Pain
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Pain is Unwanted, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, it is usually a subjective experience. Pain is classified by duration and etiology. Pain is of two types Acute pain Chronic Pain
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The document provides information on the care of patients undergoing traction. It defines traction as applying a pulling force to part of the body. Traction is used to provide alignment, reduce muscle spasms, prevent deformities, provide immobilization, and increase space between opposing surfaces. The document outlines different types of traction including skin, skeletal, and manual traction. It discusses nursing responsibilities like ensuring comfort, preventing complications, educating patients, and promoting exercise and mobility.
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This document discusses the physiology of pain, including:
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2. The gate control theory proposes that small nerve fibers carry pain signals through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by large fiber input.
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- The definition, purpose, solutions, equipment, and procedure for ear irrigation to remove ear wax or foreign objects from the ear canal.
- The method involves using a syringe or irrigation can to gently flush the ear canal with sterile water or saline to loosen and remove obstructions.
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Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage"
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1) Casting is used to immobilize fractures and correct deformities by applying uniform pressure.
2) Plaster of Paris and fiberglass are common casting materials, with fiberglass preferred for distal limbs and children due to its lighter weight.
3) Ben, a 3-year old, wore a removable splint instead of a conventional cast to mend his fractured wrist, as removable splints are replacing casts.
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2. The nurse must check for allergies, follow the rights of medication administration, and check for any issues before or after food. Proper preparation, administration technique, and monitoring of the patient is required.
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1. It defines nasogastric tube feeding as administering food directly into the stomach through a tube inserted through the nose or mouth.
2. It lists indications for nasogastric tube feeding such as head/neck injuries, coma, obstruction of the esophagus or oropharynx, and increased metabolic needs from burns or cancer.
3. It describes the procedure for nasogastric tube feeding including assessing the patient, placing the feeding tube, administering the feeding slowly by gravity, and monitoring the patient after feeding.
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Pain in pedriatic dentistry.pptx
The document discusses pain pathways and pain management. It begins with definitions of pain from IASP and classifications of pain such as nociceptive, neuropathic, acute and chronic. It then covers topics like neural pathways, neuroanatomy, theories of pain including specificity theory and gate control theory. Pulpal pain pathways and assessment tools for pain are explained. Finally, it discusses approaches to pain management and goals of pain therapy.
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us m.docx
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us maintain our balance and sense of head orientation and movement. It's as old as the cochlea in evolutionary time. The systems are highly similar. In both, hair cells transduce motion into nerve
signals, but the vestibular system senses much slower vibrations of just a few Hz in contrast to the cochlea's 20 to 20,000 Hz.
The cochlea, on the right hand of the picture, gives us our sense of hearing. The three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, on the left, are fluid-filled tunnels in the skullbone. Each semicircular canal contains hair cells in the bulge at its base, the ampulla. Because the semicircular canals on each side of the head are oriented roughly at right angles to each other, they signal head movement no matter how we move.
The utricle and saccule sense static head position. They contain particles of calcium carbonate that pull on hair cells. The hairs in the utricle are vertical, while those of the saccule are horizontal; thus the organ can tell you the angle of the head in geometric coordinates! If one of the bony particles, called otoconia, should slip out of position you may experience a form of dizziness when you bend over that is called benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo (sometimes the "paraoxysmal" is left out). A doctor will tell you how to bend your head to reposition the otoconia and return to normal or it may slip back on its own in a few months. You can find more about vertigo here.
Understanding the vestibular part of the inner ear helps to explain why we get so dizzy when we spin, a joy that diminishes with age. If you are a parent of toddlers, know that when you reach middle age they will be just the age to delight in carnival rides, and of course you will be invited to join them after a large, greasy lunch. A noble calling, parenthood.
We judge motion by comparing what the eyes see with what the vestibular organs sense about our body movement. If the vestibular apparatus says that we're not moving, then any movement sensed by the eyes must be outside the body. (The brain discounts the appearance of movement caused by eye movement itself.) Then the brain tells the eyes just how to move to keep track of the moving object. If we're moving and the world is moving, too, we need to keep track of the objects while adjusting for our body's movement. The eyes and the semicircular canals have to work together on this. However, if you twirl around and set the fluid of one or two pairs of the semicircular canals into motion and then stop suddenly, you fool the brain into thinking the world is spinning. The reason is that the vestibular fluid is moving as though you're moving, so the eyes are moved to track objects.
This eye movement, called nystagmus, makes the world seem to spin. You can produce the same effect by drinking alcohol, which lowers the specific gravity of the fluid of the semicircular canals and stimulates the vestibular hair ce ...
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This document discusses the physiology of pain, including:
1. Nociception involves transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation of pain signals. Nociceptors detect damaging stimuli and neurotransmitters like substance P transmit signals.
2. The gate control theory proposes that small nerve fibers carry pain signals through a "gate" in the spinal cord that can be opened or closed by large fiber input.
3. Responses to pain have both physiological and psychological aspects, with the sympathetic nervous system initially activating a fight-or-flight response.
2.1. plastic surgery
Reconstructive surgery aims to restore function and appearance after injuries and abnormalities. It involves techniques like skin grafts, flaps, and tissue expansion to close wounds and reconstruct damaged areas following burn injuries. Nursing care after reconstructive procedures focuses on monitoring the transplanted tissues and keeping them well-perfused to ensure viability.
Lumbar punture
This document discusses lumbar puncture (spinal tap) procedures. It describes how a lumbar puncture is performed to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for diagnostic purposes such as testing for meningitis or tumors. The key steps of the procedure are outlined, including positioning and restraining the patient, cleaning the site, administering local anesthetic, inserting the needle into the subarachnoid space to collect CSF samples, and monitoring the patient afterwards. Potential complications are also listed.
Ear irrigation
This document provides information on ear irrigation including:
- The definition, purpose, solutions, equipment, and procedure for ear irrigation to remove ear wax or foreign objects from the ear canal.
- The method involves using a syringe or irrigation can to gently flush the ear canal with sterile water or saline to loosen and remove obstructions.
- Precautions are outlined to avoid injury and ensure proper aftercare if any pain or drainage occurs after the procedure.
Physical therapy
The document discusses various physical therapy modalities, including electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), light therapy, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). It provides details on the procedures, indications, contraindications, mechanisms of action, and the nurse's role in administering ECT and light therapy. ECT involves delivering a controlled electric shock to induce a seizure for treating various psychiatric conditions. Light therapy involves light box exposure for conditions like seasonal affective disorder. rTMS uses magnetic pulses to increase neurotransmitter release for potential treatment of depression.
Mental health act
The Mental Health Act of 1987 was introduced to replace the outdated Indian Lunacy Act of 1912 and protect the rights of mentally ill individuals. The Act established central and state authorities to regulate mental health services. It outlines procedures for admission, detention, discharge and legal protection of mentally ill persons in psychiatric facilities. The Act aims to change societal attitudes towards mental illness and ensure mentally ill individuals receive treatment like other sick patients without stigma. It was later replaced by the Mental Healthcare Bill of 2013 to further strengthen legal safeguards and align with advancements in medical science.
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This document presents a community mental health services project proposal for Oman. It discusses the current situation of limited mental health services, with most services concentrated in Muscat. It explores challenges like a lack of community-based services and opportunities to build on community resources. The proposal recommends establishing community mental health services through primary healthcare centers, schools, home visits, and rehabilitation. It outlines micro-level roles like brief assessments and therapies as well as macro-level roles like training, consulting, and advocacy. The overall agenda is to develop services, support families, integrate with other sectors, and reduce Oman's mental health burden.
NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
This document provides details on performing a neurological assessment, including assessing various aspects of consciousness, cranial nerves, sensation, and reflexes. It describes how to test orientation, memory, intellectual function, thought content, affect, and language. It also provides steps for examining each of the 12 cranial nerves, including smell, vision, eye movement, facial expression, hearing/balance, swallowing, shoulder shrugging, and tongue movement. Sensation tests are outlined for touch, pain, temperature, position, and vibration.
Pain management
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition defines pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage"
Cast -
1) Casting is used to immobilize fractures and correct deformities by applying uniform pressure.
2) Plaster of Paris and fiberglass are common casting materials, with fiberglass preferred for distal limbs and children due to its lighter weight.
3) Ben, a 3-year old, wore a removable splint instead of a conventional cast to mend his fractured wrist, as removable splints are replacing casts.
Med-Surg COncept of PAin
This document discusses pain physiology and management. It describes the pathways and mechanisms of pain transmission from nociceptors to the brain. It also outlines various approaches to pain assessment, pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain control strategies, and the nurse's role in comprehensive pain management including ongoing assessment, education, and evaluation of interventions.
PREVENTION OF PRESSURE ULCER/BED SORE/PRESSURE SORE
PREVENTION OF PRESSURE ULCER: burden, common pressure points, risk factors, pathophysiology, stages and preventive measures
Oral drug administration
1. Oral administration is the process of delivering drugs by mouth through the alimentary tract, which can be done in either liquid or solid form sublingually or buccally.
2. The nurse must check for allergies, follow the rights of medication administration, and check for any issues before or after food. Proper preparation, administration technique, and monitoring of the patient is required.
3. Precautions include contamination prevention, following instructions specific to each drug, and ensuring the patient swallows and the medication effects are evaluated.
Amputation
This document discusses various types of amputations and their management. It covers:
1. Definitions of different types of amputations including closed/open, levels of amputation for upper and lower limbs.
2. Guidelines for post-operative management and bandaging of the amputated limb to shape the stump and prevent complications.
3. Common issues after amputation like pain management, skin disorders, and the psychological impact of losing a limb.
meningitis
The document summarizes a case presentation of meningitis. It describes the signs and symptoms, causes, transmission, treatment and prevention of meningitis. It then details a specific case of a 9-month-old male patient admitted with fever and convulsions who was diagnosed with meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae based on diagnostic tests.
Nasogastric tube feeding
This document provides information on nasogastric tube feeding including:
1. It defines nasogastric tube feeding as administering food directly into the stomach through a tube inserted through the nose or mouth.
2. It lists indications for nasogastric tube feeding such as head/neck injuries, coma, obstruction of the esophagus or oropharynx, and increased metabolic needs from burns or cancer.
3. It describes the procedure for nasogastric tube feeding including assessing the patient, placing the feeding tube, administering the feeding slowly by gravity, and monitoring the patient after feeding.
Bed Sores: Classification and Management
This document discusses bed sores (also known as pressure ulcers or decubitus ulcers), including their causes, risk factors, common areas, stages, assessment using the Braden scale, and treatment. Prolonged pressure on bony areas can lead to reduced blood flow and skin breakdown. The sacrum, elbows, knees, and ankles are most common. Risk increases with age, incontinence, poor nutrition, diabetes, and smoking. Bedsores are caused by pressure, shear forces, and friction. They are classified in stages based on depth of tissue damage. Treatment focuses on relieving pressure and proper wound care like debridement and dressing.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body. It is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis. The main causes are infection, non-compliance with medication or insulin, and new onset diabetes. Treatment involves rapid fluid replacement, insulin therapy to lower blood glucose levels, electrolyte replacement, and treating any underlying infection or precipitating cause. Despite treatment, mortality remains high, especially in developing countries and those with co-morbidities or cerebral edema.
Mental Illness Prevention and Control
This document discusses the prevention and control of mental illness. It outlines three levels of prevention: primordial, which aims to remove risk factors before disease onset; primary, which operates on a community level through health promotion; and secondary, which focuses on early diagnosis and treatment. It provides examples of risk factors and strategies for primary prevention. Secondary prevention involves screening programs and paying attention to warning signs. Various treatment options are also described, as well as tertiary prevention focusing on rehabilitation, disability limitation, and community support. The national mental health program of India is summarized with its objectives of improving access and awareness.
Eye instillation and ointment
This document provides instructions for instilling eye drops and applying eye ointment. It defines eye drop instillation as dispensing sterile ophthalmic medication into a patient's eye. Eye drops are used to treat various eye disorders, anesthetize the eye for treatments or exams, and diagnose or treat conditions like glaucoma and infections. Safety procedures include hand hygiene, verifying patient identity, checking for allergies, and administering medications quietly without interruptions. Nurses should identify the patient, check the physician's directives, wash hands, clean the eyelids, tilt the head back, administer the correct number of drops, have the patient close their eyes slowly and move them to distribute the medication.
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PREVENTION OF PRESSURE ULCER/BED SORE/PRESSURE SORE
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Similar to Pain
Pain in pedriatic dentistry.pptx
The document discusses pain pathways and pain management. It begins with definitions of pain from IASP and classifications of pain such as nociceptive, neuropathic, acute and chronic. It then covers topics like neural pathways, neuroanatomy, theories of pain including specificity theory and gate control theory. Pulpal pain pathways and assessment tools for pain are explained. Finally, it discusses approaches to pain management and goals of pain therapy.
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us m.docx
The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us maintain our balance and sense of head orientation and movement. It's as old as the cochlea in evolutionary time. The systems are highly similar. In both, hair cells transduce motion into nerve
signals, but the vestibular system senses much slower vibrations of just a few Hz in contrast to the cochlea's 20 to 20,000 Hz.
The cochlea, on the right hand of the picture, gives us our sense of hearing. The three semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, on the left, are fluid-filled tunnels in the skullbone. Each semicircular canal contains hair cells in the bulge at its base, the ampulla. Because the semicircular canals on each side of the head are oriented roughly at right angles to each other, they signal head movement no matter how we move.
The utricle and saccule sense static head position. They contain particles of calcium carbonate that pull on hair cells. The hairs in the utricle are vertical, while those of the saccule are horizontal; thus the organ can tell you the angle of the head in geometric coordinates! If one of the bony particles, called otoconia, should slip out of position you may experience a form of dizziness when you bend over that is called benign paraoxysmal positional vertigo (sometimes the "paraoxysmal" is left out). A doctor will tell you how to bend your head to reposition the otoconia and return to normal or it may slip back on its own in a few months. You can find more about vertigo here.
Understanding the vestibular part of the inner ear helps to explain why we get so dizzy when we spin, a joy that diminishes with age. If you are a parent of toddlers, know that when you reach middle age they will be just the age to delight in carnival rides, and of course you will be invited to join them after a large, greasy lunch. A noble calling, parenthood.
We judge motion by comparing what the eyes see with what the vestibular organs sense about our body movement. If the vestibular apparatus says that we're not moving, then any movement sensed by the eyes must be outside the body. (The brain discounts the appearance of movement caused by eye movement itself.) Then the brain tells the eyes just how to move to keep track of the moving object. If we're moving and the world is moving, too, we need to keep track of the objects while adjusting for our body's movement. The eyes and the semicircular canals have to work together on this. However, if you twirl around and set the fluid of one or two pairs of the semicircular canals into motion and then stop suddenly, you fool the brain into thinking the world is spinning. The reason is that the vestibular fluid is moving as though you're moving, so the eyes are moved to track objects.
This eye movement, called nystagmus, makes the world seem to spin. You can produce the same effect by drinking alcohol, which lowers the specific gravity of the fluid of the semicircular canals and stimulates the vestibular hair ce ...
pain
Definition n classification •Pathophysiologyof pain. •Physiological Effects of pain. •Pharmacological & non-pharmacological methods of analgesia. •Principles of pain management.METHODS OF CONTROLLING METHODS OF CONTROLLING
Non-pharmacological Preoperative counseling TENS Acupuncture
Pharmacological Opioids •Im •IV infusion •IV PCA Local anaesthetics: •Local Infiltration •Nerve Blocks •Epidural Blocks NSAIDS •IM •IV infusion •IV PCA
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS PRE-OP COUNSELLING: Well informed patients about: •Nature of operation •Nature of post operative pain •Methods of analgesia available
Cope better with Post –op Pain
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS TENS (Trans Cutaneous electric nerve stimulation)
Stimulates afferent myelinated (A-beta) nerve fibers at 70hz
Inhibitory circuits within sp cord activated
Nerve impulse transmission reduced
Maximum benefit in neurogenic pain
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS OPIODS •Activate opiodreceptors within the CNS •Reduce transmission of nerve impulses by modulation in the dorsal horn
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
LOCAL ANAESTHETICS –Blocks the conduction of nerve impulses –Can be given with adrenaline because •Decreases absorption of L.A allowing larger doses •Also acts on alpha 2 receptors which potentiates analgesic effect
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
NASIDS –Blocks synthesis of PG’s –Only suitable for miledto moderate pain
PRINCIPLE OF MANAGEMENT OF PAIN •Pre-emptive analgesia •Balanced or combination analgesia •Analgesia ladder
PHARMACOLOGICAL METHODS
Balanced Analgesia –NASID are used in conjunction with opioids. –Reduces amount of opioids –Reduces side affect of opioids,ASSESMENT OF PAIN •Observe the behaviour of the patient •Monitor analgesic requirement of the patient –Visual Analogue Score( VAS )
–Verbal Rating Score ( VRS ) •None •Mild •Moderate •severe
Pain.
The document discusses pain perception and transmission in the human body. It begins by defining pain and outlining the dual sensory and emotional nature of pain. It then describes how pain signals are transmitted from nociceptors to the spinal cord and brain through A and C nerve fibers. The signals travel through the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex. Descending pathways from the brain can modulate pain perception. The gate control theory of pain is also explained. The document further discusses different types of pain and factors that influence pain experience.
Pain and pain pathways
This document discusses pain pathways and mechanisms. It defines pain, outlines the history of pain theories, and describes pain receptors, neurotransmitters, and the dual pain pathways of the neospinothalamic and paleospinothalamic tracts that transmit signals to the brain. It also covers assessment and management of pain, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.
Pain Types & Physiology
Prepared By
RASHIDUL HASAN ROBEL
B. PHARM (RU), M. PHARM (RU)
REG. NO. A4968
PGD-HRM (BIM)
EMBA (ULAB)
3.Physiology of Pain.ppt
Neurology / Physiology of Pain Notes for Siddha medical College students.
It's from Maria Siddha Medical College,Thiruvattar, Kanyakumari district
sensory and motor systems
what is sensory and motor system. Types of senses , their receptors and pathways. Motor system organs,their disorders
Pain and its pathway
This document provides an overview of pain and its pathway in the human body. It defines pain, discusses the history of pain theories, and describes the different types and properties of pain. It examines several theories of pain transmission, including the specificity theory, pattern theory, and gate control theory. The document outlines the different pain receptors, sensory neurons, and the spinothalamic tract involved in pain pathways. It also discusses methods of inhibiting pain, such as through medications, surgery, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
Pain in dentistry and its management
This document provides information on pain management. It begins with the history and theories of pain. It then discusses the neurophysiology of pain including nociception, transmission, modulation and perception. Gate control theory is explained in detail. Non-pharmacological approaches like rest, distraction, electrotherapy and exercise are covered. The WHO analgesic ladder is introduced and different classes of pharmacological pain medications like non-opioids, opioids, antidepressants and antiepileptics are summarized.
Pain pathway
This document summarizes the pain pathway in the human body. It begins with an introduction to pain and its characteristics. It then discusses the different types of pain sensations conducted by different nerve fibers. It explains Gate Control Theory and the differences between somatic and visceral sensory function. It provides details on pain receptors, the pathway of sensory impulses from receptors to the brain, and examples of tooth pulp pain and referred pain. It concludes with management strategies for pain.
Physiology of sensory & pain.pdf
In This presentation, I have explained the sensory Component of the nervous system particularly pain perception.
Physiology of Pain (PPT) Nervous System Physiology
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen/
https://www.facebook.com/Human-Physiology-Lectures-100702741804409/
Physiology of Pain (PPT)
Nervous System Physiology
INTRODUCTION
BENEFITS OF PAIN SENSATION
COMPONENTS OF PAIN SENSATION
PATHWAYS OF PAIN SENSATION
FROM SKIN AND DEEPER STRUCTURES
FROM FACE
FROM VISCERA
FROM PELVIC REGION
VISCERAL PAIN
CAUSES OF VISCERAL PAIN
REFERRED PAIN
DEFINITION
EXAMPLES OF REFERRED PAIN
MECHANISM OF REFERRED PAIN
NEUROTRANSMITTERS INVOLVED IN PAIN SENSATION
ANALGESIA SYSTEM
ANALGESIC PATHWAY
GATE CONTROL THEORY
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Short Notes
pdf ppt
Consciousness, pain, sleep & associated disorders
This document discusses consciousness and altered states of consciousness. It defines consciousness as awareness of oneself and one's environment. It describes stages of consciousness including controlled processes, automatic processes, daydreaming, the unconscious, unconsciousness, and altered states. Altered states can result from meditation, hypnosis, or psychoactive drugs. The document also discusses Freud's model of consciousness, defense mechanisms, sleep architecture, dreams, pain, chronic pain, psychological factors influencing pain like locus of control and catastrophizing cognitions, and the biopsychosocial model of pain.
Pain and its pathways
The document discusses pain and its pathways in the human body. It defines pain and describes its characteristics and theories. It discusses the neurochemistry and types of pain receptors. The main pain pathway described is the lateral spinothalamic tract, which carries pain and temperature sensations from the periphery to the thalamus and somatosensory cortex via the dorsal horn and spinal cord. It relays information via three orders of neurons and can be modulated in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord.
M1 estrategia diagnóstica
The document discusses strategies for diagnosis in rheumatology. It begins by outlining the bases of clinical reasoning, including knowledge, skills, and the establishment of mental maps by experts and novices. It then provides examples of how an expert and novice may present the case of a 54-year old man experiencing acute knee pain differently. The expert's presentation includes an impression of recurrent acute monoarthritis, while the novice's lacks structure. The document goes on to discuss a two-step approach to diagnosis involving non-analytical mental maps based on evidence and experience. It also outlines types of diagnoses and various rheumatological syndromes like regional, widespread, articular, and systemic syndromes as well as pediatric patterns.
Neuropathic pain
this presentation discusses pain pathways, definition and glossary of pain symptoms, classification of pain, pathogenesis, causes, diagnosis , types and treatment of neuropathic pain
illustrated with figures
Patho physiology of pain
This document defines pain and discusses its pathophysiology. It notes that pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Two major classes of pain are described: normal/nociceptive pain and abnormal/pathophysiologic pain. Nociception involves a complex series of physiological events between tissue damage and pain perception. Nociceptors are activated by mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli. The receptors that mediate pain are called nociceptors, which come in two types: Aδ myelinated nerve fibers and C unmyelinated nerve fibers. The neuroanatomy of pain processing involves afferent pathways, the central nervous system, and efferent pathways.
Nervous system natural remedies
Problems regarding neurology increasing at an alarming rate. If you are suffering from any nervous problem, Please go through Shuddhi Ayurveda for Nervous System Natural Remedies or contact us at 7398673986.
Pain definition, pathway,analgesic pathway, types of pain
This document provides an overview of pain physiology, including definitions of pain, pain receptors and pathways, and theories of pain modulation. It discusses fast and slow pain fibers, pain transmission through the spinal cord and brain, and endogenous analgesic pathways. The gate control theory of pain is explained in detail. Different types of pain and assessment methods are outlined. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management approaches are summarized.
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The vestibular system is the part of the inner ear that helps us m.docx
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Physiology of Pain (PPT) Nervous System Physiology
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Pain definition, pathway,analgesic pathway, types of pain
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National List of Essential Medicines & Rational Drug Use
EML :Satisfy the priority healthcare needs of majority of the population.
WHO EML was recognised as important guiding document mainly for the public sector for the procurement, distribution, rational use and quality assurance of medicines.
The list is made with consideration to disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and comparative cost-effectiveness of the medicines.
Careful selection of a limited range of essential medicines results in a higher quality of care, better management of medicines and more cost-effective use of health resources.
Not considered on Sales turnover on the basis of volume.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy(NPPP)2012, DPCO
Code of Ethics For Community Pharmacist
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
Pharmacotherapy of anti malarial drugs slide share
Malaria is curable if effective treatment is started early because delay in treatment may lead to serious consequences including death.
Prompt and effective treatment is also important for controlling the transmission of malaria.
A revised National Drug Policy on Malaria has been adopted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India in 2010 and these guidelines have been prepared for healthcare personnel involved in the treatment of malaria.
Medication Adherence
Medication adherence usually refers to whether patients take their medications as prescribed (eg, twice daily), as well as whether they continue to take a prescribed medication. Medication nonadherence is a growing concern to clinicians, healthcare systems, and other stakeholders (eg, payers) because of mounting evidence that it is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes and higher costs of care. To date, measurement of patient medication adherence and use of interventions to improve adherence are rare in routine clinical practice. The goals of the present report are to address
(1) different methods of measuring adherence,
(2) the prevalence of medication nonadherence,
(3) the association between nonadherence and outcomes,
(4) the reasons for nonadherence, and finally,
(5) interventions to improve medication adherence.
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a medical condition defined as the inflammation of the liver.
The condition is self-limiting, can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis may occur with limited or no symptoms, but it often leads to jaundice, poor appetite and malaise.
Hepatitis is considered to be acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer.
Oral Contraceptives
Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are principal gonadal hormones.
Estrogen and progesterone are produced by ovaries whereas testosterone is mainly formed by testes.
ESTROGENS
Natural estrogens include estradiol(principal and most potent estrogen),estrone and estriol(weakest).
Natural estrogens are ineffective orally due to extensive first pass metabolism.
Estrogens undergo enterohepatic circulation that is also responsible for hepatic adverse effects(hepatic adenoma and thromboembolism).
Understanding Menstrual Cycle
The menstrual cycle is a term used to describe monthly events that occur within a woman's body in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy.
Each month, an egg is released from an ovary in a process called ovulation.
At the same time, the lining of the uterus thickens, ready for pregnancy.
If fertilization does not take place, the lining of the uterus is shed in menstrual bleeding and the cycle starts over.
Constipation
Constipation is difficult or infrequent passage of stool, hardness of stool, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation.
Many people incorrectly believe that daily defecation is necessary and complain of constipation if stools occur less frequently. Others are concerned with the appearance (size, shape, color) or consistency of stools. Sometimes the major complaint is dissatisfaction with the act of defecation or the sense of incomplete evacuation after defecation. Constipation is blamed for many complaints (abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue, anorexia) that are actually symptoms of an underlying problem (eg, irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], depression). Patients should not expect all symptoms to be relieved by a daily bowel movement, and measures to aid bowel habits should be used judiciously.
Obsessive-compulsive patients often feel the need to rid the body daily of “unclean” wastes. Such patients often spend excessive time on the toilet or become chronic users of cathartics.
Overview of Hormone Replacement Therapy(HRT)
Many of the symptoms and signs of menopause can be attributed to the cessation of the production of estrogen by the ovaries in the menopausal stage.
The most common complications that women face during menopause include vaginal dryness, soreness, dyspareunia, urinary frequency and urgency.
Mood changes are also common during menopause and in postmenopausal women.
Vasomotor instability can cause hot flushes, sweating and palpitations in menopausal women.
Asthma Management
“Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction and recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing ”.
There is a variable degree of airflow obstruction (related to bronchospasm, edema, and hypersecretion), bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and airway inflammation.
Dyspepsia
Dyspepsia is a sensation of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen; it often is recurrent. It may be described as indigestion, gassiness, early satiety, postprandial fullness, gnawing, or burning.
Many patients have findings on testing (eg, duodenitis, motility disturbance, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, lactose deficiency, cholelithiasis) that correlate poorly with symptoms (ie, correction of the condition does not alleviate dyspepsia).
Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever)
Typhoid fever is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
Paratyphoid is an infection which is similar but has milder symptoms, which is caused by the bacterium Salmonella paratyphi.
Introduction to Communication Skills
The word communication has its roots in Latin and the word is ‘communicare’ meaning ‘to share’.
In French the word is ‘communis’ meaning ‘common’.
So, communication means to take what I have and make it common with you.
Tuberculosis
The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Belonging to the Family Mycobacteriaceae.
The other strains that cause tuberculosis are
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. carnetti
M. microti etc
The morphological features of the bacteria are that it is a small, straight, slender rod shaped, non-motile, non-capsulated, non-spore forming, aerobic organism.
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" First Aid " Community Pharmacy Practice
Assistance, assessments and interventions that can be performed for benefit of any person suffering from a sudden illness or injury to preserve his/her life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery by an eyewitness or by the victim with minimal or no medical equipment is termed as First Aid.
First aid can be performed by the victim or by any individual near to the victim.
Responding to the Symptoms of Minor Ailments
Medicines are of two types
Prescription and Non prescription medicines.
Schedule H gives out the list of medicines that can be dispensed only on a prescription.
A pharmacist or a Pharm.D student is eligible to give medicines for mild ailments, which are called as non prescription medicines.
A pharmacist should have thorough knowledge over ailments like nausea, vomiting, pain, fever, cold and cough, diarrhea, constipation, ophthalmic problems, indigestion or dyspepsia.
Etiology and pathophysiology of common ailments should be known by the community pharmacists.
Diarrhoea is the passage of stools a number of times, an abnormal increase in the frequency and volume of motions, with the accumulation of water in the intestine.
Nausea & Vomiting
Nausea is an unpleasant sensation which is subjective and is different from one person to another person.
A person suffering from nausea also face
Pallor
Increased respiratory rate
salivation.
Retching :Rythmatic synchronized contractions of the diaphragm , abdominal and intercostal muscles against a closed glottis causing the intra abdominal and decrease the intra thoracic pressure causing the gastric contents to go up through the esophagus.
Vomiting is the process, emesis or throwing out, expulsion of stomach contents via esophagus and mouth.
Diarrhoea
Diarrhea is an increased frequency and decreased consistency of fecal discharge as compared with an individual’s normal bowel pattern.
It is often a symptom of a systemic disease.
Acute diarrhea is commonly defined as shorter than 14 days’ duration.
Persistent diarrhea as longer than 14 days’ duration.
Chronic diarrhea as longer than 30 days’ duration.
Most cases of acute diarrhea are caused by infections with viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, and are generally self-limited.
Pharmacotherapy of Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain, increased tenderness at specific sites known as “tender points,” unrefreshing sleep, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction not attributable to other disease states.
Fibromyalgia affects 2–4% of the general population and of those affected, 80–90% are female. In general, symptom onset occurs between the ages of 30 and 60.
While the etiology of fibromyalgia is not entirely clear, associations with trauma, adverse life events, impaired mood (e.g., depression), anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable bladder syndrome, cold intolerance, paresthesias and other medical condition have been described. Consequently, a patient tailored approach to treatment is ideal to address both symptoms of fibromyalgia and any associated conditions.
Management of Arterial Hypertension in Pregnancy
Gestational hypertension is defined by BP readings of ≥140/90 mmHg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart during pregnancy after 20 weeks’ gestation in a previously normotensive patient, without the presence of proteinuria (<300 mg in 24 hours) or other clinical features suggestive of of pre-Eclampsia (thrombocytopenia, impaired renal or kidney function, pulmonary oedema, or new-onset headache)
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Pain
- 1. Pain Management Raghavendra S.Hegde 6/27/2020 1 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments
- 2. Pain 6/27/2020 2 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments
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- 7. Pathophysiology 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 7
- 8. {pathophysiology} • Basically, noxious signals send impulses to the spinal cord, which relays the information to the brain. • The brain interprets the information as pain, localizes it, and sends back instructions for the body to react. • Pain sensation is mediated by pain receptors, or nociceptors, which are present in the skin, superficial tissues and virtually all organs, except for the brain. • These receptors are essentially the nerve endings of so-called “first-order neurons” in the pain pathway. 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 8
- 9. • The axons of these neurons can be myelinated, A type, or, unmyelinated, C type. • Myelinated A fibers conduct at FAST speeds and are responsible for the initial SHARP pain perceived at the time of injury. • Unmyelinated C fibers conduct at SLOWER speeds and are responsible for a longer-lasting, dull, diffusing pain. • First-order neurons travel by way of spinal nerves to the spinal cord, where they synapse with second-order neurons in the dorsal horn. 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 9
- 10. • These second-order neurons cross over to the OTHER side of the cord, before ascending to the brain. • This is how information of pain on the left side of the body is transmitted to the right side of the brain, and vice versa. • There are two major pathways that carry pain signals from the spinal cord to the brain: - 1.The spinothalamic tract 2.The spinoreticular tract 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 10
- 11. • The spinothalamic tract: second-order neurons travel up within the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus where they synapse with third-order neurons; • Third-order neurons then project to their designated locations in the somatosensory cortex. • This pathway is involved in LOCALIZATION of pain. 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 11
- 12. • The spinoreticular tract: second-order neurons ascend to the reticular formation of the brainstem, before running up to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and the cortex. • This tract is responsible for the EMOTIONAL aspect of pain. • Pain signals from the face follow a DIFFERENT route to the thalamus. • First-order neurons travel mainly via the trigeminal nerve to the brainstem, where they synapse with second-order neurons, which ascend to the thalamus. • Pain from the skin, muscles and joints is called SOMATIC pain. 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 12
- 13. • While pain from INTERNAL organs is known as VISCERAL pain. • Visceral pain is often perceived at a DIFFERENT location in a phenomenon known as REFERRED pain. • For example, pain from a heart attack may be felt in the left shoulder, arm or back, rather than in the chest, where the heart is located. • This happens because of the CONVERGENCE of pain pathways at the spinal cord level. 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 13
- 14. 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 14
- 15. Diagnosis 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 15
- 16. Numeric Scales 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 16
- 17. WONG BAKER FACES 6/27/2020 Responding to the symptoms of minor ailments 17
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