping, efluent
1.0 Introduction
Despite the development of information and communication technology, paper production still remain one of the
industrial activities regarded as a pointer to industrialization and educational development worldwide, and,
without doubt, pulp and paper production capacity is increasing. It is one of the high demand sectors in the
world of industrial production (Sridach, 2009). In the light this, and, in view of the increasing protectionism of
the environment, research and development in the sector have concentrated on overcoming environmental
problems associated with pulp and paper manufacturing activities globally. For instance pulp and paper
production is regarded as the fourth highest consumer of energy globally (Casey, 1980; Bublitz, 1980; El 1988;
Gielem and Tam, 2006). It is also a major cause of deforestation, effluent discharge, air and water pollution
(Anslem et al, 2012).
Consequently, research and development efforts have concentrated on reducing the environmental problems of
pulp and paper poduction using various approaches which includes but not limited to adoption of substitute raw
materials, pulping chemicals and variations in pulping time, temperature, pressure, and reduction in energy
consumption, etc. These have continually led to restructuring of the pulp and paper sector, making it a business
of continous change where wealth is no longer being measured by ownership of rapidly obsolescing fixed
physical asset, but interms of knowledge, high- value added technology intensive propriety system. This is very
imperative as the paper industry must be operated more efficiently and show more descipline around capital
deployment. This paper review some of the technological advances made in the pulp and paper production
process in order to address the afforementioned problems. The implication of the recent advances in pulp and
paper technology to the near obsolete pulp and paper production facilities available in Nigeria coupled with
near total dependence on pulp and paper importation in the country are also examined.
2.0 Historical Development of the Pulp and Paper Industry
Paper was invented in China by Ts’ai Lun in AD 105 (Wikipedia, 2014). Ts’ai Lun broke the bark of a mulberry
tree into fibres and grounded them into a sheet. Later it was discovered that the quality of the paper could be
much improved with the addition of rags. According to Palmer and Greenhalgh (1987), archeological evidence
indicated that paper had been used in China at least for two centuries before that date. The first fibrous materials
used were fishing nets and rags which were boiled and beaten to separate the fibres by use of a pestle and mortar
or a wooden mallet on a slab of stone. To form the sheet of paper, moulds consisting of reeds sewn together
with silk or horse hair and held in a wooden frame were used (Palmer and Greenhalgh, 1987) . The fibres were
suspended in a large volume of water and either the mould was dropped into the vat containing the suspension of
fibres or the suspension poured over the mould. This process formed the basis of paper production today. The
paper was widely used in China and spread to the rest of the world through the Silk Road.
Paper production technology reached Europe in the 12th
century and the USA in the late 17th
century. However,
in the East, paper making moved to Korea where production of paper began as early as 6th
Century AD
(Wikipedia, 2014; Herbert, 2006). In Europe, increasing literacy and population levels, together with industrial
revolution in the second half of the 18th
century led to a great increase in demand for paper. By this time, a large
number of mills had been established in England and Wales. However, they were unable to meet demand as the
output of individual mills was low and the process slow. Also, the rag raw materials supply was insufficient.
2. Industrial Engineering Letters www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6096 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0581 (online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2014
4
These conditions provided incentives for mechanizing the papermaking process and for expanding the raw
materials base to include wood biomass (Sjostrom, 1993). The increased demand for paper also created the need
for greater efficiency in production. In the late 18th
century, workers of Nicholas Luis Robert fabricated a
machine that produced seamless length of paper on an endless wire with squeezed rollers at one end (Sjostrom,
1993). Perfected and marketed by Fourdrinier brothers, the new machine made papers soon replaced traditional
single sheets made by hand. The first Fourdrinier machine was very small. It was 1.3m wide, 8.3m long and
produced 272 kg of paper in 24 hrs. This machine was the ancestor of the modern Fourdrinier machines which
may be 10m wide with design speeds of 600-1500m per minute (according to the grade of paper being made)
and capable of producing 1000 tons of kraft paper in 24 hours. The cylinder or the vat machine has developed
mainly into a multi-vat machine used in the manufacture of boards. Consequently, in Europe and America, the
mass production of paper became a thriving industry, supplying huge volumes of paper for production of
newspaper, books, magazines, paper bags, toilet paper, money and a huge variety of paper for other purposes.
Experiments to isolate fibres from straws and grasses met with some success by the mid of 18th
century.
However, most of the pulp produced were unsatisfactory because of undisintergrated fibre bundles and very poor
colour. Experimental work continued and was extended to include wood. In 1852, a mill for the commercial
manufacture of mechanical wood pulp was established, and, in 1863, the one for the manufacture of soda
chemical wood pulp started operation. Improvement in pulping technology has been continuous and included
innovations such as kraft process which led to higher strength pulp and the ability to use a wider range of wood
species, the successful use of chlorine and other chemical agents to produce pulp of high brightness and
permanence, the recovery of chemicals used in pulping and the reduction of mill effluent were products of the
research and development that took place in the 1860’s to 1900. Since then, the art of papermaking became
well developed and further research up till today has led to production of different type of papers and a variety of
pulping processes.
3.0 Major Developments In Pulp and Paper Technology
According to Ragauskas (2014), the major global developments that have taken place since the discovery
of paper are as follows:
- The first continous web paper machine was discovered in 1798
- The first deinking method was patented in 1801.
- The first commercial paper machine, the Fourdrinier machine debuted in 1807
- First drying cylinder was patented in 1820
- First kraft pulping process also debuted in 1865.
Between 1900 and 1950 a lot of developments took place in the industry. Notable among these are the integraton
of kraft pulping and the bleaching process, introduction of chemical recovery system, and commercialization of
digesters and secondary headboxes. Likewise, from 1950 to 2000, + wire width paper machines , composite
felts, new wet end chemistries, hybrid deformers, high yielding pulping, Z, D, P. were discovered and
commercialised, although, the improvements remains continous.
4.0 Advances in Pulping Processes for Softwoods and Hardwoods
Since the discovery of paper, the major industrial raw material has been lignocellulosic substances. These
consists of hardwoods, softwoods, agricultural resisdues, and increasing number of non timber forest products
(Ogunwusi, 2014; Rowel 1983; Rydholm, 1965). Basically, pulping has remained the liberation of individual
fibres so that they can be suspended in water and be formed into sheet materials (Palmer and Greenhalgh, 1991).
Apart from recycled pulp, three major class of pulping processes are adopted globally. These are the chemical,
semi chamical and mechanical pulping processes (Ogunwusi, 2014, Palmer and Greenhalgh, 1991, McGovern,
1980; Osung and Apakpa, 2012). The use of wood began with mechanical pulping in Germany in 1840’s.
Chemical process quickly followed, first with the use of sulfurous acid followed by calcium bisulphite to pulp
wood in 1867 (Biermann, 1993). Almost a decade later, first commercial sulfite mill was built in Sweeden. By
1900, sulfite pulping method had become the dominant method of pulping with soda process as a major
competitor (Bryce, 1980) The sulfate or kraft process was the offspring of the soda process. It was discovered
by Dahl, a German chemist in 1879. The invention of the recovery boiler in 1930’s (Sjostrom, 1993) allow kraft
mills to recycle almost all the pulping chemicals. Among other advantages of the kraft process are its high
pulping rates, pulp yied, pulp quality and low production cost (Biermann, 1993; Herbert, 2006; Bryce, 1980).
According to McGovern (1980), the process has several advantages over the soda process. Among these are its
ability to pulp any wood species, thus allowing flexibility in wood supply. It also allow substantial amount of
bark in wood chips and has short cooking time, excellent pulp strength properties, maximum recoverability of
the spent liquor and production of by- products such as turpentine and tall oil from some wood species (Bryce,
1980). The chemical recovery and black liquor combustion make the highly capital intensive process
3. Industrial Engineering Letters www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6096 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0581 (online)
Vol.4, No.10, 2014
5
economically feasible and provide a significant portion of the mills energy needs (Bryce, 1980).
In the semi –chemical pulping process, chemicals are used to soften the lignin and the fibres are separated
mechanically. In the mechanical pulping process, the logs of wood are grind against a grindstone or chips ground
in a disc refiner. Usually the pulp is composed of small lumps of fibres rather than completely separated fibres.
This in addition to the presence of high quantity of lignin make the paper of limited application in colour
separation technology (Ogunwusi, 2014; IPAB, 2008). The pulp yield of the three varieties of pulping
processes vary from 45-70% in the chemical process to 55 to 85% in semi-chemical pulps and 85 to 90% in
mechanical pulp mills (Palmer and Greenhalgh, 1991).
The major development that advance the use of hardwood fibres is the incorporation of the bleaching process
into pulp and paper mills. While for a long time it was considered appropriate to pulp only long fibre from
temperate softwood species with fibre length of 2 to 4mm for all types of paper, the situation changed
drastically in the last decade ( Rydholm, 1965; FAO, 1991). In the manufacture of printing and writing papers,
good sheet formation is of good importance (Rydholm, 1965; Dinwoodie, 1965). Long fibres tends to fioculate
and in order to overcome bad formation, the fibre length are reduced through beating, a process which influences
important properties paper such as bulk, opacity and tearing strength (Dinwoodie, 1965). The introduction of
short fibres from hardwoods lead to good paper formation and only a low degree of beating is required to obtain
optimal sheet strength (Bryce, 1980). Short fibres also contribute to smoother paper surface and high opacity
(Bryce, 1980; Dinwoodie, 1965).
5.0 Chlorine Free Bleaching
The pulp and paper industry is considered as one of the most polluting industries globally due to the huge
qualities of waste water generated (Dence and Reeve 1996). Waste water from the pulp bleaching end is
responsible for most of the colour, organic matter and toxicity of water dicharges of the industry ( Kumar et al.
2012). The pulp produce by chemical pocess requires bleaching to produce bright pulps. The operation generates
high environmental load and poses serious threat to the environment (Sighn and Thankor 2004). The need to
reduce the environmental impact of bleaching has led to development of other bleaching methods. Modified
bleaching techniques have made possible the development of elemental chlorine free (ECF) and totally chlorine
free (TCF) processes that have alleviated the problem of the environmental impacts of bleaching effluent. The
concept of total chlorine free pulp mill has increased in importance and seems to be the solution to the
environmental problems related to pulp bleaching (Young and Akhtar, 1998). This is important as chroline
bleaching creates a by-product called dioxin which has extremely harrmful effect on the environment. Dioxin is
a known carcinogen and will leave detectable reactants in any product that has been bleached with chlorine. TCF
is the only 100% chlorine free bleaching process which uses oxygen from hydrogen perioxide, and, today,
elemental chlorine (CI) is no longer used in most mills (Young and Akhtar, 1998; Ogunwusi, 2014).
6.0 Organosolv Pulping
Organsolv pulping method was developed to avoid environmental problems related to sulfur emissions. Pulp
production by organosolv process has been evaluated with several wood species and a broad range of organic
solvents in acid and alkaline media. The method breaks up lignocellulosic biomass to obtain cellulosic fibers for
pulp and paper making. Organosolv pulping method was developed to eliminate hemicellulose and lignin
degradation products from generated black liquor, thus, avoiding emission and effluent ( Azziz and Sarkanen,
1989, Herget, 1998; Pasnez, 1998). The process either use low boiling solvents such as methanol, ethanol and
acetone which could easily be recovered by distillation or high boiling solvents such as ethyleneglycol and
ethanolamine which can be used at low pressure and in available facilities in classical pulping processes
(Sridach, 2010). Organosolv pulping process produce high yield pulp, low residual lignin content, high
brightness and good strength (Yawalata and Pasnez, 2004). In recent years, research into organosolv pulping
process has resulted in development of pulping methods capable of producing pulp with properties reminiscent
to kraft pulp (Sridach, 2010). Among the methods developed that use alcohols are Kleinert ( Azziz and Sarkanen,
1989), Akell (Lonnberg et al., 1980), MD Organocell (Stockburger, 1987), Organocell (Lonnberg et al, 1987),
ASSAM (Black, 1991) and ASAE (Kirci et al,1994). Other processes based on other chemicals also worthy of
special note are ether pulping (Young, 1989), phenol pulping (Aziz and Sarkanen 1989), Acetocell (Newman
and Balser, 1993), Milox (Poppius-Levin et al , 1991), Formacell (Sacke et al., 1995), and NAEM (Paszner and
Cho, 1989).
Closely allied to organosolv pulping process is the organic acid process. In this, organic acids are used to
delignify lignocellulosic materials to produce pulp for paper (Poppius et al 1991, Jimenez et al . 1998; Lam et
al,2001). Typical organic acids used in the pulping operation can easily be recovered by distillation and reuse in
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the process (Muurinen, 2000).
Biopulping which is the fungi pretreament of wood chips designed as a solid state fermentation process for
producing mechanical or chemical pulps has also been developed. The concept of biopulping is based on the
ability of some white rot fungi to colourise and degrade selectively the lignin in wood, thereby, leaving the
cellulose relatively intact (Young and Akhter ,1998). Biotechnology derived technologies have been
implemented in pulp and paper production in recent years. Energy savings and strength improvements in refiner
mechanical pulping have been successfully demonstrated by the use of white rot fungi in the pretreatment of
wood chips (Young and Akhter 1998). Kraft cooking of Phaneroachaete chrysosphorium degraded aspen
wood chips also show increases in pulp yield and in tensile, burst and fold properties related to the incubation
time in the fungi pretreatment (Oriran et al, 1990). In addition to the influence of white rot fungi on chemical
and mechanical pulp yields, a number of studies have also been reported on fungi-organosolv pulping method. A
significant increase in the organosolv delignification rate was reported for cooks of 1 month decayed wood
samples pretreated with T. versicolor at 180 0
C ( Ferraz et al . 1996a). A comparison of the delignification
kinetics showed that the same amount of residual lignin (6-8% on wood basis) was achieved by cooking both the
wood samples, the undecayed and the 1 month decayed by T. vesicolor for 60 to 20 minutes respectively. This
indicated that energy savings could be expected from organosolv pulping samples previously biodelignified
(Young and Akhter, 1998).
7.0 Pulping of Non -Wood Plant Species
The fiber properties of raw materials dictate the end use of the paper produced from them. Softwoods and
hardwoods became the major raw materials in the pulp and paper industry in view of their avialablility and
abiquity (Rowell, 1983; Young, 1986; Casey, 1980). While non-wood fibers were originally used for paper
making in the 17th
century, wood became the dominant source in Europe (Pande, 1998). In view of its seeming
inexhaustibility of supply and versatility, most modern pulp and paper mills rely on wood (Smook, 1994).
Currently however, there is a growing interest in the use of non-wood plants such as annual plants and
agricultural residues as raw materials for pulp and paper production (Sridach, 2010). Non wood raw materials
account for 10% of the total pulp and paper produced worldwide (El-Sakhawy et al. 1996). This is mostly made
up of 44% straw, 18% bagasse, 14% reeds, 13% bamboo and 11% others. The production of non wood pulp
takes place mostly in countries with shortage of wood such as in China and India (Oinonen and Koskivirta,
1999). More recently, there have been serious advocacies for the use of non wood species by several authors.
King (1977) and Patil et al (2011), have recommended that developing countries should re-strategize and
promote paper production processes that uses local raw materials to ensure sustainability of the industry locally.
The pulping of non wood fibres has been reported as an ethically sound way to produce pulp and paper,
compared to clear cutting of rain or primeval forests. According to Sridach (2010), the benefits of non wood
plants as fiber sources are their fast annual growth rate and the smaller amounts of lignin that binds the fibers
together. Also, non wood pulp can be produced at low temperatures with lower chemical charges. Likewise,
non wood pulping can make small size mills economically viable, giving the simplified process and their non
polluting nature (Sridach 2010). Additionally, non food applications can give another income to famers (Rousu,
et al 2002; Kissinger et al, 2007).
Non wood fibers are used for all types of papers. It has been used to produce writing, printing and packaging
papers (Onilude and Ogunwusi, 2012). This reflects substantially in the increased use of non wood fibres from
12,000 tons in 2003 to 850,000 tons in 2006 (FAO, 2009; Lopez et al, 2009). In a number of economies efforts
are being put in place to develop long fiber pulp from the bast fibers of kenaf (Hibiscus canabinus) (Ogunwusi,
1997). Among the advantages of non wood fiber pulping are the high annual yield per hectare. The average
annual yield per hacter of kenaf, a non wood fiber, is about twice that of growing softwood (Pierce, 1991). Non
woods are generally easy to delignify due to their lower activation energies. The major disadvantage of non
wood fibers pulping is the unavailability all the year round. As annual plants, large storage capacities need to be
developed to ensure constant supply. This, is in addition to the bulky nature of non wood fibers and high silica
content. Also, non wood fiber require high inputs for growth, thereby contributing to climate change problems.
Another major problem of non wood fiber pulping is the significant variation in their chemical and physical
properties compared to wood fibers (Gumuuskaya and Usta, 2002, Chram et al, 2006). The properties vary,
depending on species and the local conditions such as soil and climate (Bicho, et al 1999, Jacobs et al 1999).
Short fiber length, high content of fines and low bulk density are the most important physical features of non
wood raw material (Oinonen and Koskivirta, 1999; Paavlaiinen, 2000). Nevertheless, pulping studies on wood
fibres indicated that pulp production from non wood resource has several advantages. These include ease of
pulping, excellent fiber for the special type of papers and high quality bleached pulp (Sridach, 2010). They can
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also be used as an effective substitute for the over-exploited forest wood resources (El-Sakhawy et al . 1995;
1996; and Jimenez et al. 2007).
8.0 Nano Technology In Pulp and Paper Making
The benefits of nano technology are revolutionary in nature. Through application of this process, a leap in todays
products as well as manufacturing fundermentals can be expected (ERSCP, 2004). Advances in the field of
micro and nano technology can bring high benefit to the pulp and paper producers as well as help the industry
reach its goals for the future. Celloluse and ligno cellulose have great potential as nano materials as they are
abundanly renewable, have a non fibriller structure and can be made mutifunctional and sellf assemble into well
defined architectures (Mohieldin et al. 2011). While many mills are just introducing micro and nano technology
into their production processes, a wide range of paper and packaging industries have already incorporated
nanotechnology througout their production systems (Norris, 2011). As the basic concept of all types of fibers
in paper making is the cellulose or more precisely the glucopyranose unit measuring 5.25 nanometer, paper
machine manufacturers have been including nanotechnolgy for years as a way to improve production quality
(Patil 2011). The use of micro sensor for on line measurement and the adoption of processes such as nano
coating have become common for paper production, enabling mills to produce higher, more consistent quality.
Norris (2011) observed that nanotechnology is employed substantially in the production of packaging materials
for security, conterfeting, safety and microbial uses. It has also been introduced in antibacterial paper, tissue
paper and newsprint (Norris, 2011). Many companies are aready introducing nanotechnology into existing
fcilities, most especilally, in the areas of plantation development, wet end, calendering, and coating of paper and
packaging materials. The bottom line of introducing nanotechnology in the paper making process is to produce
paper without any pollution at least cost. Advancements in micro particle and micro-polymer technologies are
been deployed to improve retention and drainage at the wet end (Patil, 2011). More recent findings showed
promising results in application of nanotechnology in electrospining, chemical treatment followed by mechanical
techniques or mechanical isolation applied by different research groups to prepare cellulose nano fibers
(Mohereldin et al. 2011). Expectedly, nanotechnology will continue to play a major role in the development of
new products, substitution of existing chemicals and materials with cheaper ones based on improved
performance and potential cost savings (ERSCP, 2004). New materials can be made of cheaper and more
renewable resources. This provides paper machine with a wider flexibility in construction material selection in
the future (Procter, 2002)
9.0 Substitution of Wood with Recycled Paper
The problems relating to climate change, long gestation period of wood species, diminishing natural forests and
problems relating to monocultural plantation establishment necessitated the need for efforts to be made to utilize
present supplies of wood as efficiently as possible and to employ other sources of fibre in the paper making
production process (Oguwusi, 2014; Arjowiggins, 2009) A major way this is being handled globally is
increasing utilization of post consume recycled paper. Although, for many years, secondary fibre pulping does
not keep pace with the overall growth of the paper industry, recent economic factors and environmental
considerations have caused it to expand greatly (Felton, 1981). Nowadays, secondary fibre has become the
second largest source of fibre for paper and paperboard globally and its use is expanding. Among advantages of
utilising recycled paper in the pulp and paper production processes are lower consumption of water, energy,
virgin fibre and lower greeen house gas (GHG) emission. Table 1 compare the environmental impact of papers
produced with various percentages of recycled fibres with that of virgin wood. From the table it can be observed
that papers produced from 100% recycled papers consumed approximately 53% water, 20% energy and released
55% GHG emission, compared with those produced from 100% virgin fibre, and a combination of 60% recycled
fibre and virgin pulp (Table 1). Also, paper recycling helps cut down on waste paper that would otherwise be
sent to landfills or incinerators. Papers used for landfills currently accounts for 25% of methane gas released
from landfills. Also, municipal landfills accounts for one third of human related methane emissions of 1.6
million tons of GHG. In Europe over half of the raw material used for paper making is recycled fibre. The use
of recycled fibre increased from 62% in 2005 to 64.5% in 2007 in Europe. In Chile, only 1.2% of total wood
consumed end up as waste and in New Zealand, the industry has achieved 78% recovery rate of paperboard
packaging, exceeding the global target of 70% (ICFPA, 2009). In most cases, writing and printing papers used
only 6.5% recycled paper while tissue papers used 45% in their production processes. In Nigeria, 100% recycled
papers have been used to produce kraft paper for the packaging industry by the Nigeria Paper Mill, Jebba
(RMRDC, 2010). However, as demand for recycled paper globally will exceed supply by 1.5 million tons per
year within the next 10 years (ICFPA, 2009), it is imperative that other sustainable sources of fibre be
determined for industrial pulp and paper production.
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10.0 Reduction in Water Utilisation and Effluent Discharge
While not on the frontline, recycling of waste materials such as waste water and waste energy is a locally
desirable means of reducing greenhouse gases. More recently, the paper industry has been reducing the process
water consumption per unit of production. According to Springer and Peterson (1981), industry wide data
suggest a decrease from 163m3
/tons in 1955 to approximately 113m3
/tons in 1972. For non integrated fine paper
manufacturers in 1970, the average process water was 151m3
/tons and by 1972, this was reduced to 100m3
/tons.
More recently however, in view of the threatening effects of climate change, there is need for formation of
industrial symbiosis with respect to water recycling. While geographic concentrations of industry are often
heavy generators of green house gases, impacts of the effects on GHG can be modulated through collaboration
approaches. Emerging industrial ecology dictates that where a cluster of geographically proximate companies
exchange material by-products such as water and energy in mutually beneficial manner, waste products from one
industrial process can become feedstock for another (Chertow, 2009).
11.0 Implications of the Developments For Sustainable Pulp and Paper Production In Nigeria
Primary pulp and paper production in Nigeria is currently at the doldrums as the integrated mills are currently
out of production. Out of three primary pulp and paper mills, only the Nigeria Paper Mill is producing packaging
papers from 100% recycled fibre. Before the mills were pravitized between 2005-2007, they have been
extensively canibalised with negative networth (TCPC, 1993). While efforts are on to refurbish the mills, it is
important that the new owners take into consideration the need to source their primary raw materials, mostly
pulping chemicals and long fire pulp locally (Ogunwusi, 2014; Picornel, 1991; Patil, 2011). If the country is to
go by the initial pre privatization plan, heavy dependence on imported inputs it will require more than 150 billion
naira annually for the importation of long fiber pulp and chemical at full production capacity (Onwualu, 2010;
RMRDC, 2009; Ogunwusi, 2014). Thus, it is imperative for the new owners to carry out studies that will
determine the feasibility and profitability of using organsolv pulping methods at the mills and to examine the
possibility of pulping non wood cellulosic fibers such as kenaf . According to Ogunwusi and Onwualu (2013),
the cost of non functioning of the mills to the Nigerian economy is more than 100 billion naira annually. It is
also important to stress that paper requirement in the country has increased tremendously. If all the integrated
mills are to function of full capacity, they can only supply about a third of paper requirement locally (RMRDC,
2003; 2009). As a result of this, it has become mandatory for government to promote investment in small scale
pulp and paper mills as done by India in the 1970’s to 1990’s. Small scale paper mills that depends of kraft
process are highly polluting as the chemical recovery aspect has not been perfected (UNIDO, 1979). Thus,
organsolv pulping method may be used in view of its environment friendliness. Nigeria should be part of
development in nano paper or nanotechnology. Currently, facilities for pulp and paper research and development
in the country are obsolete where they exist. These need to be overhauled and adequate research in the tropical
hardwood pulpwood utilization including the use of available non timber tree species be assidously embarked on.
If the situation in the industry is left as it is, Nigeria may become perpetual importer of paper.
12.0 Conclusion
The development of information and communication technolgy has not critically reduce the dependence on pulp
and paper, most especially, writing and duplicating paper. The area where the effect is felt to any reasonable
extent is in the demand for newsprint as a number of people now read online. However, the capital intensity of
investment in pulp and paper production and the associated maginal profit are making it difficult for new
investment to be enbarked on even in developed countries. To combat, this pulp and paper experts have
developed pathways aimed at reducing investment cost and increase profit in the industry. Most of the inovations
developed are being put into practice comercially. While these are taking place in developed economies, the
situation is subsahara African countries remains pathetic. If adequate care is not taken, most of the countries in
these area, most especially, Nigeria may be perpetual importer of paper despite the recent developments.
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9. Industrial Engineering Letters www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-6096 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0581 (online)
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Table 1:Comparison of the Environmental Impact of Papers made of various % of Recycled Paper and
Virgin Pulp
S/N Consumption/Emission
for/Ton of Paper
Non Recycled
Paper
Paper with 60%
Recycled Fibres (MS
Green Range)
Papers with 100%
Recycled Fibres
(Cyclus Ranged)
100% 40% 0%
1. Water consumed 100% 65% 53%
2. Energy consumed 100% 80% 20%
3. GHG emissions 100% 80% 55%
Source: Arjowiggins (2009)
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