This document provides information about potato cultivation in Ecuador. It discusses that potatoes are an important crop for Ecuador's economy and diet. It is grown across 12 provinces at elevations between 2,000-3,400 meters above sea level. Potato varieties discussed include native criollo varieties and improved varieties. The document also covers potato physiology, taxonomy, botanical description, cultivation requirements including temperature, moisture, and soil conditions.
This document provides information on seed saving and plant propagation. It begins with an overview of angiosperms and their evolution. It then discusses pollination methods in flowers and different types of plant reproduction. The bulk of the document describes techniques for different plant families, including flower structure, pollination, and seed harvesting. It covers seed processing, storage, and record keeping. It concludes with recommendations for further resources on seed saving.
This document provides information on Canaigre Dock, a spreading perennial native to southwestern US and southern California. It has large, fleshy blue-green leaves and showy pink bracts/seed pods that replace small, yellow-pink flowers. Canaigre Dock is drought-deciduous and thrives in sandy, summer-dry areas. It can be used as a bold accent plant and its early spring leaves added sparingly to cooked dishes as a tangy green substitute for rhubarb.
This document provides information on the Northern water plantain plant. It is a herbaceous perennial that grows 1-3 feet tall and spreads via rhizomes, forming dense colonies. It has large green basal leaves and small white flowers in clusters above the foliage in June or July. It can be grown in or near water and provides good habitat for birds and pollinators.
Unfruitfulness and Associated Factors of Friut TreesJunaid Abbas
This document discusses unfruitfulness in orchards, which is an important determinant of yield potential. Unfruitfulness can be caused by external or internal factors. External factors include environmental conditions, water and nutrient availability, rootstock selection, pruning practices, plant age and vigor, locality, and insects/pests/diseases. Some internal factors are related to plant sex expression, such as dioecious plants that require both male and female plants for pollination. Other internal factors include abnormal pollen development or abortion of pistils and ovules. The document emphasizes the importance of considering many agricultural practices and environmental conditions to maximize fruitfulness.
This document provides information on the Hooker's Evening Primrose plant, including its native range in California and the southwest U.S., its growth characteristics as a perennial subshrub reaching 2-5 feet tall and wide, and its white flowers that bloom from late spring through summer. The document notes that the plant is suitable for meadow and prairie gardens due to its attractive flowers and ability to tolerate some drought once established. It attracts butterflies and moths with its nectar and provides habitat for other pollinators and insects.
This document summarizes causes of unfruitfulness or lack of fruit production in fruit plants. It discusses internal factors like impotence and incompatibility as well as external environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, wind, frost, and nutrient supply. Temperature affects flowering, pollination and fruit development, and extreme temperatures can inhibit fertilization. Rainfall at the time of blossoming can wash away pollen. Nutrient supply must be balanced - too much fertilizer can negatively impact flowering and fruiting. Rootstocks, pruning, plant age and vigor can also influence fruitfulness.
This document discusses unfruitfulness in fruit crops. It begins by defining key terms like fruitfulness, infertility, and unfruitfulness. It then explores various internal and external causes of unfruitfulness. Internal factors include evolutionary tendencies like dioecy and dichogamy, genetic influences like hybridity and incompatibility, and physiological influences like slow pollen tube growth and improper timing of pollination. External factors that can cause unfruitfulness include environmental stresses and pest/disease pressures. The document aims to familiarize readers with the problem of unfruitfulness in order to improve fruit production.
Seeding Plants for the School Garden ~ MA Ag in Classroom
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides information on seed saving and plant propagation. It begins with an overview of angiosperms and their evolution. It then discusses pollination methods in flowers and different types of plant reproduction. The bulk of the document describes techniques for different plant families, including flower structure, pollination, and seed harvesting. It covers seed processing, storage, and record keeping. It concludes with recommendations for further resources on seed saving.
This document provides information on Canaigre Dock, a spreading perennial native to southwestern US and southern California. It has large, fleshy blue-green leaves and showy pink bracts/seed pods that replace small, yellow-pink flowers. Canaigre Dock is drought-deciduous and thrives in sandy, summer-dry areas. It can be used as a bold accent plant and its early spring leaves added sparingly to cooked dishes as a tangy green substitute for rhubarb.
This document provides information on the Northern water plantain plant. It is a herbaceous perennial that grows 1-3 feet tall and spreads via rhizomes, forming dense colonies. It has large green basal leaves and small white flowers in clusters above the foliage in June or July. It can be grown in or near water and provides good habitat for birds and pollinators.
Unfruitfulness and Associated Factors of Friut TreesJunaid Abbas
This document discusses unfruitfulness in orchards, which is an important determinant of yield potential. Unfruitfulness can be caused by external or internal factors. External factors include environmental conditions, water and nutrient availability, rootstock selection, pruning practices, plant age and vigor, locality, and insects/pests/diseases. Some internal factors are related to plant sex expression, such as dioecious plants that require both male and female plants for pollination. Other internal factors include abnormal pollen development or abortion of pistils and ovules. The document emphasizes the importance of considering many agricultural practices and environmental conditions to maximize fruitfulness.
This document provides information on the Hooker's Evening Primrose plant, including its native range in California and the southwest U.S., its growth characteristics as a perennial subshrub reaching 2-5 feet tall and wide, and its white flowers that bloom from late spring through summer. The document notes that the plant is suitable for meadow and prairie gardens due to its attractive flowers and ability to tolerate some drought once established. It attracts butterflies and moths with its nectar and provides habitat for other pollinators and insects.
This document summarizes causes of unfruitfulness or lack of fruit production in fruit plants. It discusses internal factors like impotence and incompatibility as well as external environmental factors such as temperature, rainfall, wind, frost, and nutrient supply. Temperature affects flowering, pollination and fruit development, and extreme temperatures can inhibit fertilization. Rainfall at the time of blossoming can wash away pollen. Nutrient supply must be balanced - too much fertilizer can negatively impact flowering and fruiting. Rootstocks, pruning, plant age and vigor can also influence fruitfulness.
This document discusses unfruitfulness in fruit crops. It begins by defining key terms like fruitfulness, infertility, and unfruitfulness. It then explores various internal and external causes of unfruitfulness. Internal factors include evolutionary tendencies like dioecy and dichogamy, genetic influences like hybridity and incompatibility, and physiological influences like slow pollen tube growth and improper timing of pollination. External factors that can cause unfruitfulness include environmental stresses and pest/disease pressures. The document aims to familiarize readers with the problem of unfruitfulness in order to improve fruit production.
Seeding Plants for the School Garden ~ MA Ag in Classroom
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
External factors like water, temperature, aeration, light, salinity, and pathogens can influence seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds need sufficient water and oxygen to germinate. The optimum temperature varies by species. Salinity and pathogens can prevent germination. Some seeds also have internal dormancy factors like an impermeable seed coat or lack of hormones and enzymes that need to be released through treatments like gibberellic acid or stratification before the seed can germinate.
This document provides information on the Bigelow Beargrass plant, including that it is a large, drought-tolerant, herbaceous perennial native to deserts in southern California and other southwestern states. It grows in large clumping rosettes of long, strap-like leaves and produces tall flowering stalks in late spring with fragrant white flowers. As a dramatic desert plant, it is suitable for water-wise gardens and providing pollinator habitat.
Peppers grow best in temperatures between 21-33°C during the dry season. Night temperatures should not exceed 30°C for fruit to properly develop. Fields where legumes or cereals were previously grown are best for peppers, to prevent disease and pest buildup from previous solanaceous crops. Peppers self-pollinate but isolation of 20m between varieties or wind breaks are recommended. Healthy, attractive fruits from marked plants should be selected for seed harvesting when fully ripe. Seeds can then be extracted from fresh or sun-dried peppers and stored in airtight containers in a cool, dry place for up to three years.
Collecting and Storing Seeds from Your Garden ~ USUSeeds
This document provides information on collecting and storing seeds from home gardens. It discusses the differences between open pollinated and hybrid seeds. Open pollinated seeds grown from the same variety will be similar, while hybrid seeds crossed from two varieties will produce inconsistent offspring. The document also outlines which seeds are easiest for home gardeners to collect, such as tomatoes and peppers, and which are more difficult due to cross-pollination or needing specialized equipment, like sweet corn and cucurbits. Finally, it provides tips on proper seed drying, testing viability through germination tests, and storage methods to maximize seed life.
Seed Saving ~ sprg.info
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The document discusses hybrid seed production techniques for red gram. It describes using male sterile lines as female parents that are crossed with male parents that produce pollen. The key steps involve emasculation of the female parent's flowers before pollination with pollen from the male parent. New high yielding hybrids and varieties have been developed by ICRISAT and IIPR that provide 30-40% greater yields than traditional varieties through genome sequencing and other innovations.
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
“Heliconia” refers to Mount Helicon in Greece, home to the muses, goddesses of the arts and sciences in greek mythology. The muses were said to be eternally young and beautiful, thus the name “heliconia” refers to the flowers’ long-lasting and attractive qualities.
Tomato and sweet pepper are both members of the Solanaceae family. Tomatoes are native to South America and grow as vines or bushes. They prefer warm temperatures between 21-24°C and well-draining soil. Tomatoes are often picked unripe and ripened with ethylene gas in storage. Sweet peppers are also in the Solanaceae family and native to Central and South America. They grow as annual or perennial plants and prefer warmer temperatures than tomatoes. Both crops require similar growing conditions including fertile, well-draining soil and are susceptible to similar pests and diseases.
Seed dormancy is a state where seeds are prevented from germinating under normally favorable conditions. There are two main categories of dormancy - exogenous caused by external factors like a hard seed coat, and endogenous caused by internal factors in the embryo. Dormancy allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are suitable to increase the likelihood of seedling survival. Various natural and artificial methods can be used to break dormancy. Dormancy provides biological benefits like allowing seeds to survive unfavorable periods and disperse to new areas.
Types of seed dormancy & Methods to overcome itAbarna Abi
This document discusses types of seed dormancy and methods to overcome dormancy. There are several types of dormancy including seed coat dormancy, dormancy due to rudimentary embryos, dormancy due to chemical inhibitors, and dormancy due to internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include mechanical scarification, soaking seeds in water, acid treatment, cold stratification, dry storage, and treatment with chemicals like gibberellic acid. Overcoming dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are suitable.
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
Growing Heirloom Vegetables and Saving Seeds
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
1) Lettuce is an important vegetable crop grown in temperate and tropical countries. It originated in the Mediterranean region and was spread throughout Europe by Greek and Roman civilizations.
2) There are several varieties of lettuce including head varieties like butterhead and crisphead, as well as non-heading varieties like romaine, leaf, and stem lettuce.
3) Lettuce grows best in cool temperatures with adequate moisture and nutrients. It is commonly affected by fungal diseases like damping off and downy mildew as well as insects like aphids and cabbage loopers. Proper spacing, irrigation, fertilization and pest management are needed to maximize lettuce production.
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Is widely adapted and easily cultured flower throughout the world.It has various religious and social importance.so,in this slide you will be able to know about this flower and it's cultivation and harvesting techniques.
Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild grass ancestor, teosinte. Through selective breeding over generations, humans developed maize to have more and larger kernels on multiple rows, making it suitable for human consumption. Today, maize is a major crop grown worldwide, with the largest producers being the United States, China, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Maize is used for human food, animal feed, industrial products, and biofuel.
Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild grass ancestor, teosinte. Through selective breeding over generations, humans developed maize to have more and larger kernels on multiple rows, making it suitable for human consumption. Today, maize is a major crop grown worldwide, with the largest producers being the United States, China, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Maize is used for human food, animal feed, industrial products, and biofuel.
Potato is an important crop worldwide and in India. It was introduced to India in the 17th century from South America. Potato breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like increased yield, earliness, pest and disease resistance. As a tetraploid crop, potato has complex genetics. Breeding efforts focus on traits like tuber appearance, plant type, maturity, dormancy, and resistance to diseases like late blight and viruses.
External factors like water, temperature, aeration, light, salinity, and pathogens can influence seed germination and seedling growth. Seeds need sufficient water and oxygen to germinate. The optimum temperature varies by species. Salinity and pathogens can prevent germination. Some seeds also have internal dormancy factors like an impermeable seed coat or lack of hormones and enzymes that need to be released through treatments like gibberellic acid or stratification before the seed can germinate.
This document provides information on the Bigelow Beargrass plant, including that it is a large, drought-tolerant, herbaceous perennial native to deserts in southern California and other southwestern states. It grows in large clumping rosettes of long, strap-like leaves and produces tall flowering stalks in late spring with fragrant white flowers. As a dramatic desert plant, it is suitable for water-wise gardens and providing pollinator habitat.
Peppers grow best in temperatures between 21-33°C during the dry season. Night temperatures should not exceed 30°C for fruit to properly develop. Fields where legumes or cereals were previously grown are best for peppers, to prevent disease and pest buildup from previous solanaceous crops. Peppers self-pollinate but isolation of 20m between varieties or wind breaks are recommended. Healthy, attractive fruits from marked plants should be selected for seed harvesting when fully ripe. Seeds can then be extracted from fresh or sun-dried peppers and stored in airtight containers in a cool, dry place for up to three years.
Collecting and Storing Seeds from Your Garden ~ USUSeeds
This document provides information on collecting and storing seeds from home gardens. It discusses the differences between open pollinated and hybrid seeds. Open pollinated seeds grown from the same variety will be similar, while hybrid seeds crossed from two varieties will produce inconsistent offspring. The document also outlines which seeds are easiest for home gardeners to collect, such as tomatoes and peppers, and which are more difficult due to cross-pollination or needing specialized equipment, like sweet corn and cucurbits. Finally, it provides tips on proper seed drying, testing viability through germination tests, and storage methods to maximize seed life.
Seed Saving ~ sprg.info
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
The document discusses hybrid seed production techniques for red gram. It describes using male sterile lines as female parents that are crossed with male parents that produce pollen. The key steps involve emasculation of the female parent's flowers before pollination with pollen from the male parent. New high yielding hybrids and varieties have been developed by ICRISAT and IIPR that provide 30-40% greater yields than traditional varieties through genome sequencing and other innovations.
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
Botanical Name : Heliconia spp. (hel-I-KO-nee-a)
Family : Heliconiaceae
Order: Zingiberales
“Heliconia” refers to Mount Helicon in Greece, home to the muses, goddesses of the arts and sciences in greek mythology. The muses were said to be eternally young and beautiful, thus the name “heliconia” refers to the flowers’ long-lasting and attractive qualities.
Tomato and sweet pepper are both members of the Solanaceae family. Tomatoes are native to South America and grow as vines or bushes. They prefer warm temperatures between 21-24°C and well-draining soil. Tomatoes are often picked unripe and ripened with ethylene gas in storage. Sweet peppers are also in the Solanaceae family and native to Central and South America. They grow as annual or perennial plants and prefer warmer temperatures than tomatoes. Both crops require similar growing conditions including fertile, well-draining soil and are susceptible to similar pests and diseases.
Seed dormancy is a state where seeds are prevented from germinating under normally favorable conditions. There are two main categories of dormancy - exogenous caused by external factors like a hard seed coat, and endogenous caused by internal factors in the embryo. Dormancy allows seeds to delay germination until conditions are suitable to increase the likelihood of seedling survival. Various natural and artificial methods can be used to break dormancy. Dormancy provides biological benefits like allowing seeds to survive unfavorable periods and disperse to new areas.
Types of seed dormancy & Methods to overcome itAbarna Abi
This document discusses types of seed dormancy and methods to overcome dormancy. There are several types of dormancy including seed coat dormancy, dormancy due to rudimentary embryos, dormancy due to chemical inhibitors, and dormancy due to internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include mechanical scarification, soaking seeds in water, acid treatment, cold stratification, dry storage, and treatment with chemicals like gibberellic acid. Overcoming dormancy allows seeds to germinate when conditions are suitable.
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
Growing Heirloom Vegetables and Saving Seeds
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Seeds require specific environmental conditions to germinate successfully, including appropriate levels of light, moisture, temperature, and oxygen. Germination occurs in three stages - imbibition, lag phase, and emergence phase. Seed dormancy refers to viable seeds that are unable to germinate due to external conditions or internal factors. Methods to overcome dormancy include scarification, soaking, and stratification. French beans exhibit epigeal germination while broad beans exhibit hypogeal germination. Seed viability refers to the ability to germinate, and storage affects both viability and germination potential over time depending on storage conditions and species.
1) Lettuce is an important vegetable crop grown in temperate and tropical countries. It originated in the Mediterranean region and was spread throughout Europe by Greek and Roman civilizations.
2) There are several varieties of lettuce including head varieties like butterhead and crisphead, as well as non-heading varieties like romaine, leaf, and stem lettuce.
3) Lettuce grows best in cool temperatures with adequate moisture and nutrients. It is commonly affected by fungal diseases like damping off and downy mildew as well as insects like aphids and cabbage loopers. Proper spacing, irrigation, fertilization and pest management are needed to maximize lettuce production.
Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Is widely adapted and easily cultured flower throughout the world.It has various religious and social importance.so,in this slide you will be able to know about this flower and it's cultivation and harvesting techniques.
Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild grass ancestor, teosinte. Through selective breeding over generations, humans developed maize to have more and larger kernels on multiple rows, making it suitable for human consumption. Today, maize is a major crop grown worldwide, with the largest producers being the United States, China, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Maize is used for human food, animal feed, industrial products, and biofuel.
Maize was domesticated over 8,700 years ago in Central America from its wild grass ancestor, teosinte. Through selective breeding over generations, humans developed maize to have more and larger kernels on multiple rows, making it suitable for human consumption. Today, maize is a major crop grown worldwide, with the largest producers being the United States, China, Brazil, India, and Mexico. Maize is used for human food, animal feed, industrial products, and biofuel.
Potato is an important crop worldwide and in India. It was introduced to India in the 17th century from South America. Potato breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like increased yield, earliness, pest and disease resistance. As a tetraploid crop, potato has complex genetics. Breeding efforts focus on traits like tuber appearance, plant type, maturity, dormancy, and resistance to diseases like late blight and viruses.
Watermelon is a vine-like plant that produces large, edible berries. It originated in Africa and was cultivated in India and China by the 7th-10th centuries. Watermelons require bees for pollination and thrive in well-draining soil with ample water and sunlight. Proper spacing, weed control, and preventing diseases and pests are important for high yields of the sweet, juicy fruit.
The document provides information on the general features and cultivation of cucurbits. Some key points:
- Most cucurbits are annuals that are direct sown and propagated through seeds. They have a long taproot system and branched, climbing stems.
- Leaves are usually simple and 3-5 lobed with tendrils in the leaf axils. Flowers are highly cross-pollinated by honey bees.
- Common cucurbits include cucumber, muskmelon, pumpkin, and squash. These are mostly monoecious with male and female flowers on the same plant.
- Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and pest management are required at
Seed Production and Floral Biology Fennel cropMahendra Reddy
This document summarizes the floral biology and seed production of fennel. It begins with the taxonomic classification of fennel, noting it is a highly aromatic herb. It then describes the botanical features of fennel including its floral structure. Key aspects of fennel's floral biology are discussed such as its cross-pollinated nature. The document outlines best practices for fennel seed production including variety selection, agro-climatic conditions, cultivation techniques and pest/disease management. Fennel seed yields around 12-13 qt/ha and has economic importance as a stimulant and for its essential oils used in cosmetics and medicines.
This document discusses the potato and sweet potato. It provides details on their botanical classification, origin in South America, importance as food crops, varieties commonly grown in India, and breeding objectives such as high yield, disease resistance, and quality traits. It also describes the centers for potato and sweet potato research and development, including the Central Potato Research Institute in India and the International Potato Center in Peru.
This document provides information about seed production of tomatoes. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the botanical description, importance, floral biology, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases, harvesting, seed extraction techniques, hybrid seed production, and field and seed standards. The key steps described include soil preparation, raising seedlings, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, support structures, roguing, harvesting ripe fruits, seed extraction after fermentation or chemical treatment, grading and packing seeds, and storing seeds with proper moisture levels and pest control.
This document provides information on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). It discusses the botanical details of French bean, its origin in Southern Mexico and Central America, different species, economic benefits, climate and soil requirements, cropping seasons, cultivation practices including land preparation, sowing, irrigation, nutrition, plant protection, and harvesting. It also describes the characteristics and yield of popular French bean varieties grown in India such as Arka Anoop, Arka Arjun, Arka Komal, Arka Sharath, Arka Sukomal, and Arka Suvidha.
This document discusses weed management. It defines weeds and describes how they negatively impact crop production by competing for water, nutrients, light, and space. It also discusses weed propagation through seeds and vegetative reproduction. Various classification systems for weeds are described based on life span, ecology, soil type, and place of occurrence. The document outlines the impacts of weeds including reduced crop yields and quality. Methods of weed control include mechanical (hoeing), cultural, and chemical controls. Cultural controls involve practices like field preparation, crop rotation, and intercropping. The document provides an overview of weed management strategies.
Production technology of leafy vegetablePRAVINABARDE
This document provides information about the production of three leafy vegetables: amaranth, spinach, and coriander. It discusses the botanical details, varieties, climate and soil requirements, cultivation practices like sowing time, manures and fertilizers, and diseases and pests of each crop. For amaranth, several improved varieties are described for both leafy and grain types. Similarly for spinach and coriander, popular varieties developed in India are outlined. The document serves as a useful reference for the cultivation of these important leafy vegetables.
Non conventional oil seed crops sunflower, saf flower, soyabeanXeshan Kassana
This document provides information about sunflower and soybean crops. It discusses their origins, history of cultivation, economic importance, agricultural practices for growing them, and some interesting facts. Sunflower originated in North America and has been cultivated for over 8,000 years. It is one of the most widely grown oilseed crops. Soybean is native to East Asia and has been grown there for thousands of years, being introduced to other parts of the world more recently. It is a highly nutritious legume crop and the world's largest producer of soybeans is the United States. The document outlines soil conditions, seed rates, and cultivation methods for maximizing yields of these important oilseed crops.
This document provides a summary of potato cultivation prepared by several students. It covers the introduction, origin and history, botanical description, varieties, climatic requirements, pests and diseases, true potato seed technology, and post-harvest management of potatoes. Some key points include:
- Potatoes originated in South America and were introduced to India in the 16th-17th century.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally.
- Potato cultivation requires cool temperatures between 17-25°C for growth and 17-19°C for tuberization.
- Important potato diseases include late blight, early blight, brown rot, and wart disease.
- True potato seed technology is an effective,
This document summarizes the key aspects of natural forest regeneration through seed production, dispersal, germination, and seedling establishment. It discusses that natural regeneration relies on adequate seed production from mature trees, which depends on species, age, climate, and other factors. Seeds are then dispersed by wind, water, gravity, or animals. Germination requires suitable internal seed traits as well as external temperature, moisture, oxygen, light, and seed depth conditions. Seedling establishment faces challenges from lack of root development, insufficient soil moisture, nutrients, humus conditions, and aeration. Proper soil and light conditions are important for seedlings to become safely established.
Potato is one of the world's major food crops and is native to South America. It is a staple crop in many European countries. The potato famine in Ireland in the 1840s resulted in one million deaths from starvation and disease. Today, China is the world's top potato producer, followed by Russia and Ukraine. Potato cultivation requires cool temperatures and well-drained soil. Several potato varieties are grown around the world with different maturation periods. Proper agronomic practices such as soil preparation, seed treatment, fertilization, irrigation, and pest management are needed to successfully grow potatoes. Physiological disorders like hollow heart, greening, and freezing injury can affect potato tubers if growing and storage conditions are not optimal.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.
Papa cultivos invitro
1. UNIVERSIDAD ESTATAL DE BOLIVAR
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIOS DE RECURSOS NATURALES Y DE AMBIENTE
INGIENERIA AGRONOMIA
TEMA: Manejo del cultivo de papa
NOMBRE:
Iván Gaibor Vargas
CURSO:
Decimo agronomía (Contingencia)
DOCENTE: Ing. Víctor Hugo Cortez
CULTIVO DE PAPA
En el Ecuador, la papa es un producto primordial por su presencia en la dieta diaria de la
población, especialmente de la región interandina, su superficie plantada llega a las 36
mil hectáreas, y se cultivan en 12 provincias; es una importante fuente de ingresos para
2. las comunidades rurales y es considerado un componente fundamental para la economía
nacional.
La papa conocida como chaucha o criolla pertenecen al grupo Phureja, son precoces de 3
a 4 meses, se cultivan entre los 2 000 a 3 400 msnm, son de buena calidad culinaria y de
gran aceptación en el mercado para varios de sus cultivares. El cultivo de la papa criolla
es importante en el sistema de alimentación debido a que se utiliza en la dieta de más de
dos mil millones de personas en los países en vías de desarrollo. En el país las papas
chauchas son empleadas en sopas y cocidas con cascara, acompañado a diferentes
preparados con carne.
Las papas se propagan de dos formas, por semilla (semilla verdadera) y de tubérculos
(semilla tubérculo). La semilla verdadera ha sido utilizada por siglos en los Andes, pero
se encontró que fue difícil de manejar y raramente produjo igual cantidad y calidad de
cultivos, que aquellos producidos por semilla tubérculo.
Los agricultores del país utilizan la cosecha de la temporada anterior como tubérculo
semilla, estas semillas favorecen la acumulación de patógenos, lo que conduce a una
pérdida significativa en la siguiente cosecha y da lugar a una semilla cada vez de menor
calidad y sanidad. Actualmente existen varias técnicas de producción de semillas en el
mundo, como el cultivo de tejidos, la hidroponía y la aeroponía.
Como técnica de producción, la hidroponía presenta ventajas sobre el uso de sustratos, ya
que permite cultivos en zonas donde los suelos e incluso el clima no son adecuados para
la agricultura. Además, se usa una menor área de cultivo, por la mayor densidad de
superficie. Las semillas de papa obtenidas a través de esta técnica son de excelente calidad
y sanidad.
ORIGEN:
La papa (Solanum tuberosum), es una planta originaria de América, por lo que es posible
encontrarla a través de gran parte del territorio donde la mayoría de los campesinos han
tenido algún contacto con ella.
3. Aunque la historia de la papa puede trazarse en el centro de origen del lago Titicaca
(Bolivia–Perú) y en el norte del Perú diez siglos atrás. La adaptabilidad de la papa a
diversas condiciones de temperatura fotoperiodismo, suelos entre otros y de producir
desde los 80 o 90 días en adelante, han hecho que se haya estudiado, en especial fuera de
América y que hoy aparezca junto al trigo y maíz con muchos antecedentes bibliográficos.
La papa ha conquistado los lugares más remotos del planeta y si bien es cierto que no en
todas partes del mundo se le somete a intensa explotación y cultivo, por lo menos ya es
aceptada en Asia, África, Oceanía y otros lugares.
CLASIFICACIÓN TAXONÓMICA:
DESCRIPCIÓN BOTÁNICA:
Perteneciente a la familia Solanáceae, cuyo nombre científico es Solanum tuberosum. Es
una planta herbácea, vivaz, dicotiledónea, provista de un sistema aéreo y otro subterráneo
de naturaleza rizomatosa del cual se originan los tubérculos.
4. -Raíces: son fibrosas, muy ramificadas, finas y largas. Las raíces tienen un débil poder
de penetración y sólo adquieren un buen desarrollo en un suelo mullido.
-Tallos: son aéreos, gruesos, fuertes y angulosos, siendo al principio erguidos y con el
tiempo se van extendiendo hacia el suelo. Los tallos se originan en la yerma del tubérculo,
siendo su altura variable entre 0.5 y 1 metro. Son de color verde pardo debido a los
pigmentos antociámicos asociados a la clorofila, estando presentes en todo el tallo.
-Rizomas: son tallos subterráneos de los que surgen las raíces adventicias. Los rizomas
producen unos hinchamientos denominados tubérculos, siendo éstos ovales o
redondeados.
-Tubérculos: son los órganos comestibles de la patata. Están formados por tejido
parenquimático, donde se acumulan las reservas de almidón. En las axilas del tubérculo
se sitúan las yemas de crecimiento llamadas “ojos”, dispuestas en espiral sobre la
superficie del tubérculo.
-Hojas: son compuestas, imparpinnadas y con foliolos primarios, secundarios e
intercalares. La nerviación de las hojas es reticulada, con una densidad mayor en los
nervios y en los bordes del limbo.
-Inflorescencias: son cimosas, están situadas en la extremidad del tallo y sostenidas por
un escapo floral. Es una planta autógama, siendo su androesterilidad muy frecuente, a
causa del aborto de los estambres o del polen según las condiciones climáticas. Las flores
tienen la corola rotácea gamopétala de color blanco, rosado, violeta, etc.
-Frutos: en forma de baya redondeada de color verde de 1 a 3 cm de diámetro, que se
tornan amarillos al madurar.
FISIOLOGÍA DEL CULTIVO DE PAPA:
Para analizar la fisiología del cultivo, es conveniente dividir el crecimiento y desarrollo
de la planta de papa en cinco estados diferentes; como se describe a continuación:
a. Desarrollo de los brotes: a partir del tubérculo-semilla, que será el tallo y en la
base de este comienzan a emerger las raíces.
5. b. Crecimiento vegetativo: comienza la fotosíntesis, desarrollo de tallos, ramas y
hojas en la parte aérea y desarrollo de raíces y estolones en la parte subterránea.
c. Inicio de la tuberización: los tubérculos se forman en la punta de los estolones
en la parte subterránea, en la mayoría de los cultivares el fin de esta etapa coincide
con el inicio de la floración.
d. Llenado de tubérculos: las células de los tubérculos se expanden con la
acumulación de agua, nutrientes y carbohidratos, los tubérculos se convierten en
la parte dominante de la acumulación de carbohidratos y nutrientes inorgánicos.
e. Maduración: la fotosíntesis disminuye, el crecimiento del tubérculo también
disminuye, la planta toma un color amarillento y eventualmente muere, en este
punto el tubérculo alcanza su máximo contenido de materia seca y tiene la piel
bien formada.
VARIEDADES DE PAPA:
Variedades nativas:
En el Ecuador se estima que existen alrededor de 350 variedades que presentan
diversidad de formas colores y tamaños. La gran mayoría de la papas nativas son
cultivadas sobre los 3000 m de altitud y son altamente valoradas por sus propiedades
organolépticas, agrícolas y por ser parte de la identidad cultural.
De las 350 variedades que se estiman que existen apenas 14 se encuentran en los mercados
de las provincias de la sierra central del Ecuador. Las variedades más conocidas son:
Uvilla, Yema de huevo, Leona negra, Coneja negra, Coneja blanca, Puña, Calvache,
Chaucha colorada, Santa Rosa y Carrizo.
Características de las variedades nativas:
Tienen formas exóticas y
colores llamativos.
Excelente sabor y textura
(calidad y cantidad de almidones).
6. Toleran condiciones adversas sequías, suelos con baja fertilidad, heladas.
Aportan cantidades importantes de proteínas, fibra y minerales.
Contenido de grasa es semejante al de frutas y verduras.
Debido a los volúmenes limitados de comercialización, registran mejores precios
que las variedades mejoradas, dependiendo del tamaño y calidad de los
tubérculos.
Variedades mejoradas:
Son el resultado de un proceso de mejoramiento genético. Estas variedades poseen mayor
potencial de rendimiento, resistencia a enfermedades y buena calidad culinaria.
Entre las variedades mejoradas tenemos:
Santa catalina, María, Cecilia,
Gabriela, Esperanza, Fripapa
99, Rosita, Santa Isabel,
Soledad Cañarí, Raymipapa,
Suprema, Papa pan, Estela,
Natividad, Santa Ana, Puca
shungo, Yana shungo,
Victoria, Superchola,
Diamante, Clon (c8) carolina, Clon (c11) libertad, Ica única, Diacol capiro.
REQUERIMIENTOS EDAFOCLIMÁTICOS.
Temperatura.
7. Se trata de una planta de clima templado-frío, siendo las temperaturas más favorables
para su cultivo las que están en torno a 13 y 18ºC.
Al efectuar la plantación la temperatura del suelo debe ser superior a los 7ºC, con unas
temperaturas nocturnas relativamente frescas.
El frío excesivo perjudica especialmente a la patata, ya que los tubérculos quedan
pequeños y sin desarrollar. Si la temperatura es demasiado elevada afecta a la formación
de los tubérculos y favorece el desarrollo de plagas y enfermedades.
Heladas.
Es un cultivo bastante sensible a las heladas tardías, ya que produce un retraso y
disminución de la producción. Si la temperatura es de 0ºC la planta se hiela, acaba
muriendo aunque puede llegar a rebrotar. Los tubérculos sufren el riesgo de helarse en el
momento en que las temperaturas sean inferiores a -2ºC.
Humedad.
La humedad relativa moderada es un factor muy importante para el éxito del cultivo. La
humedad excesiva en el momento de la germinación del tubérculo y en el periodo desde
la aparición de las flores hasta a la maduración del tubérculo resulta nociva. Una humedad
ambiental excesivamente alta favorece el ataque de mildiu, por tanto esta circunstancia
habrá que tenerla en cuenta.
Suelo.
Es una planta poco exigente a las condiciones edáficas, sólo le afectan los terrenos
compactados y pedregosos, ya que los órganos subterráneos no pueden desarrollarse
libremente al encontrar un obstáculo mecánico en el suelo.
La humedad del suelo debe ser suficiente; aunque resiste la aridez, en los terrenos secos
las ramificaciones del rizoma se alargan demasiado, el número de tubérculos aumenta,
pero su tamaño se reduce considerablemente. Los terrenos con excesiva humedad, afectan
a los tubérculos ya que se hacen demasiado acuosos, poco ricos en fécula y poco sabrosos
y conservables.
8. Prefiere los suelos ligeros o semiligeros, silíceo-arcillosos, ricos en humus y con un
subsuelo profundo. Soporta el pH ácido entre 5.5-6, ésta circunstancia se suele dar más
en los terrenos arenosos. Es considerada como una planta tolerante a la salinidad.
Luz.
La luz tiene una incidencia directa sobre el
fotoperíodo, ya que induce la tuberización. Los
fotoperíodos cortos son más favorables a la
tuberización y los largos inducen el crecimiento.
Además de influir sobre el rendimiento final de la cosecha. En las zonas de clima cálido
se emplean cultivares con fotoperíodos críticos, comprendidos entre 13 y 16 horas. La
intensidad luminosa además de influir sobre la actividad fotosintética, favorece la
floración y fructificación.
PARTICULARIDADES DEL CULTIVO:
Implantación en las rotaciones.
En las rotaciones de cultivos se recomienda introducir la papa cada cinco años, ya que
resulta difícil evitar parte de los rebrotes, sobre todo después de una recolección
mecanizada, y por otra parte impedir la conservación de los parásitos del suelo.
La papa viene muy bien después de un cultivo de cereales, siendo además una excelente
precedente para la mayor parte de los cultivos, aunque para que los rebrotes se limiten es
aconsejable sembrar el siguiente cultivo sin labor previa.
Preparación del terreno.
Es necesario que el terreno esté bien mullido, bien aireado, sin huecos y sin terrones y
con los agregados homogéneos, con el objetivo de favorecer el desarrollo radicular, la
emergencia rápida y homogénea y reducir los ataques de parásitos.
Se debe realizar primero una labor profunda (no deberá ser inferior a 25 cm.),
incorporándose el abonado de fondo, seguida de un escarificado profundo, en la que se
asurca el terreno dejando una distancia de 0.5-0.7 m.
9. La época de hacer estas labores dependerá de las características de la zona de cultivo y
de la planta que preceda a la papa si hay una rotación de cultivos.
Acolchado.
Se trata de una técnica muy empleada en las áreas productoras de papa extra temprana.
El acolchado del terreno se realiza con una lámina plástica (polietileno negro). Primero
se prepara el terreno y se asurca, a continuación se cubre el terreno de plástico negro.
Seguidamente se procede a la siembra manual empleando una herramienta que agujerea
el plástico y hace un pequeño hoyo en el suelo donde se introduce la papa de siembra.
Entre los inconvenientes de ésta técnica destaca tanto el coste del plástico como la mano
de obra necesaria. Siendo sus ventajas la precocidad por el mantenimiento de la
temperatura del suelo, el control de las malas hierbas, ahorro del agua, disminución de la
pérdida de nutrientes, reducción de los encharcamientos y mejora en la calidad final de la
papa.
Plantación.
-Época de plantación.
La época de plantación varía de unas zonas a otras, resultando fundamental para el éxito
del cultivo. Esta decisión se basa en el estado de humedad del suelo y en su contenido en
agua.
Es recomendable que la plantación sea precoz en el cultivo de variedades tardías con el
fin de asegurar una buena tuberización. En el cultivo de la papa de primor la fecha de
plantación debe tener en cuenta los riesgos de heladas tardías en la zona de cultivo.
-Profundidad de siembra.
La profundidad de siembra deberá estar en torno a los 7-8 cm., profundidades mayores
retardan la emergencia y profundidades superficiales incrementan el riesgo de
enverdecimiento.
La plantación se puede realizar de forma manual o mecanizada mediante plantadoras
automáticas.
10. En regiones donde se producen cultivos de primor se realiza la plantación semiautomática
con papa de siembra pregerminadas en cajas
-Densidad de plantación.
Los tubérculos se colocan sobre los surcos a una distancia de 0.5-0.7 m, separándose los
golpes entre 0.3-0.4 m, lo que supone una densidad de plantación aproximada entre 35000
y 66000 tubérculos/ha., si la plantación es de regadío se podrán alcanzar densidades
mayores.
La elección de la densidad de plantación no tiene repercusión directa sobre el rendimiento
global de la producción, aunque si la densidad es muy elevada, puede dar lugar a
tubérculos más pequeños, debido a una mayor competencia por la luz, agua y nutrientes.
-Material de siembra.
La plantación se realiza mediante tubérculos enteros o partes de éstos.
Lo ideal es plantar tubérculos enteros, de tamaño superior a los 30 gramos; los tubérculos
de siembra no deben trocearse más que en dos porciones con un corte limpio, en la que
se obtengan dos porciones iguales tanto en tamaño como en el número de yemas.
Las papas de siembra gruesas dan muchos tubérculos de tamaño medio, y las pequeñas
con pocas yemas, producen pocos tubérculos, pero suelen ser de gran tamaño.
La cantidad de material vegetal empleada varía en torno a los 1000 y 4000 Kg/ha, aunque
es más común que varíe entre 1000 y 2500 Kg/ha. Esta cifra depende de la densidad de
plantación y del peso del tubérculo de siembra.
Abonado.
-Abonado orgánico.
La papa es una planta que agradece los beneficios del estercolado, ya que mejora las
condiciones físicas del suelo, y por tanto el desarrollo de los tubérculos.
Si la siembra se realiza en marzo se debe aportar estiércol en diciembre, pero si la siembra
se realiza en verano no debe emplearse estiércol, por el peligro de pudrición de los
tubérculos de siembra.
11. Las variedades tardías aprovechan mejor el estiércol que las tempranas.
Los estiércoles de aves de corral deben ser empleados con precaución por su riqueza en
nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, pues existe el riesgo de excesiva fertilización.
-Nitrógeno. Es el factor determinante en el rendimiento del cultivo, ya que favorece el
desarrollo de la parte aérea y la formación y engrosamiento de los tubérculos.
Generalmente se aporta de una sola vez en el momento de la plantación, durante la
preparación del suelo o sobre el caballón. Un exceso de nitrógeno produce un retraso en
la tuberización y un desarrollo excesivo de la parte aérea.
-Fósforo. El fósforo actúa a favor del desarrollo de las raíces, mejorando la calidad de los
tubérculos y reduciendo su sensibilidad a daños (en particular el ennegrecimiento
interno). La precocidad de la papa y el contenido en fécula están influenciados por el
incremento de fósforo.
-Potasio. Su influencia es decisiva en el cultivo de la papa, ayuda a la formación de fécula
y proporciona a las plantas una mayor resistencia a las heladas, a la sequía y a las
enfermedades, especialmente al mildiu, y hace que su conservación sea más fácil. Los
calibres de los tubérculos se ven incrementados al aumentar las aportaciones potásicas,
asegurando un mayor porcentaje de tubérculos grandes. Un exceso de abonado potásico
puede bloquear al magnesio.
-Boro. Se trata de un cultivo con bajos requerimientos en boro.
-Magnesio. La papa no tolera la deficiencia en magnesio y su carencia se manifiesta por
un amarillamiento entre las nervaduras de las hojas y, en casos graves, por su muerte o
agostamiento.
-Zinc. Este cultivo responde muy bien a las aportaciones foliares de zinc.
El abonado fosfo-potásico se puede aportar una sola vez con nitrógeno, bajo forma
de abono compuesto.
La forma sulfato permite reducir de forma eventual la deficiencia en azufre.
Si no se estercola, para una producción de 30.000 kg, un buen abonado por
hectárea podría ser, de 150 unidades de N, 100 unidades de P2O5 y 300 unidades
de k20.
12. Las enmiendas de cal, favorecen el desarrollo de la papa, y se deben aplicar uno
o dos años antes de la siembra, ya que si se hace antes puede dar lugar a sarna
común.
Riego.
La papa es un cultivo muy exigente en agua, aunque un exceso reduce el porcentaje en
fécula y favorece el desarrollo de enfermedades. Desde la siembra, el estado hídrico del
suelo tiene influencia sobre toda la evolución del cultivo.
Las alternancias de períodos secos y húmedos dan lugar a modificaciones en la velocidad
de engrosamiento de los tubérculos, ya que son el origen de ciertos defectos como: grietas,
surcos, estrechamientos, etc.
Antes de la tuberización un ligero déficit hídrico favorece el desarrollo de las raíces.
Durante el periodo de tuberización las necesidades hídricas pueden llegar hasta 80 metros
cúbicos por hectárea y día.
Generalmente el método de riego empleado en el cultivo de la papa es el de aspersión con
instalaciones móviles. Los aspersores de baja presión son los más recomendados ya que
su gasto y potencia de bombeo son mínimos y el riego es de calidad aunque es exigente
en mano de obra.
Malas hierbas.
Existe una fuerte competencia entre el cultivo de papa y las malas hierbas, ya que
condicionan el rendimiento y facilitan las labores de recolección.
Los herbicidas actúan en la capa superficial del terreno donde son absorbidos por las
raíces adventicias de las malas hierbas, sin afectar a la papa, puesto que al ser plantada
más profunda su sistema radicular está exento de herbicida.
MALAS
HIERBAS
MATERIA ACTIVA DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
13. Gramíneas anuales
Fluazinop-p-butil 12.5 %
(ester)
1.25-2
L/ha
Concentrado
emulsionable
Cicloxidin 10 % 1-2.5 L/ha Suspensión concentrada
Haloxifop-R 10.4 %
0.5-0.75
L/ha
Concentrado
emulsionable
Dicotiledóneas
anuales
Aclonifen 60 %
2.5-4.5
L/ha
Suspensión concentrada
Terbutrina 49 % 2-4 L/ha Suspensión concentrada
Ciperáceas
Bentazona 48 % (sal
sódica)
1.5-4 L/ha Concentrado soluble
PLAGAS Y ENFERMEDADES:
PLAGAS.
-Escarabajo de la papa (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).
Los daños son producidos por los escarabajos y por sus larvas, llegando a destruir las
hojas, brotes y tallos tiernos, dando lugar a la paralización del desarrollo de los tubérculos.
Los ataques producidos no influyen en la calidad de la papa, que sigue siendo apta para
el consumo, sino sólo en la cuantía de la cosecha.
Control:
Se recomienda realizar los tratamientos con insecticidas poco después de
eclosionar los huevos, antes de que las larvas causen mucho daño.
Se debe evitar el uso de hexaclorociclohexano (HCH) o sus derivados, ya que
producen mal sabor a los tubérculos.
En la siguiente tabla se muestran las materias activas, dosis y presentación de los
productos:
14. MATERIA ACTIVA DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
Carbaril 7.5% 20-25 Kg/ha Polvo para espolvoreo
Deltametrin 2.5% 0.03-0.05% Concentrado emulsionable
Clorpirifos 24% + Endosulfán 20% 0.13-0.18% Concentrado emulsionable
Benfucarb 20% 0.20-0.30% Concentrado emulsionable
Betaciflutrin 2.5% 0.05-0.08% Suspensión concentrada
Ciflutrin 5% 0.05-0.08% Concentrado emulsionable
Cipermetrin 10% 30 Kg/ha Polvo para espolvoreo
Endosulfán 4% 20-30 Kg/ha Polvo para espolvoreo
Metil Azifos 20% 0.20-0.25% Concentrado emulsionable
-Polilla de la papa (Phtorimaea operculella).
Es un Lepidóptero de 7-9 mm de longitud que inicia su ciclo realizando la oviposición
sobre los montones de papas recién recolectados.
Las larvas realizan galerías en el interior de los tubérculos, afectando de forma negativa
a la calidad de los mismos. En las galerías abiertas por las larvas se producen infecciones
por hongos y bacterias del suelo, que ocasionan la pudrición de la papa.
Control:
Sembrar profundo, aporcar bien y mantener el suelo bien regado y sin malas
hierbas.
Emplear papas de siembra libres de polillas.
Realizar los tratamientos con insecticidas en vegetación cuando se vean volar los
adultos.
Emplear trampas con feromonas para el control de los adultos.
Desinfectar los locales de almacenamiento.
Retirar lo antes posible la papa del campo.
15. MATERIA
ACTIVA
DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
Deltametrín 2.5% 0.03-0-05%
Concentrado
emulsionable
Carbaril 85% 0.10-0.20% Polvo mojable
Clorpirifos 48% 0.15-0.20%
Concentrado
emulsionable
Diazinon 2%
20-30
Kg/ha
Polvo para espolvoreo
Endosulfán 35% 0.15-0.30%
Concentrado
emulsionable
-Gusano de alambre (Agriotes sp.).
Miden alrededor de 20 mm de longitud y poseen una cutícula dura que les proporciona
cierta rigidez. El gusano se encuentra en las capas profundas del suelo y en primavera
llega a la zona radicular.
Los tubérculos atacados presentan pequeñas oquedades, pero en ataques tempranos el
tejido cicatriza alrededor del agujero de entrada.
Los mayores daños los realiza sobre papas de media estación y tardías, ocasionando la
depreciación de la cosecha.
Control:
Incluir cultivos en la rotación que exijan laboreos frecuentes.
Aplicar insecticidas al suelo en el momento de la siembra, seguidamente se
muestran las materias activas, dosis y presentación de los diferentes productos:
MATERIA
ACTIVA
DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
16. Benfuracarb 5%
12-15
Kg/ha
Granulado
Cadusafos 10%
40-60
Kg/ha
Granulado
Clormefos 5% 60 Kg/ha Granulado
-Pulguillas.
Son coleópteros de 2-4 mm de longitud, presentando el adulto un hinchamiento de sus
tibias posteriores que le permite realizar saltos.
En la base de los tallos realizan la puesta de los huevos y las larvas se desarrollan en el
suelo alimentándose de las raíces y a veces de los tubérculos. Siendo además vectores de
enfermedades fúngicas y bacterianas.
Control:
Realizar pulverizaciones foliares contra los adultos e incorporar al suelo
insecticidas en forma de polvo para espolvoreo durante la plantación para
combatir las larvas.
MATERIA ACTIVA DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
Napropamida 45% 0.20-0.30% Polvo soluble en agua
Carbaril 85% 0.10-0.20% Polvo mojable
Glisofato 36% (sal isopropilamina) 0.20-0.30% Concentrado emulsionable
Fosalon 35% 0.15-0.20% Concentrado emulsionable
Carbaril 7.5% 15-25 Kg/ha Polvo para espolvoreo
ENFERMEDADES.
-Mildiu o tizón tardío (Phytophtora infestans).
17. Se trata de la enfermedad más importante que afecta al cultivo de la papa y es la que
produce mayores pérdidas económicas en todo el mundo.
La infección se produce al descender las temperaturas e incrementarse la humedad,
aunque también es necesario un aumento de las temperaturas para la germinación de las
esporas del hongo.
Los síntomas son unas manchas de color verde situadas cerca de los bordes de los foliolos,
que evolucionan a color negro y se diseminan por los peciolos hacia el tallo. Si el ataque
es muy fuerte puede incluso afectar a los tubérculos, dando lugar a podredumbres.
Control:
Utilización de variedades resistentes.
Destrucción de posibles fuentes de inóculo como montones de residuos agrícolas.
Mantener una buena cobertura del terreno por medio de aporques apropiados.
Recolección de los tubérculos afectados antes de almacenarlos.
Durante el almacenamiento la ventilación será la adecuada, manteniendo la
temperatura lo más baja posible.
Aplicación de funguicidas protectores del cultivo. En la siguiente tabla se muestra
las materias activas, dosis y presentación del producto.
MATERIA ACTIVA DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
Azufre micronizado 60% + Carbaril 75% +
Oxicloruro de Cobre 2%
20-25
Kg/ha
Polvo para espolvoreo
Captan 47.5%
0.25-
0.30%
Suspensión
concentrada
Cimoxanilo 4% + Propioneb 58% 0.3% Polvo mojable
Clortalonil 37% + Oxido cuproso 25%
0.15-
0.20%
Polvo mojable
Oxoicloruro de cobre 37.5% + Zineb 15% 0.40% Polvo mojable
18. Mancozeb 45%
0.35-
0.55%
Suspensión
concentrada
-Negrón de la papa (Alternaria solani).
Este hongo se desarrolla en climatologías más secas que Phytophtora. Esta enfermedad
suele afectar a los tallos y hojas de la papa y en menor medida a los tubérculos. La
infección comienza en las hojas más viejas, dando lugar a pequeñas manchas circulares
que van oscureciendo a medida que crecen. En ocasiones las lesiones presentan anillos
concéntricos de color variable entre marrón oscuro y negro. El desarrollo de la
enfermedad tiene lugar durante los periodos de humedad y sequía de forma alternativa.
Control:
Realizar una rotación de cultivos amplia.
Dejar que los tubérculos maduren bien antes de la recolección para evitar heridas
durante la cosecha.
Mantener durante todo el ciclo del cultivo una buena nutrición mineral.
Aplicar fungicidas de forma preventiva, a continuación se muestra una tabla con
materias activas, dosis y presentación de productos.
MATERIA ACTIVA DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
Benalaxil 8% + Mancozeb 65% 0.20-0.30% Polvo mojable
Captan 47.5% 0.25-0.30% Suspensión concentrada
Cimoxanilo 3% + sulfato cuprocalcico 0.40% Polvo mojable
Clortalonil 37% + oxido cuproso 25% 0.15-0.20% Polvo mojable
Difenoconazol 25% 300-500 cc/ha Concentrado emulsionable
Mancozeb 75% 0.25-0.35% Granulado dirpersable en agua
-Viruela de la patata (Rhizoctonia solani).
Esta enfermedad tiene una amplia distribución geográfica, pues se localiza en cualquier
zona donde se cultiven papas. En los tubérculos aparecen unas pústulas parduzcas que
19. posteriormente evolucionan a podredumbres. Los daños más graves se producen después
de la siembra; ya que el hongo ataca los brotes subterráneos retrasando su emergencia.
En los campos de cultivo se observa el nacimiento y crecimiento desigual de las plantas,
por tanto se produce una disminución del rendimiento.
Control:
Emplear material vegetal libre de esta enfermedad.
Establecer rotaciones amplias.
Realizar la solarización durante cuarenta y cinco días.
Si se prevén elevada humedad del suelo y temperaturas bajas, se aconseja sembrar
superficialmente para acelerar la emergencia.
Desinfectar los tubérculos con productos organomercúricos.
Como método de control biológico se emplea la pulverización de una suspensión
de conidias y fragmentos de hifas de Verticillium biguttatum, que impide la
germinación de los esclerocios de R. Solani de seis a ocho semanas del tratamiento
sobre papas recogidas, siempre que los tubérculos no tengan tierra adherida.
-Sarna de la papa (Hemilthosporum solani).
Es considerada como una enfermedad de la conservación, pero la contaminación de los
tubérculos se produce antes de la recolección. Este hongo se transmite por la semilla
infectada y por el suelo. Las partes del tubérculo afectadas presentan un brillo plateado,
sobre todo si el tubérculo está lavado. Si el ataque es muy fuerte se produce la destrucción
de la piel y por tanto la depreciación de la patata tanto para consumo como para siembra.
Control:
Emplear material vegetal libre de esta enfermedad.
Establecer rotaciones amplias.
Recolectar los tubérculos en el momento de su maduración.
Almacenar los tubérculos en un lugar fresco y aireado.
-Antracnosis (Colletotrichum coccodes, C. trifolli)
20. Es una enfermedad poco conocida debido al parecido de los síntomas de la sarna plateada.
Esta enfermedad produce manchas grises sobre los tubérculos y un amarillamiento del
follaje que acaba en una marchitez. Es considerado como un patógeno debilitante. Esta
enfermedad se observa sobre todo en suelos arenosos, con débil o excesivo contenido en
nitrógeno, mal drenados y con elevadas temperaturas.
Control:
Utilización de material vegetal sano.
Fertilización adecuada.
Planificación de riegos de forma racional.
Realizar rotaciones cada tres años como mínimo.
Emplear fungicidas cuyas materias activas, dosis y presentación del producto se
muestra a continuación:
MATERIA ACTIVA DOSIS PRESENTACIÓN
Oxicloruro de Cobre 37.5% + Zineb 15% 0.40% Polvo mojable
Mancozeb 64% + Metalaxil 8% 0.20-0.30% Polvo mojable
Folpet 10% + Sulfato Cuprocálcico 20% 0.40-0.60% Polvo mojable
-Virus Y de la patata (PVY).
Se trata de un virus de gran incidencia en la producción de papa de siembra.
Los síntomas de esta enfermedad depende de la raza del virus y del tipo de variedad de
papa; comenzando éstos por una clorosis, seguida de una necrosis y finalizando en la
muerte prematura de las plantas.
Control:
Utilizar material vegetal certificado.
Cultivar las variedades menos susceptibles a este virus.
Emplear métodos de lucha contra los pulgones transmisores de este virus.
FISIOPATÍAS.
21. -Enverdecimiento.
Se producen como consecuencia de la exposición directa de los tubérculos a la luz.
Los tubérculos adquieren un color verdoso y acumulan una sustancia llamada solanina,
produciendo un elevado riesgo para la salud si estos tubérculos llegan a consumirse.
-Asolanado.
Si los tubérculos están expuestos a la luz directa y además las temperaturas son muy
elevadas, los tubérculos adquieren un color verde-bronceado, dando lugar a la muerte de
las células que están situadas bajo las zonas decoloradas.
-Filosidad.
Se trata de una anomalía que da lugar a brotes largos y delgados, producidos por
diferentes causas como puede ser: el excesivo calentamiento del tubérculo durante la
respiración, el tipo de variedad, un déficit en manganeso, etc. Para evitar esta anomalía
se debe pregerminar las papas eliminando los tubérculos que presentan filosidad.
-Tubérculos en racimo.
Es una anomalía que induce la aparición de unos tubérculos detrás de otros.
Ocurre sobre todo en variedades tardías que son sembradas con retraso, produciendo una
interrupción en la tuberización y el desarrollo excesivo de la parte aérea.
-Tubérculos deformes.
Esta anomalía produce tubérculos de diferentes tamaños por distintas causas como
pueden ser: el almacenamiento en lugares demasiados oscuros, el aporte irregular de agua,
el exceso de temperatura durante la tuberización, suelos compactados, etc.
-Tubérculos ahuecados y con grietas.
Estas dos anomalías se producen conjuntamente debido a distintas causas entre las que
destaca el aporte excesivo de nitrógeno durante el último periodo en el ciclo del cultivo.
22. -Lenticelosis.
El exceso de humedad provoca la aparición de unas “verruguitas” sobre la epidermis del
tubérculo.
RECOLECCIÓN:
La recolección es una de las operaciones más delicadas en el cultivo de la papa junto al
almacenamiento. Se debe efectuar cuando las matas se secan (toman un color amarillento
y se vuelven quebradizas). Si se trata de papa temprana, la recolección se realiza estando
las plantas aún verdes.
La recolección puede efectuarse de forma manual (con la ayuda de una azada) o
mecanizada. En la recolección y transporte de las papas se debe procurar no golpearlas ni
dejarlas al sol.
La recolección mecanizada es el método más empleado, cuyos rendimientos varían según
el destino de la producción. Siendo el rendimiento aproximado de una arrancadora de 3
Tm por hora.
En variedades de primor con recolección mecanizada el rendimiento varía entre 20-30
Tm/ha y en variedades tardías está en torno a 40-45 Tm/ha.
MANIPULACIÓN Y ACONDICIONAMIENTO:
Almacenamiento.
El almacenaje debe adaptarse al rendimiento de la recolección y estar regulado de forma
que el suministro de los tubérculos sea suficiente y constante. Los tubérculos primero son
dirigidos a la tolva de recepción, estando equipada con un fondo móvil y un dispositivo
de desterronado a la salida.
Seguidamente los tubérculos se dirigen a una plataforma de observación para la selección
manual de los defectos de limpieza. También se realiza la separación de los calibres y el
tratamiento contra las enfermedades de conservación (si la papa es de siembra). Las papas
de siembra son almacenadas a granel en montones mediante una cinta elevadora.
23. La ventilación de los tubérculos durante el almacenaje debe ser homogénea y para
conseguirlo no deben formarse conos de tierra en el montón debido a la posición estática
del elevador.
Lavado y cepillado.
El mercado es cada vez más exigente en cuanto a la presentación de las papas, por ello es
aconsejable el lavado o el cepillado.
La finalidad de ambas operaciones es la eliminación de tierra que se acumula sobre los
tubérculos.
En las papas de primor es aconsejable un lavado, ya que garantiza un aspecto limpio y
atractivo.
Los tubérculos no deben presentar daños, ya que el lavado puede contribuir a la aparición
de podredumbres bacterianas, sobre todo si estos presentan heridas.
Antes de realizar el transporte de los tubérculos de primor (son comercializados a los días
siguientes de su recolección) será necesario realizar un secado.
CONSERVACIÓN.
La conservación de las papas es una etapa muy importante en todo el proceso, ya que
limita las pérdidas de peso, impide la brotación y desarrollo de enfermedades y mantiene
la calidad de los tubérculos.
Para una buena conservación las papas se deben ubicar en locales isotérmicos provistos
de ventilación para controlar la temperatura, humedad y contenido en dióxido de carbono.
En la siguiente tabla se muestran las temperaturas de conservación según el destino de la
cosecha y la duración del almacenamiento:
24. Productos
Duración de la conservación (meses)
2-6 6-10
“chips” 8-10 ºC 6.5-8ºC
Frituras 7-8 ºC 6-7ºC
El porcentaje óptimo de humedad para una buena conservación varía entre 85-90%. Si el
periodo de conservación es muy prolongado se emplean productos antigerminativos como
IPC, naftalén-acetato de metilo, tetracloro-nitrobenceno, además se pueden aplicar
hidracida maleica, aunque su aplicación se realiza sobre la planta.
WEBGRAFÍA:
https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/6532/1/Tesis69%20%20%20
Ingeniería%20Agronómica%20-CD%20210.pdf
https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/30477/1/Tesis239%20%20In
geniería%20Agronómica%20-CD%20642.pdf
http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/bitstream/25000/4541/1/T-UCE-0004 7.pdf
https://cipotato.org/papaenecuador/variedades-de-papa/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=r
ja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiDtceErpvyAhWsSTABHUk5AEYQFnoECDEQA
w&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.ups.edu.ec%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F
4744%2F6%2FUPSCT001861.pdf&usg=AOvVaw2S7Y0FO2c6stwpWa7-jQd2
https://cipotato.org/wpcontent/uploads/Documentacion%20PDF/Pumisacho%20
y%20Sherwood%20Cultivo%20de%20Papa%20en%20Ecuador.df
https://repositorio.uide.edu.ec/bitstream/37000/1932/1/T-UIDE1451.pdf
https://www.infoagro.com/hortalizas/patata.htm
RESUMEN
El cultivo de papa se realiza en a través tubérculos (forma de reproducción asexual) a los
que se los llama papa semilla. Puede ser que estos sean chicos y enteros o, lo más común,
trozos de una papa más grande.
25. Para su plantación cada trozo deberá tener un par de “ojos” (o al menos uno) para asegurar
su brotación. Estos “ojos” son las yemas. También pueden utilizar la cáscara de papa
pelada si nos aseguramos que tenga más de un ojo (yema).
Cuando compramos papas en la verdulería del barrio lo más probable es que a pesar de
que podemos optar por papa negra o blanca, limpia o también elegir quizás su origen casi
con seguridad estamos comprando siempre la misma variedad de papa, que es la variedad
“Spunta”.
A medida que va creciendo la planta es necesario arrancar los yuyos; Para nuestros suelos
debe hacerse un medio aporque (arrimarle un poco de tierra a la planta armando una
montañita) para evitar el verdeo de los tubérculos. Se recomienda realizar dos aporques:
uno aprox. a los 20 días de plantadas y otro al mes y medio. Es importante regar
abundantemente para lograr un crecimiento satisfactorio.