The document discusses turning palm oil waste into organic fertilizer in three parts: 1) Palm oil production generates large amounts of waste that can be used to produce organic fertilizer. 2) The process of making organic fertilizer from palm waste involves crushing, adding materials, composting and granulation. 3) Producing organic fertilizer from palm waste solves waste management issues, reduces pollution, provides high nutrients for plants, and improves soil structure.

1. Palm Waste Management:
Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
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3. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Introduction
Oil palm is everflowering and harvested throughout the year, which has 25 years of
commercial production. By 1970s, it was heavily cultivated in Southeast Asia,
which has broad planting areas and high yield, surpassing in Africa. Oil palm is the
oil crop that produces the highest oil. Economic planted oil palm produces
approximately one ton of oil per hectare. It is known as oil king in the world in
various oil crops.
Palm oil is one kind of vegetable oil derived from tropical woody plants, which is
the largest variety of vegetable oils in the world's production, consumption and
international trade.
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4. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Palm oil is a vital part of the oil market in the world
and the proportion of oil output is over 30%. Palm
oil production is an important industry in Southeast
Asia and plays significant roles in economic
structure. With the development of palm oil market
and increasing of international demand, the total
production of palm oil will increase in the next
years. In Southeast Asia, the main palm oil
producers are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri
Lanka. Indonesia and Malaysia are the top two
countries of producing palm oil, which accounts for
70-80% of the world total.
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5. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Generally speaking, palm oil wastes include palm oil mill effluent(POME), empty
fruit bunch(EFB), palm oil mill sludge(POMS), oil palm fronds(OPF), oil palm
trunks(OPT), decanter cake, seed shells and palm pressed fibers(PPF). When it is to
extract one ton palm oil, it has 6 tons of old leaves , 1 ton of trunk, 5 tons of empty
fruit bunch , 1 ton of peel fiber, 0.5 tons of palm kernel shell,0.25 tons of pomace
and 3 tons of palm oil mill effluent. The wastes account for high proportion in the
process of palm oil production. Palm oil waste management is an severe issues in
the producing countries.
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6. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
On the one hand, it leads to loss of forest land, which makes many animals lose
their habitats. On the other hand, it has a direct impact on the land and
environment. In the long term, to recycle the wastes is the proper measure in the
disposal. Using palm oil wastes as raw materials for organic fertilizers can not
only reduce environment issues, but also help government solve municipal
problems. It is the best fertilizer for palm trees. In this article, it will make a
specific analysis on feasibility of palm oil wastes to be used as organic fertilizers
in Southeast Asia, which is taken the palm oil wastes in Indonesia as an example.
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7. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Palm Oil Production in Indonesia
Palm oil production plays an important role in the economy of Indonesia. As the
biggest producer of palm oil, Indonesia provides nearly half of the total palm oil
production in the world. It has 6 million hectares of oil palm planting areas.
Pattern of production and distribution
There are three kinds of business models of oil palm plantation in Indonesia for
a long time, including large private plantations, the state-owned plantations and
small individual plantations.
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8. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Nearly a decade, in order to adapt to the international market development and
price volatility of the situation, oil palm plantation structure has undergone
significant changes. Self-regulation has gradually shifted from government-led and
controlled market to market-oriented private sector operators. With regard to
geographical distribution, the main producing areas of Indonesian palm oil are
Sumatra island, where oil palm acreage and production accounts for 80% of the
island of Indonesian total output.
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9. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Production capacity
Since 1964, the production of palm oil has increased from 157,000 tonnes to
33.5 million tonnes in 2014. The palm oil revenues take up 11% of the whole
export proceeds in Indonesia. To continue the privileged positions of the
world’s biggest producer, Indonesia plans to produce 40 million tonnes of palm
oil. In the next few years, the total production of palm oil in Indonesia will
increase continuously.
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10. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Total wastes from palm oil production
According to incomplete statistics, there are million of tonnes palm oil wastes
in Indonesia. It mainly concludes palm oil mill effluent(POME), empty fruit
bunch(EFB), oil palm fronds(OPF), oil palm trunks(OPT), decanter cake,
seed shells and palm pressed fibers(PPF). All these wastes are in a huge
number. With the more established palm oil plants, the more palm oil wastes
are produced. In addition, the number will increase in the future.
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11. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
From the table, we can see that the palm oil
wastes account for a large proportion in the
process of palm oil production. It contains
plenty of moisture in FFB. Although there is
much water, it is good raw materials for
organic fertilizers. Empty fruit bunch and shell
constitute approximately one-fourth of the
whole palm oil wastes. It has 13.5% fiber,
mostly used in papermaking.
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12. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Making Organic Fertilizers Using Palm Oil Waste
Indonesia is the world's largest producer of palm oil, which accounts for nearly
45% of total world production. Empty fruit bunch are in a large quantity, but it is
difficult to degrade. Palm oil mill sludge(POMS) contains high oil. They are major
burdens on palm oil production plants. It has become extremely ecological
problems to be solved for Indonesian government. Empty fruit bunch, palm oil
mill sludge, palm fronds and shells, as raw materials of all, can be produced
biological humic acid fertilizer and applied to oil palm plantations. It can reduce
fertilizer utility, improve soil, enhance vigor, increase production and improve oil
palm plantations capacity for sustainable cultivation, promoting sustainable
development of Indonesian palm oil.
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13. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Empty fruit bunch
It refers to oil palm wastes remaining after threshing. The oil palm empty
fruit bunch were directly discarded as trash. It not only polluted the
environment, but also wasted a lot of materials. In order to solve the
problems, it is used to produce organic fertilizers. In this way, it can be
made into organic fertilizers, thereby turning waste into treasure.
Meanwhile, it helps dispose a great number of oil palm empty fruit bunch,
thus contributing to reducing environmental pollution.
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14. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Palm oil mill sludge
It contains a variety of nutrients in palm oil mill sludge. The sludge produced in
the process of waste water treatment can all be used for manufacturing organic
fertilizers. It is benefit for plant growth by high-temperature aerobic
fermentation. It is dispensable of composting. Although it can be used as
fertilizer directly, it has some bacteria in the sludge, which is bad for plants.
Palm oil mill sludge can be get from palm oil effluent. POME is the effluent
produced in the process of palm oil production. It is constituted of 95% water, 4-
5% total solids and 0.6-0.7 oil. Owing to high organic content, it is suitable for
producing organic fertilizers. What’s more, it solves the issues for palm oil
plants. It is conductive to the growth for plants as well.
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15. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Oil palm fronds
It can be used for organic fertilizer production. It has 12 tonnes old oil palm
fronds per hectare a year. Old leaves can be divided into two parts: the leaflets
and the rachis. Leaflet mainly contains nitrogen and rachis contains potassium. If
there are 136 oil palm trees per hectare and 24 old leaves are cut per year. Supply
of nutrients from the older leaves a year are as follows. It has 136 kg of nitrogen,
10 kg of phosphorus, 183 kg of potassium and 17 kg magnesium. As can be seen
form the statistics, it has high organics in oil palm fronds. Similarly, oil palm
fronds need to ferment. Once the fronds are used to produce organic fertilizers, it
is helpful to both palm oil manufacturers and farmers. It can prevent from soil
erosion and improve soil structure.
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16. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Organic Fertilizer Production Technology of Using Palm Oil Waste
It mainly contains several steps in the process of organic fertilizers production,
including crushing, composting and granulation.
Crushing
The first step is to crush the raw materials.Oil palm empty fruit bunches should be
cut into wire. The best length is 3cm, thereby increasing the superficial area of the
thread, improving fermentation speed and shortening the fermentation time. Shells
can be cut into particles in the size of 3-10 mm. Oil palm fronds should cut up as
much as possible. In this process,fertilizer crusher is suitable for crushing these
materials. It can meet the needs of mixing palm oil wastes with high efficiency and
short time.
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17. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Adding materials
According to different demands, appropriate additives can be added before
composting. The common accessories include urea, sludge and fermentation
strains. At first, add some sludge or turfy soil. It can add one point to one kilo of
sludge or turfy soil in one kilo of palm oil waste. Then add the good amount of
microorganism agent and urea, fermentation strains. It is appropriate that carbon-
nitrogen ratio reaches 25 : 1-30: 1 after adding materials.
Palm oil mill effluent can be used in this step. Because of high nutrients, it is the
best additive for organic fertilizer production. In addition, heavy metal content in
the bottom of effluent is under the standard level. When it is added to oil palm, it is
harmless to the plants. Therefore, it enables to increase the yield of palm oil.
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18. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Composting
It is the critical step in the whole organic fertilizer production. During the
fermentation, compost turner can be used to make materials fermented completely.
In the process of composting, the temperature should preferably be controlled
between 60-75℃. pH value should be controlled between 5.5 and 8.5. The
moisture content is completely controlled 35% when the final fermentation
materials is fermented. It is good for granulation in next step. The length of time is
affected by the fermentation temperature, turning rate and moisture content.
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19. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
The fermentation temperature should be suitable for composting. It is not
conducive to composting when temperature is too high or too low. Moisture
content of materials should be adequately controlled in the fermentation
process, so that the material can achieve rapid fermentation. It should also be
in a reasonable number of times when palm oil wastes are turning. Turning too
many times not only increases labor costs, to a certain extent, but also
accelerates the evaporation of material moisture, thus affecting composting.
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20. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Granulation
After composting, it can be granulated in accordance with different demands. According to
test data of completely fermented materials, add a small amount inorganic materials,
including N, P ,K, Ca and Mg, so that it can achieve organic fertilizer materials standard or
meet the demand for using organic fertilizers of varieties of oil palm plantations. Then it can
be produced into granules by extrusion granulator. They are cylindrical particles and particle
diameter is 0.8-10cm. Extrusion granulator can improve the effect of granulation, making the
best size of granules.
When composting and granulation are completed, it can be drying, cooling and screened. The
materials should be drying and cooling after granulation. It should be kept dry, which makes
organic fertilizer easy to preserve. At last, the organic fertilizer is packaged.
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21. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
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22. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
Benefit of Using Palm Oil Waste to Produce Organic Fertilizers
Solving municipal problems
It is a path of sustainable development to produce organic fertilizers. The
government in Southeast Asia is nagged by the palm oil waste management in
recent years. It makes full use of raw materials and realizes the value of these
wastes.
Reducing environmental pollution
It not only can dispose of all the empty fruit bunch and sludge of palm oil wastes,
but also can handle a large number of palm oil mill effluent generated in the
process of palm oil production.
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23. Palm Waste Management: Turning Trash into Organic Fertilizer
High nutrients for plants growth
Processed palm oil wastes has high organics, which meets the needs of plant growth. Studies
have shown that the organic fertilizers produced by palm oil wastes contain much more
nutrients than common fertilizers. It has obvious effect on oil palm growth. It is one of
suitable palm tree fertilizer.
Improving soil structure
It enhances soil fertility and accelerates growth of oil palm roots, so that promotes
sustainable development of the oil palm industry. It can solve the problems of soil
compaction, acidification and lack of organic matter. It can improve soil physical properties,
promote the formation of soil structure, enhance the capacity of water retention and improve
soil organic matter content, especially in oil palm root growth. Therefore, it can be called the
best fertilizer for palm trees.
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