Assistance, assessments and interventions that can be performed for benefit of any person suffering from a sudden illness or injury to preserve his/her life, prevent the conditionfrom worsening, and/or promote recovery by an eyewitness or by the victim with minimal or no medical equipment is termed as First Aid.
First aid can be performed by the victim or byany individual near to the victim.
The document discusses over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs. Prescription drugs require approval from a health professional, while OTC drugs can be purchased without approval. Both can be dangerous if abused or taken incorrectly. The FDA regulates OTC drug labels to provide information on active ingredients, uses, directions, warnings, and expiration dates to promote safe use. Common OTC drugs include pain relievers, cough and cold medicines, and gastrointestinal medications.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
This document provides historical background on the development of the pharmacy profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses how pharmacy originated in ancient cultures using plants and minerals for medicine. Key figures like Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna advanced early understandings of medicine and pharmacology. The profession evolved with the establishment of pharmacies, regulations, and the separation of pharmacy and medicine. Pharmacy further developed with advances in chemistry, standardization of medications, and expanded roles for pharmacists in patient care.
Pharmacy Practice
Scope of pharmacy practice
Community Pharmacy
Scope of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy management
Selection of Pharmacy site
Objective
Legal requirements
Drug procurement
Drug storage and inventory control
Pharmacy Practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice offers practicing pharmacists in-depth useful reviews and research trials and surveys of new drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
The document discusses modern aspects of dispensing from a pharmacist's perspective. It covers several topics:
- The role of pharmacists in patient counseling to ensure proper medication use and adherence
- Common drugs that pharmacists need to provide advice on, such as opioids, antibiotics, and cholesterol medications
- The importance of obtaining an accurate medical and medication history from patients to identify potential issues and direct appropriate treatment
pharmaceutical associations, societies and statutory councils Haniya Zaheer
This document provides information on pharmaceutical associations and statutory councils in India. It discusses the Indian Drug Manufacturers Association, Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers of India, Bulk Drug Manufacturers Association, Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India, Indian Pharmaceutical Association, and Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association. It also outlines the All India Council for Technical Education and Pharmacy Council of India, including their objectives, members, and functions in regulating technical and pharmacy education.
Patient counseling is a process wherein pharmacist implements face-to-face interaction with the patient to provide information, orally or in written form, on directions of use & advice on side effects to help them to use their medications appropriately
Health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end.
The document discusses over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription drugs. Prescription drugs require approval from a health professional, while OTC drugs can be purchased without approval. Both can be dangerous if abused or taken incorrectly. The FDA regulates OTC drug labels to provide information on active ingredients, uses, directions, warnings, and expiration dates to promote safe use. Common OTC drugs include pain relievers, cough and cold medicines, and gastrointestinal medications.
Chapter 8_Over The Counter (OTC) Medications.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, need and role of Pharmacists in OTC medication dispensing
OTC medications in India, counseling for OTC products
Self-medication and role of pharmacists in promoting the safe practices during self medication
Responding to symptoms, minor ailments, and advice for self-care in conditions
This document provides historical background on the development of the pharmacy profession from ancient times to the present. It discusses how pharmacy originated in ancient cultures using plants and minerals for medicine. Key figures like Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna advanced early understandings of medicine and pharmacology. The profession evolved with the establishment of pharmacies, regulations, and the separation of pharmacy and medicine. Pharmacy further developed with advances in chemistry, standardization of medications, and expanded roles for pharmacists in patient care.
Pharmacy Practice
Scope of pharmacy practice
Community Pharmacy
Scope of community pharmacy
Community pharmacy management
Selection of Pharmacy site
Objective
Legal requirements
Drug procurement
Drug storage and inventory control
Pharmacy Practice is the discipline of pharmacy which involves developing the professional roles of pharmacists. Pharmacy Practice offers practicing pharmacists in-depth useful reviews and research trials and surveys of new drugs and novel therapeutic approaches.
The document discusses modern aspects of dispensing from a pharmacist's perspective. It covers several topics:
- The role of pharmacists in patient counseling to ensure proper medication use and adherence
- Common drugs that pharmacists need to provide advice on, such as opioids, antibiotics, and cholesterol medications
- The importance of obtaining an accurate medical and medication history from patients to identify potential issues and direct appropriate treatment
pharmaceutical associations, societies and statutory councils Haniya Zaheer
This document provides information on pharmaceutical associations and statutory councils in India. It discusses the Indian Drug Manufacturers Association, Organization of Pharmaceutical Producers of India, Bulk Drug Manufacturers Association, Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India, Indian Pharmaceutical Association, and Indian Pharmacy Graduates Association. It also outlines the All India Council for Technical Education and Pharmacy Council of India, including their objectives, members, and functions in regulating technical and pharmacy education.
Patient counseling is a process wherein pharmacist implements face-to-face interaction with the patient to provide information, orally or in written form, on directions of use & advice on side effects to help them to use their medications appropriately
Health education is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end.
Pharmacists in India play an important role in improving healthcare access and health outcomes. Currently there are around 10 lakh pharmacists in India working in various healthcare settings. Pharmacists can help overcome India's shortage of healthcare professionals by providing services like dispensing medicines accurately, counseling patients, aiding national health programs in tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, and improving access to care in rural communities. By utilizing pharmacists' expertise and expanding their roles, India can more effectively achieve its public health goals.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists. It notes that pharmacists ensure cost-effective healthcare through rational medicine use, provide expertise on medications, and are responsible for medical product safety and efficacy. Pharmacists also deliver primary care, preventive services, and health information. They contribute to public health policy development and emergency response planning.
lab manual of Community Pharmacy and management.pdfSumit Tiwari
This document outlines the proper procedures for handling prescriptions in a pharmacy. It discusses the key steps a pharmacist should follow: 1) Receiving the prescription, 2) Reading and checking for validity and accuracy, and 3) Collecting and weighing the necessary materials for compounding. The pharmacist must carefully read all details of the prescription and clarify any uncertainties with other pharmacists before filling it. Following these professional standards helps ensure prescriptions are filled correctly and safely.
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medications that can be safely used without a prescription. In the US, the FDA regulates OTC drugs to ensure they are safe and effective for self-treatment of common health issues. The FDA reviews OTC products and establishes labeling regulations. There are two pathways for legal OTC drug marketing: compliance with an OTC drug monograph or approval under a new drug application. OTC drugs are generally low risk for abuse and allow for wider access and treatment of minor conditions. Proper labeling, safety, efficacy, and manufacturing standards are required of all OTC drugs.
Chapter 3_Prescription and prescription handling.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labeling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage, Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize
them.
introduction to hospital and hospital pharmacyRavish Yadav
complete and detail learning on the introduction to the hospital and hospital pharmacy. this ppt help to learn more on this topic for the teachers , students as well as health care professionals
Role of pharmacist in Community pharmacy and public health practice in India:...Yamini Shah
The knowledge, skills and expertise of a pharmacist enable them to support the public health care by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing long-term illness and by guiding patients to better manage their medicines. A community pharmacist strengthens the public health system in a broad perspective. To improve health, patient care and medication-related outcomes through education, clinical practice and research. To ensure the safety and efficacy of medications which are prescribed by medical practitioner.
Social pharmacy practical manual by sumit tiwariSumit Tiwari
Social Pharmacy is the multidisciplinary field of education and research that focuses on the role, provision, regulation and use of medicines in society. The scope is broad, covering the social, psycho-social, economic, and organizational aspects of medicines
1) The document discusses the Pharmacy Practice Regulations of 2015 in India, which governs the practice of pharmacy.
2) It defines the roles of pharmacy practitioners like community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and clinical pharmacists.
3) The regulations establish guidelines for good pharmacy practices, including requirements for patient counseling, maintaining patient records, and displaying the names of registered pharmacists.
This document discusses substance abuse and its impact on society. It defines substance abuse as the use of drugs or other substances for non-medical purposes with the aim of altering mood or consciousness. Substance abuse can lead to increased crime rates and negative health consequences. The document categorizes commonly abused substances and notes that family history, depression, and low self-esteem can increase risk of substance abuse. It provides details on specific substances like narcotics, psychotropic drugs, alcohol, and tobacco and their effects on health, families, occupations, and society. The document also discusses signs of substance abuse and different treatment options.
AN OVERVIEW ON FIXED DOSE COMBINATIONS AND ITS REGULATIONS IN INDIA JAYA PRAKASH VELUCHURI
This document provides an overview of fixed dose combination drugs and regulatory requirements for FDCs in India. It discusses the classification of FDCs, clinical trial requirements, bioavailability and bioequivalence data requirements. It also addresses the reasons why 328 FDCs were banned in India, including that they were found to have no therapeutic justification and safer alternatives were available. Success factors for FDCs include addressing formulation challenges, patent feasibility, and physician considerations.
Community pharmacy-Definition ,scope and Roles and responsibilities of commun...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm D , Community Pharmacy -first chapter,definition of community pharmacy,its scope and the roles and responsibilities of community pharmacist in health care of common people,Dr.Merrin Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice
Patient information leaflets,about disease or drugs,second pharmD ,COMMUNITY ...MerrinJoseph1
Patient information leaflets (PILs) are leaflets included with medicines that provide users with information about the product's medical conditions, doses, side effects, and safe and effective use. PILs are written by pharmaceutical companies and must be included with all licensed medicines. They should include essential information without being too long or having small text. Common language should be used to make the information understandable. PILs must be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect current medical knowledge. They provide identification of the medicine, therapeutic uses, precautions, administration instructions, what to do if a dose is missed, side effects, interactions, and storage information.
This document discusses clinical pharmacy, including definitions, the status of clinical pharmacy in India, the scope and history of clinical pharmacy, activities of clinical pharmacists, clinical pharmacy practice areas, guidelines for pharmacotherapy specialists, clinical pharmacokinetics, drugs that can be monitored through therapeutic drug monitoring, reasons to request TDM, and the responsibilities of clinical pharmacists. It outlines how clinical pharmacy aims to optimize drug therapy for patients through various roles like consulting, drug information provision, and patient monitoring.
14ab1t0024 roles and responsibilities of hospital pharmacistRamesh Ganpisetti
Hospital pharmacists play several important roles in ensuring patients receive the most appropriate treatment. They advise patients and medical staff on all aspects of medications, including type, dosage, and administration method based on individual needs. Pharmacists can recommend the best form of medication such as tablets, injections, or inhalers. They are also seen as experts who can advise on safe drug combinations and solutions to specific patient problems. In addition, pharmacists monitor treatment effects to ensure safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness for each user.
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy education in India. It discusses how pharmacy originated from ancient Greek medicine and evolved as a profession. It outlines the early development of the pharmaceutical industry before and after Indian independence, and highlights its growth in production, exports, and contribution to meeting national medical needs. The document also traces the development of pharmacy education in India from early medical colleges to the establishment of specialized pharmacy institutions and regulations. It describes career opportunities for pharmacists in different fields like academics, regulatory roles, clinical research, and abroad. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of important pharmacopeias like IP, BP, USP, and the extra pharmacopoeia reference Martindale.
Patient information leaflets (PILs) contain specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that are packaged with medicines to inform users. PILs are the European equivalent of package inserts. Manufacturers are required to include a PIL but sometimes avoid the cost. The document then outlines the key sections that should be included in a PIL, such as identification of the medicine, therapeutic indications, dosage instructions, description of side effects, and additional information. It emphasizes using plain language, short sentences, and grouping side effects by seriousness to improve patient understanding of risks.
hOME MEDICATION REVIEW IS out standing self-employment opportunities with good clinical skills and hand on practice for pharm d students..its well an established program in Australia.
Free Survival First Aid Downloads
source of info:
http://www.theprepperjournal.com/2013/07/04/2-free-survival-first-aid-downloads/
http://practicalplasticsurgery.org/docs/help_basicwoundcare.pdf
Pharmacists in India play an important role in improving healthcare access and health outcomes. Currently there are around 10 lakh pharmacists in India working in various healthcare settings. Pharmacists can help overcome India's shortage of healthcare professionals by providing services like dispensing medicines accurately, counseling patients, aiding national health programs in tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, and improving access to care in rural communities. By utilizing pharmacists' expertise and expanding their roles, India can more effectively achieve its public health goals.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists. It notes that pharmacists ensure cost-effective healthcare through rational medicine use, provide expertise on medications, and are responsible for medical product safety and efficacy. Pharmacists also deliver primary care, preventive services, and health information. They contribute to public health policy development and emergency response planning.
lab manual of Community Pharmacy and management.pdfSumit Tiwari
This document outlines the proper procedures for handling prescriptions in a pharmacy. It discusses the key steps a pharmacist should follow: 1) Receiving the prescription, 2) Reading and checking for validity and accuracy, and 3) Collecting and weighing the necessary materials for compounding. The pharmacist must carefully read all details of the prescription and clarify any uncertainties with other pharmacists before filling it. Following these professional standards helps ensure prescriptions are filled correctly and safely.
Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medications that can be safely used without a prescription. In the US, the FDA regulates OTC drugs to ensure they are safe and effective for self-treatment of common health issues. The FDA reviews OTC products and establishes labeling regulations. There are two pathways for legal OTC drug marketing: compliance with an OTC drug monograph or approval under a new drug application. OTC drugs are generally low risk for abuse and allow for wider access and treatment of minor conditions. Proper labeling, safety, efficacy, and manufacturing standards are required of all OTC drugs.
Chapter 3_Prescription and prescription handling.pptxVinayGaikwad14
Definition, parts of prescriptions, legality of prescriptions, prescription handling, labeling of
dispensed medications (Main label, ancillary label, pictograms), brief instructions on medication
usage, Dispensing process, Good Dispensing Practices, dispensing errors and strategies to minimize
them.
introduction to hospital and hospital pharmacyRavish Yadav
complete and detail learning on the introduction to the hospital and hospital pharmacy. this ppt help to learn more on this topic for the teachers , students as well as health care professionals
Role of pharmacist in Community pharmacy and public health practice in India:...Yamini Shah
The knowledge, skills and expertise of a pharmacist enable them to support the public health care by promoting healthy lifestyles, preventing long-term illness and by guiding patients to better manage their medicines. A community pharmacist strengthens the public health system in a broad perspective. To improve health, patient care and medication-related outcomes through education, clinical practice and research. To ensure the safety and efficacy of medications which are prescribed by medical practitioner.
Social pharmacy practical manual by sumit tiwariSumit Tiwari
Social Pharmacy is the multidisciplinary field of education and research that focuses on the role, provision, regulation and use of medicines in society. The scope is broad, covering the social, psycho-social, economic, and organizational aspects of medicines
1) The document discusses the Pharmacy Practice Regulations of 2015 in India, which governs the practice of pharmacy.
2) It defines the roles of pharmacy practitioners like community pharmacists, hospital pharmacists, and clinical pharmacists.
3) The regulations establish guidelines for good pharmacy practices, including requirements for patient counseling, maintaining patient records, and displaying the names of registered pharmacists.
This document discusses substance abuse and its impact on society. It defines substance abuse as the use of drugs or other substances for non-medical purposes with the aim of altering mood or consciousness. Substance abuse can lead to increased crime rates and negative health consequences. The document categorizes commonly abused substances and notes that family history, depression, and low self-esteem can increase risk of substance abuse. It provides details on specific substances like narcotics, psychotropic drugs, alcohol, and tobacco and their effects on health, families, occupations, and society. The document also discusses signs of substance abuse and different treatment options.
AN OVERVIEW ON FIXED DOSE COMBINATIONS AND ITS REGULATIONS IN INDIA JAYA PRAKASH VELUCHURI
This document provides an overview of fixed dose combination drugs and regulatory requirements for FDCs in India. It discusses the classification of FDCs, clinical trial requirements, bioavailability and bioequivalence data requirements. It also addresses the reasons why 328 FDCs were banned in India, including that they were found to have no therapeutic justification and safer alternatives were available. Success factors for FDCs include addressing formulation challenges, patent feasibility, and physician considerations.
Community pharmacy-Definition ,scope and Roles and responsibilities of commun...MerrinJoseph1
Second Pharm D , Community Pharmacy -first chapter,definition of community pharmacy,its scope and the roles and responsibilities of community pharmacist in health care of common people,Dr.Merrin Joseph,Department of pharmacy practice
Patient information leaflets,about disease or drugs,second pharmD ,COMMUNITY ...MerrinJoseph1
Patient information leaflets (PILs) are leaflets included with medicines that provide users with information about the product's medical conditions, doses, side effects, and safe and effective use. PILs are written by pharmaceutical companies and must be included with all licensed medicines. They should include essential information without being too long or having small text. Common language should be used to make the information understandable. PILs must be regularly reviewed and updated to reflect current medical knowledge. They provide identification of the medicine, therapeutic uses, precautions, administration instructions, what to do if a dose is missed, side effects, interactions, and storage information.
This document discusses clinical pharmacy, including definitions, the status of clinical pharmacy in India, the scope and history of clinical pharmacy, activities of clinical pharmacists, clinical pharmacy practice areas, guidelines for pharmacotherapy specialists, clinical pharmacokinetics, drugs that can be monitored through therapeutic drug monitoring, reasons to request TDM, and the responsibilities of clinical pharmacists. It outlines how clinical pharmacy aims to optimize drug therapy for patients through various roles like consulting, drug information provision, and patient monitoring.
14ab1t0024 roles and responsibilities of hospital pharmacistRamesh Ganpisetti
Hospital pharmacists play several important roles in ensuring patients receive the most appropriate treatment. They advise patients and medical staff on all aspects of medications, including type, dosage, and administration method based on individual needs. Pharmacists can recommend the best form of medication such as tablets, injections, or inhalers. They are also seen as experts who can advise on safe drug combinations and solutions to specific patient problems. In addition, pharmacists monitor treatment effects to ensure safety, effectiveness, and appropriateness for each user.
Patient medication adherence, Medication adherence, Causes of medication non-adherence, Problems linked with Medication Non-adherence, Factors affecting medication adherence, Patient related factors, Social and Economic factor, Disease related factor, Health care provider related factors, Therapy related factors, pharmacist role in the medication adherence, role of pharmacist in the medication adherence, monitoring of patient medication adherence, Direct method, Indirect method
This document provides an overview of the history and development of the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacy education in India. It discusses how pharmacy originated from ancient Greek medicine and evolved as a profession. It outlines the early development of the pharmaceutical industry before and after Indian independence, and highlights its growth in production, exports, and contribution to meeting national medical needs. The document also traces the development of pharmacy education in India from early medical colleges to the establishment of specialized pharmacy institutions and regulations. It describes career opportunities for pharmacists in different fields like academics, regulatory roles, clinical research, and abroad. Finally, it provides brief descriptions of important pharmacopeias like IP, BP, USP, and the extra pharmacopoeia reference Martindale.
Patient information leaflets (PILs) contain specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that are packaged with medicines to inform users. PILs are the European equivalent of package inserts. Manufacturers are required to include a PIL but sometimes avoid the cost. The document then outlines the key sections that should be included in a PIL, such as identification of the medicine, therapeutic indications, dosage instructions, description of side effects, and additional information. It emphasizes using plain language, short sentences, and grouping side effects by seriousness to improve patient understanding of risks.
hOME MEDICATION REVIEW IS out standing self-employment opportunities with good clinical skills and hand on practice for pharm d students..its well an established program in Australia.
Free Survival First Aid Downloads
source of info:
http://www.theprepperjournal.com/2013/07/04/2-free-survival-first-aid-downloads/
http://practicalplasticsurgery.org/docs/help_basicwoundcare.pdf
This document provides information on first aid education, including the roles and responsibilities of first aiders, basic first aid procedures, and emergency action principles. It discusses how first aid refers to immediate care for injured or ill individuals until full medical treatment is available. A first aider's goals are to preserve life, prevent worsening of conditions, promote recovery, provide pain relief, and protect unconscious patients. The key steps in emergency response are ensuring safety, checking responsiveness, and calling emergency services if needed.
This document provides information on basic first aid and medical emergencies. It discusses topics like first aid, basic life support, objectives of first aid, legal concerns, health hazards, prevention techniques, emergency action principles, scene size-up, primary and secondary assessment, various medical emergencies like heart attack, airway obstructions, poisoning, head injuries, and environmental emergencies like heat-related issues and hypothermia. It provides guidance on recognizing these conditions and outlines appropriate first aid management steps to take.
Chila Lipata EMT, So2 - First Aid & basic life support.pptxChila Lipata
The constellation of emergency procedures needed to ensure a person’s immediate survival, including CPR, control of bleeding, treatment of shock and poisoning, stabilisation of injuries and/or wounds, and basic first aid.
The document provides information about first aid, including:
1) It defines first aid as assistance given to anyone suffering from a sudden illness or injury, with the aims of preserving life, preventing worsening of conditions, and promoting recovery.
2) Various types of first aid are described, including aquatic, battlefield, hyperbaric, oxygen, wilderness, and mental health first aid.
3) Common conditions requiring first aid are listed, such as burns, fractures, bleeding, allergic reactions, and more.
First aid is the immediate care given to an injured or ill person until full medical treatment can be accessed. It aims to prevent further injury, preserve life, and promote recovery. The document discusses performing CPR, treating minor cuts and bleeding, and treating sprains and strains. CPR provides chest compressions and rescue breathing to pump the heart until emergency help arrives. Minor cuts are cleaned, had pressure applied to stop bleeding, may be treated with antibiotic ointment, and covered with a bandage. Sprains involve torn ligaments while strains damage muscles or tendons, and both are initially treated with RICE - rest, ice, compression, and elevation.
The document provides information on basic first aid steps and procedures. It outlines the DRSABCD action plan for responding to emergencies, which stands for Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, Compressions, and Defibrillation. The document also describes how to treat common first aid situations like bleeding, burns, head injuries, seizures, fractures, choking, and heatstroke. It emphasizes the importance of first aid training and knowing what to do in emergency situations.
This document provides information on basic first-aid trainings, including objectives, definitions, importance, and treatment procedures for various injuries and emergencies. It details first-aid for burns, bleeding, fractures, and performing CPR. Burns are classified and cooling/covering procedures described. For bleeding, direct pressure and elevation are emphasized. Fractures should be immobilized. CPR involves checking for response, calling for help, giving 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths with each cycle until emergency services arrive.
The document provides information about administering first aid for common injuries and illnesses during outdoor recreation activities. It discusses how to perform CPR and addresses treating cuts, sprains, strains, fractures, concussions, blisters, burns, and fever. Videos are included that demonstrate CPR techniques and treating other injuries like sprains, strains and fractures. The document aims to inform people about administering basic first aid in outdoor situations.
This document outlines a bloodborne pathogens policy and procedures to prevent infection from Hepatitis B or HIV. It states that only trained employees are to provide first aid or clean up blood. Employees receiving first aid training will be trained annually on protection from bloodborne pathogens. The policy and procedures will be reviewed annually. It identifies job classifications with potential exposure and tasks that could result in exposure. It provides universal precautions and an exposure control plan detailing steps to take for different types of exposures and clean up. It discusses handwashing locations, protective equipment, vaccination policy, and procedures to follow after an exposure incident.
This document is a report submitted by Piyush Raj Singh Chauhan to the Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University in Lucknow, India in December 2017. It discusses Piyush's training at a hospital, including first aid techniques like artificial respiration, wound dressing, and reviewing patient charts. It also covers dispensing medication, examining pathology reports, x-rays and MRI scans. The report includes acknowledgments, an introduction, figures to illustrate techniques, and a conclusion on the hospital training experience.
The document provides an overview of basic life support (BLS) certification training, which covers bloodborne pathogens, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), automated external defibrillation (AED), and first aid. It details good samaritan laws, the importance of immediately calling 911 and performing CPR when needed. It then covers understanding CPR, performing CPR on adults and children, when to stop CPR, bloodborne pathogens, and using an AED. The document concludes with a section on first aid that outlines treating wounds, fractures, burns, and poisoning.
This document provides information about first aid and treatment for fingertip injuries. It discusses the following:
1) First aid steps to take including controlling bleeding, saving any severed body parts in a sealed bag with ice, and preventing shock. Do not attempt to push any parts back or place tourniquets unless bleeding is life-threatening.
2) A doctor examination will include taking a medical history, cleaning and examining the wound, and possibly getting x-rays or treating a subungual hematoma.
3) Treatment goals are preservation of length and function, durable wound coverage, prevention of infection or contractures, and early prosthetic fitting or return to work.
This document provides a summary of a report on hospital training. It begins with an acknowledgment section thanking various professors and staff for their guidance. It then includes an introduction on hospitals that describes their typical departments and functions. Several key areas covered in the training are then summarized, including first aid, routes of injection, artificial respiration, wound dressing, and basic diagnostic reports. Tables of contents and figures are also included.
First aid is the initial assistance or treatment provided to someone who is injured or ill. It involves basic techniques that can be performed with minimal equipment until further medical help arrives. The key principles of first aid are to prevent further injury, preserve life, and promote recovery. It aims to maintain the body's primary functions like airway, breathing, circulation and control bleeding. Common first aid treatments include caring for wounds, controlling bleeding, treating shock, providing CPR and dealing with fractures or burns. Having basic first aid knowledge and supplies can help save lives in emergency situations until emergency medical services arrive.
Similar to " First Aid " Community Pharmacy Practice (20)
Pain is Unwanted, unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, it is usually a subjective experience.
Pain is classified by duration and etiology.
Pain is of two types
Acute pain
Chronic Pain
EML :Satisfy the priority healthcare needs of majority of the population.
WHO EML was recognised as important guiding document mainly for the public sector for the procurement, distribution, rational use and quality assurance of medicines.
The list is made with consideration to disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and comparative cost-effectiveness of the medicines.
Careful selection of a limited range of essential medicines results in a higher quality of care, better management of medicines and more cost-effective use of health resources.
Not considered on Sales turnover on the basis of volume.
National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy(NPPP)2012, DPCO
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
Malaria is curable if effective treatment is started early because delay in treatment may lead to serious consequences including death.
Prompt and effective treatment is also important for controlling the transmission of malaria.
A revised National Drug Policy on Malaria has been adopted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt of India in 2010 and these guidelines have been prepared for healthcare personnel involved in the treatment of malaria.
Medication adherence usually refers to whether patients take their medications as prescribed (eg, twice daily), as well as whether they continue to take a prescribed medication. Medication nonadherence is a growing concern to clinicians, healthcare systems, and other stakeholders (eg, payers) because of mounting evidence that it is prevalent and associated with adverse outcomes and higher costs of care. To date, measurement of patient medication adherence and use of interventions to improve adherence are rare in routine clinical practice. The goals of the present report are to address
(1) different methods of measuring adherence,
(2) the prevalence of medication nonadherence,
(3) the association between nonadherence and outcomes,
(4) the reasons for nonadherence, and finally,
(5) interventions to improve medication adherence.
Hepatitis is a medical condition defined as the inflammation of the liver.
The condition is self-limiting, can progress to fibrosis and cirrhosis.
Hepatitis may occur with limited or no symptoms, but it often leads to jaundice, poor appetite and malaise.
Hepatitis is considered to be acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic when it persists longer.
Estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are principal gonadal hormones.
Estrogen and progesterone are produced by ovaries whereas testosterone is mainly formed by testes.
ESTROGENS
Natural estrogens include estradiol(principal and most potent estrogen),estrone and estriol(weakest).
Natural estrogens are ineffective orally due to extensive first pass metabolism.
Estrogens undergo enterohepatic circulation that is also responsible for hepatic adverse effects(hepatic adenoma and thromboembolism).
The menstrual cycle is a term used to describe monthly events that occur within a woman's body in preparation for the possibility of pregnancy.
Each month, an egg is released from an ovary in a process called ovulation.
At the same time, the lining of the uterus thickens, ready for pregnancy.
If fertilization does not take place, the lining of the uterus is shed in menstrual bleeding and the cycle starts over.
Constipation is difficult or infrequent passage of stool, hardness of stool, or a feeling of incomplete evacuation.
Many people incorrectly believe that daily defecation is necessary and complain of constipation if stools occur less frequently. Others are concerned with the appearance (size, shape, color) or consistency of stools. Sometimes the major complaint is dissatisfaction with the act of defecation or the sense of incomplete evacuation after defecation. Constipation is blamed for many complaints (abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue, anorexia) that are actually symptoms of an underlying problem (eg, irritable bowel syndrome [IBS], depression). Patients should not expect all symptoms to be relieved by a daily bowel movement, and measures to aid bowel habits should be used judiciously.
Obsessive-compulsive patients often feel the need to rid the body daily of “unclean” wastes. Such patients often spend excessive time on the toilet or become chronic users of cathartics.
Many of the symptoms and signs of menopause can be attributed to the cessation of the production of estrogen by the ovaries in the menopausal stage.
The most common complications that women face during menopause include vaginal dryness, soreness, dyspareunia, urinary frequency and urgency.
Mood changes are also common during menopause and in postmenopausal women.
Vasomotor instability can cause hot flushes, sweating and palpitations in menopausal women.
“Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways causing airflow obstruction and recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing ”.
There is a variable degree of airflow obstruction (related to bronchospasm, edema, and hypersecretion), bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), and airway inflammation.
Dyspepsia is a sensation of pain or discomfort in the upper abdomen; it often is recurrent. It may be described as indigestion, gassiness, early satiety, postprandial fullness, gnawing, or burning.
Many patients have findings on testing (eg, duodenitis, motility disturbance, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, lactose deficiency, cholelithiasis) that correlate poorly with symptoms (ie, correction of the condition does not alleviate dyspepsia).
Typhoid fever is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
Paratyphoid is an infection which is similar but has milder symptoms, which is caused by the bacterium Salmonella paratyphi.
The word communication has its roots in Latin and the word is ‘communicare’ meaning ‘to share’.
In French the word is ‘communis’ meaning ‘common’.
So, communication means to take what I have and make it common with you.
The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Belonging to the Family Mycobacteriaceae.
The other strains that cause tuberculosis are
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. carnetti
M. microti etc
The morphological features of the bacteria are that it is a small, straight, slender rod shaped, non-motile, non-capsulated, non-spore forming, aerobic organism.
The presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall is a characteristic feature due to which the bacteria gets resistance towards various antibiotics and disinfectants, and escapes from the phagocytic mechanism of the host.
Medicines are of two types
Prescription and Non prescription medicines.
Schedule H gives out the list of medicines that can be dispensed only on a prescription.
A pharmacist or a Pharm.D student is eligible to give medicines for mild ailments, which are called as non prescription medicines.
A pharmacist should have thorough knowledge over ailments like nausea, vomiting, pain, fever, cold and cough, diarrhea, constipation, ophthalmic problems, indigestion or dyspepsia.
Etiology and pathophysiology of common ailments should be known by the community pharmacists.
Diarrhoea is the passage of stools a number of times, an abnormal increase in the frequency and volume of motions, with the accumulation of water in the intestine.
Nausea is an unpleasant sensation which is subjective and is different from one person to another person.
A person suffering from nausea also face
Pallor
Increased respiratory rate
salivation.
Retching :Rythmatic synchronized contractions of the diaphragm , abdominal and intercostal muscles against a closed glottis causing the intra abdominal and decrease the intra thoracic pressure causing the gastric contents to go up through the esophagus.
Vomiting is the process, emesis or throwing out, expulsion of stomach contents via esophagus and mouth.
Diarrhea is an increased frequency and decreased consistency of fecal discharge as compared with an individual’s normal bowel pattern.
It is often a symptom of a systemic disease.
Acute diarrhea is commonly defined as shorter than 14 days’ duration.
Persistent diarrhea as longer than 14 days’ duration.
Chronic diarrhea as longer than 30 days’ duration.
Most cases of acute diarrhea are caused by infections with viruses, bacteria, or protozoa, and are generally self-limited.
Fibromyalgia is characterized by chronic widespread pain, increased tenderness at specific sites known as “tender points,” unrefreshing sleep, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction not attributable to other disease states.
Fibromyalgia affects 2–4% of the general population and of those affected, 80–90% are female. In general, symptom onset occurs between the ages of 30 and 60.
While the etiology of fibromyalgia is not entirely clear, associations with trauma, adverse life events, impaired mood (e.g., depression), anxiety, irritable bowel syndrome, irritable bladder syndrome, cold intolerance, paresthesias and other medical condition have been described. Consequently, a patient tailored approach to treatment is ideal to address both symptoms of fibromyalgia and any associated conditions.
Gestational hypertension is defined by BP readings of ≥140/90 mmHg on two occasions at least 4 hours apart during pregnancy after 20 weeks’ gestation in a previously normotensive patient, without the presence of proteinuria (<300 mg in 24 hours) or other clinical features suggestive of of pre-Eclampsia (thrombocytopenia, impaired renal or kidney function, pulmonary oedema, or new-onset headache)
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Thyroid Gland- Gross Anatomy by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
" First Aid " Community Pharmacy Practice
1. FIRST AID
Raghavendra S.Hegde, PharmD, R.Ph(KSPC)
COMMUNITY PHARMACY PRACTICE
General Principles of First Aid
Abrasion and Cut
Foreign Particles in Body Nose and Throat
Shock
Burns
Poisoning
Fracture
CPR
Dr.Hegde Lectures(DHL)
2. Learning Objectives
Contents
Introduction
Distinct Areas of First Aid
General Principles of First Aid
Abrasion and Cut
Foreign Particles in Body, Nose and Throat
Shock
Burns
Poisoning
Fracture
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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Dr.Hegde Lectures(DHL)
3. Introduction
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Assistance, assessments and interventions that can be
performed for benefit of any person suffering from a
sudden illness or injury to preserve his/her life, prevent
the condition
from worsening, and/or promote recovery by an
eyewitness or by the victim with minimal or no medical
equipment is termed as First Aid.
First aid can be performed by the victim or by
any individual near to the victim.
4. General Principles of First-
Aid:
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The general principles of first aid are:
1. Do not panic and do not harm.
2. Act quickly for rescue and removal of the casualty in the
shortest possible time without worsening existing health
situation.
3. Immediate arrest of hemorrhage, any.
4. Restoration of respiration and circulation.
5. General Principles of First-
Aid:
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5
5. Prevention of shock and treatment of shock if the victim
is already in such a clinical condition.
6. Immobilization of simple and compound fractures and
dislocations, if any.
7. Easing of pain by simple procedures and medication.
8. Providing assurance of getting well quickly to the victim
and moral boosting.
6. Role of Community Pharmacist
in First Aid:
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6
1. Recommend a course of action based on evaluation,
which may include:
a) No Treatment.
b) Self-Care Treatment.
c) Refer to other Healthcare Professionals.
2. Provide confidence and support.
3. Educate and if required, train community about first-aid
techniques.
7. Distinct Areas of First Aid
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There are certain commonest emergencies in day-to-
day life where first aid can prevent the condition of
worsening of any injury or clinical condition and promote
recovery of a person's life.
The distinct areas of first aid are as follows:
I. Medical Emergencies (Shock, foreign particles in
body, nose and throat)
II.Injury Emergencies (Abrasion and cut, fracture,
burns)
III.Environmental Emergencies (cold, insect bite and
drowning)
IV. Poison Emergencies (chemical and ingested)
8. Following are the some examples of first aid
treatment for certain commonest emergencies:
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Abrasion
Abrasion: An abrasion means
that the surface layers of the skin
(epidermis) has been broken.
Thin skinned bony areas like
knees, ankles and elbows are
more prone to abrasions.
The worn out skin of an abrasion
can also contain particles of dirt.
ABRASION AND CUT
9. First Aid Treatment for Abrasion
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Basic steps of first aid that should be followed by a
community pharmacist are:
1.Clean the wound with a Non-Fibre shedding material or
sterile gauze, and use an antiseptic such as Betadine
(Povidone-Iodine complex).
If there is embedded dirt, Savlon (cetrimeide and
chlorhexidine gluconate) may be used, as it contains an
antiseptic and a surfactant to help remove debris.
Rinse the wound after five minutes with sterile saline or
flowing tap water.
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Do not scrub the affected area otherwise it can injure the
site even more.
2.Topical antibiotics/antibacterials are also applied to
prevent/eliminate infection and produce faster healing.
These includes, bacitracin, neomycin, polymixin B sulfate.
Neosporin contains all three of these.
Even Soframycin cream (Framycetin Sulphate) and
Cetrimide cream are also applied on the abrasion and
cuts to prevent infection.
11. First Aid Treatment for Abrasion
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3.Cover the cleaned wound with an
appropriate non-stick sterile
dressing.
4.Change the dressing every day.
Reapply antiseptic, redress the
wound.
12. Cut:
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A cut is an incised wound
caused by sharp objects, such
as knives or sharps of glass
slicing into the skin. Depending
on the injury, underlying blood
vessels can be punctured,
leading to significant blood
loss.
A bleeding artery is considered
as a medical emergency.
13. First Aid Treatment for Cut
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First Aid Treatment: For CUT
Basic steps of first aid to be followed by a community
pharmacist are:
1.Remove clothing around the site for easier access.
2.Apply pressure directly to the wound with the hands to
stop the blood flow.
3.Cover the wound with a sterile dressing, if possible, and
continue to apply direct pressure (bandage firmly).
14. First Aid Treatment: For Cut
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4. Try to raise the injured area above the level of the
person's heart or keep the patient in supine position.
5.Do not remove existing dressings if they become
saturated with blood, but instead add fresh dressings
over the top.
6.Some wounds are more likely to encourage the growth of
tetanus bacteria than others, unless the person is
immunized against tetanus, If it is more than five years
since the last dose, then may need a booster.
A tetanus toxoid dose of 0.5 ml intramuscularly should
be administered immediately, so ask to visit the doctor
without delay.
15. First Aid Treatment: For Cut
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7. Seek urgent medical attention if bleeding do not stop or
when patient feeling faint, sweaty or dizzy.
General suggestions a community pharmacist should
provide to the patient regarding taking care of a cut or
abrasions include:
1.Keep the site dry and clean. It may be covered with an
occlusive thin film waterproof and protective dressing.
2. Only apply lotions or ointments to the wound, if
instructed to do so by medical staff.
16. First Aid Treatment: For Cut
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3. Try not to conduct any physical activity that may cause
the site of cut to bleed.
4. Seek medical advice immediately, if the site starts to
produce pus, swell or exude a disagreeable odour.
5. Reassure that skin heals at different rates, depending
on factors such as the person's general health, age, diet
and whether or not the wound becomes infected.
17. Foreign Particles in Body, Nose
and Throat
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Nose:
Common objects like food material, tissue paper, beads,
part of toys etc. accidently goes into noses.
Most cases of foreign bodies in the nose and nasal cavity
are not serious and Occur in children from 1-8 years of
age.
This is because children develop the ability to pick up
objects at about the age of 9 months, so foreign objects in
the nose are uncommon in children with age of less than 9
months.
However, this may also be seen in adult patients, most
often those with psychiatric disease or developmental
delay.
18. First Aid Treatment for Nose
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A community pharmacist must follow the basic steps
of first aid as follows:
1. Assess if patient is choking or having difficulty in
breathing, pain and bleeding.
2. Remove object, if possible.
3. Ask the person to breathe through his or her mouth. For
an adult with an object partially out of the nose, try to
remove it with fingers or tweezers.
Care should be taken that object do not get inserted further
into the nose.
19. First Aid Treatment for Nose
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4. If the object is deeper in the nose, pinch the clear side of
the nose closed. Ask the person to blow his or her nose
hard several times. This may remove the object.
5. Do not try to pull an object that is stuck up in a child's
nose. Try gently closing the unaffected nostril. Blow a puff
of air into the child's mouth. Repeat as necessary.
6. If minor bleeding occurs after object removal, firmly
pinch the nose shut for 10 minutes. Even a cold pack on
the nose or cheeks for bleeding can be applied.
7. Contact a doctor if bleeding is continuous or tear the
nose and object is not removed or a small part of it
remains and unable to
bloody nose, sharp object that can remove it
20. Throat
First Aid Treatment:
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A community pharmacist should follow the basic steps
of first aid as below:
1. Assess if the person is choking, having trouble in
breathing or has noisy breathing and is unconscious.
Immediately call the assistance for ambulance to shift
the patient to nearby hospital.
2. If the person is conscious but unable to breathe or talk,
first aid actions to be undertaken are as follows:
(i) Give Back Blows: Give upto 5 blows between the
shoulder blades with the heel of your hand as shown in
Fig.
(ii) If the person is still choking, do thrusts.
21. Throat
First Aid Treatment:
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3.If the person is not too obese,
then perform abdominal thrusts.
(i) Stand behind the person and
wrap your arms around the waist.
(ii) Place your grip fist (as shown in
figures) just above the person's
navel. Grab your fist with your
other hand.
(iii) Quickly pull inward and upward
as if trying to lift the person up.
Perform a total of 5 abdominal
thrusts.
22. Throat
First Aid Treatment:
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22
If he relief from blockage, continue cycles of 5 back blows
and 5 abdominal thrusts until the object is coughed up or
the person starts to breathe or cough. Take the object out
of his mouth only if visible. Never try to insert a finger to
clear the object until it is visible in the person's mouth.
4. If the person is obese do high abdominal thrusts:
5. Give CPR (Cardio pulmonary Resuscitation), if
necessary, if the obstruction comes out, but the person
is not breathing or if the person becomes unconscious.
6. Assist and arrange for medical help, if situation is
uncontrolled or patient is suffocating.
23. Procedure to conduct abdominal thrust
The 'five-and-five' approach.
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23
If a person is choking and cannot talk, cry or laugh
forcefully, the American Red Cross recommends a 'five-
and-five' approach to delivering first aid.
24. Shock
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Shock is defined as "a condition where the tissues in the
body do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients to
allow the cells to function".
It is a life-threatening condition.
Hypovolemic shock
Cardiogenic shock
Distributive shock
Obstructive shock
Types of Shock are as follows:
25. Hypovolemic shock:
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25
Hypovolemic shock, also known as hemorrhagic shock,
is a life-
threatening condition that results when there is loss of
more than 20% (one-fifth) of body's blood or fluid supply.
This severe blood/fluid loss makes it impossible for the
heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to your body.
Hypovolemic shock can lead to organ failure.
This condition requires immediate emergency medical
attention.
26. Cardiogenic shock:
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26
When the heart has been severely damaged that it is
unable to supply enough blood to the organs of the
body, cardiogenic shock appears.
The causes include:
Dangerous heart rhythms
Damage of valves, and
Pressure on heart due to building of body fluid and
damage of heart muscles.
27. Distributive shock:
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27
Distributive shock results from excessive dilation of
blood vessel and the impaired distribution of blood flow.
Septic shock is the most common form of
distributive shock and is characterized by considerable
mortality.
Even neurogenic shock is a type of distributive shock
which due to disturbance of the autonomic pathways
within the spinal cord result into low blood pressure.
It can occur after damage to the central nervous system
such as spinal cord injury.
28. Obstructive shock:
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It is characterized by physical obstruction of blood
circulation and inadequate blood oxygenation.
Pulmonary embolism and cardiac tamponade are
considered as forms of obstructive shock.
Septic shock, a form of distributive shock, is the most
common form of shock among Patients admitted to the
intensive care unit, followed by cardiogenic and
hypovolemic shock.
obstructive shock is rare type of shock documented.
29. Causes of Shocks:
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In general
Severe infections
Allergic reactions
Trauma
Poisoning and
injury are various
causative factors for shocks.
30. Symptoms of Shocks:
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30
Cool clammy skin
Dull eyes,
Dilated pupils
Vomiting/nausea
Feeling weak
Confusion
Anxiety shallow/slow breathing or rapid/deep breathing
Weak and rapid pulse
Trembling
Temporary loss of consciousness etc.
31. First Aid Treatment
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A community pharmacist should follow certain first aid
principles until medical help arrives:
1. Make the person lie down on the back.
2. Raise the legs above head level.
3. If raising the legs is painful, keep the person at rest.
4. Check for breathing. If not breathing, do
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).
5. Make the person comfortable by loosening tight clothes
6. Cover the person with a blanket.
7. If vomiting or bleeding from mouth - turn the patient on
the side. Do not feed the person orally.
32. Burns
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A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues,
caused by exposure to heat or flame,
electricity, sunlight or radiation.
Open cooking fires, and unsafe cook stoves used in
rural and semi-urban areas, alcoholism and smoking
are risk factor for burn.
The most serious consequence of burns is shock,
and second is infection.
33. Types of burns:
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First-degree burns damage only
the outer layer of skin. They
appear red without blisters with
mild pain typically lasting for 3
days.
Second-degree burns damage
the outer layer and the layer
underneath. Blisters are present
with severe pain and healing
occurs within 6-8 weeks.
Third-degree burns damage or
destroy the deepest layer of skin
and tissues underneath. Injury
extends to all layers of the skin.
34. Burns
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Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in
serious cases, shock and even death.
Infection can happen due to extensive skin damage.
Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn,
how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers.
Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections.
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35
For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to
clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the
patient has enough fluids and nutrition.
Scalds are the injuries caused by moist heat like boiling
water, steam, hot oil and hot wax etc.
These are most common occurring emergency in
households.
36. First Aid Treatment: For Burn
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A community pharmacist should follow the first aid
principles, as follows:
1. Stop the burning process. Cool the burn by soaking in
cool water or put cool and clean wet cloth. The water
reduces swelling and pulls heat away from the burned
skin.
2. Provide pain and swelling relief.
3. Protect the burn area from injury.
4. Reassure the patient.
37. First Aid Treatment: For Burn
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5. Remove any jewellery or clothing at the site of the burn.
If clothing is stuck to the burn, do not remove it. Carefully
cut around the stuck fabric to remove loose fabric
Remove all jewellery, because it may be hard to remove
it later if swelling occurs.
6. Give any liquid to the victim to drink if he/she is
conscious.
7. Caution patients to avoid rupturing the blisters.
38. First Aid Treatment: For Burn
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8. Do not use absorbent cotton, oily substances,
antiseptics, flour or butter on the burn.
9. If burn exudes a serous fluid, soak in cool tap water
three to six times daily for 15-30 minutes.
10. If skin is broken, advise topical antibiotics to prevent
infection. Silver sulfadiazine is used for treating and
preventing bacterial infection in second and third degree
burns.
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11. If burn not healed or worsened within 7 days, ask to
refer primary care provider.
12. Minor burn injuries (first degree burns) can be treated
with OTC drugs. Recommend ibuprofen or
acetaminophen for pain relief. Ask to apply Aloe Vera
creams
40. The burn specific recommendations are
as follows:
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40
Heat burns (thermal burns): Extinguish any flames by
covering them with a blanket or water. If clothing catches
fire, ask not to run: stop, drop, and roll on the ground to
put out the flames.
Cold temperature burns: Try first aid measures to warm
the areas. Small areas of the body (ears, face, nose,
fingers, toes) that are really cold or frozen can be
warmed by blowing warm air on them, tucking them
inside your clothing or putting them in warm water.
Liquid scald burns (thermal burns): Run cool tap water
over the bun for 10 to 20 minutes. Do not use ice.
41. Electrical burns:
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Switch off the current and remove plug from the socket.
Separate the Victim from the source of current with long
wooden stick.
Never try to separate the Victim with naked hands or
bare-footed.
After the person has been separated from electrical
source, check for breathing and a heartbeat. Treat the
burn.
If the person is not breathing or does not have a
heartbeat, immediately call for medical assistance.
43. The first aid principles are as follows:
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Wash the area with water for atleast 20 minutes until all
chemical has been washed away.
Remove jewellery or article of clothing with chemical on
them, unless they are stuck to the person's body.
Do not put antibiotic ointment on the burn.
Certain chemicals or toxins like sodium, potassium
phosphorus, dry lime, phenols etc. should not be
washed immediately with water
Immediately call for a medical help.
44. Poisoning
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A poison is any substance that is harmful to
the body if consumed, in a dose that is
sufficient to produce unfavorable effects.
The poison may enter into the body orally,
by inhalation, injection, skin and bites.
Poisons can include: prescription or over-
the-counter medicines taken in doses that
are too high, overdoses of illegal drugs,
carbon monoxide from gas appliances,
household products, such as laundry
powder or furniture polish, pesticides,
indoor or outdoor plants, metals such as
lead and mercury.
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The effect of poisoning can range from short-term illness
to brain damage, coma and death.
To prevent poisoning it is important to handle and store
products exactly according to the instructions on like
labels.“ Keep dangerous products beyond reach of children" or
"keep out of reach of children" or severe eye or skin
irritant".
Labels can even indicated relative toxicity like on
pesticides for example: "DANGER POISON: HIGHLY TOXIC"
or WARNING-MODERATELY TOXIC" or "CAUTION-SLIGHTLY
TOXIC
46. Signs and Symptoms:
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Poisoning signs and symptoms can mimic other
conditions, such as seizure, alcohol intoxication, stroke
and insulin reaction.
Bums or redness around the mouth and lips
Breath that smells like chemicals, such as gasoline or
paint Thinner
Vomiting
Difficulty in breathing
Drowsiness
Confusion or other altered mental status
Poisoning may include:
47. First Aid Treatment for POISON
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A community pharmacist should follow the first aid
principles until medical help arrives:
1. patient is conscious then enquire about what he or she
has swallowed, in what quantity and at what time ?
2. Search for clues such as empty pill bottles or
packages, scattered pills, and burns. stains and
odours on the person or nearby objects. It will help to
get right treatment.
3. Remove anything remaining in the person's mouth.
4. If the suspected poison is a household cleaner or
other chemical, read the container's label and follow
instructions for accidental poisoning
48. First Aid Treatment for POISON
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5. If person is conscious and co-operative try to induce
vomiting by tickling the back of patient's throat or by
administering glass of warm water containing 2
teaspoonful of common salt.
6. If the patient is unconscious or is suspected to have
consumed strong acid or alkali then do not induce
vomiting as these are corrosives and can corrode mouth
and throat.
7. If poison on the skin then remove any contaminated
clothing using gloves. Rinse the skin for 15 to 20
minutes in a shower and ask the patient to take plenty of
water.
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8. If poison in the eye then gently flush the eye with cool
or lukewarm water for 20 minutes or until help arrives.
9. In case of inhaled poison, get the person into open
space for fresh air as soon as possible. Avoid crowding
near the patient so as to provide fresh air.
50. Fracture
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A fracture is a broken bone.
It requires medical attention.
During an accident bones may
break (fracture) or may displace
from the joints (dislocation).
51. Types of Fracture:
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Simple fracture: It is a fracture of
the bone only, without damage to the
surrounding tissues or breaking of
the skin. It is also known as closed
fracture.
Compound fractures: Also called
open fractures, where broken bones
penetrate through the skin and
expose the bone and deep tissues to
the exterior environment.
These are more serious form of
fractures and involve extensive
damage to the tissues and may
become infected.
52. Types of Fracture:
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Complicated fracture: Any
fracture in which the bone or
bones which have been broken
causes damage to other organs or
structures, such as the lungs,
kidneys, major blood vessels,
spleen or liver is known as
complicated fracture.
53. Sign and Symptoms:
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Pain at or near the site of fracture
Tenderness
Swelling may be deformity and
Immobility.
54. First Aid Treatment for Fracture
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For any type of fracture a community pharmacist should
reassure and keep the patient warm.
1. In case of bleeding, the first step should be to stop any
bleeding.
2. For that apply pressure to the wound with sterile
bandage, a clean cloth or a clean piece of clothing.
3. Cover all the wounds with sterile dressings.
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2. Immobilize the injured area.
Do not try to restore the bone or push a bone that's
sticking out back in.
If you have been trained in how to splint and if
professional help is not readily available, apply a splint
(support) to the area above and below the fracture sites.
Padding the splints can help reduce discomfort.
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3. Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain.
Do not apply ice directly to the skin. Wrap the ice in a
towel, piece of cloth or some other clean material.
4. If the person feels faint or breathing is short or rapid
breaths, lay the person down with the head slightly lower
than the trunk and, if possible, elevate the legs.
5. Analgesics (Diclofenac, Ibuprofen) may be given if the
patient is having pain.
6. Transfer the patient immediately to a nearby hospital.
57. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
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Many accidental cases needs Cardio Pulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) which is a first aid technique.
CPR is a life saving technique useful in many
emergencies, including heart attack or near drowning, in
which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped.
Chest compressions and rescue breaths keep blood and
oxygen circulating in the body. Before starting CPR, a
community pharmacist must check that the person is
conscious. If
the person appears unconscious, tap or shake his or her
shoulder and ask loudly, "Can you hear me?" or "Are
you OK?"
58. Revised Guidelines for CPR:
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New cardiopulmonary-resuscitation guidelines
show the importance of starting chest
compressions immediately instead of opening
the victim's airway and breathing into their
mouth first.
The order to perform CPR is as follows (as
shown in Fig.)
59. Compressions:
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Kneel next to the person's neck and
shoulders.
Place the heel of one hand over the
center of the person's chest, between
the nipples.
Place other hand on top of the first
hand.
Keep elbows straight and position the
shoulders directly above hands.
Push atleast 2 inches on adult breast
bone, 100 times per minute, to move
oxygenated blood to vital organs.
A hard blow and improper technique
can break a patient's chest bone and
can make him/her asphyxiate.
60. Airway:
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Open the airway and check
for breathing or blockage (5-
10 sec).
Watch out for chest
movement upwards, and also
listen for air movement.
Clear the airway and clean
the mouth to start with
breathing process.
61. Breathing:
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Place mouth on top of the patient
mouth and blow two full breaths,
and then again resume chest
compressions.
Completely cover the mouth of the
patient.
Precautions must be taken if
mouth infections exist.
Then place a cloth/handkerchief
and perform breathing.
A community pharmacist must
have a formal training and acquire
skill in performing light
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) for adults and children.