The document provides an overview of common network protocols, focusing on IPv4 and IPv6, explaining their addressing schemes and differences in functionality. It distinguishes between Storage Area Networks (SAN) and Network Attached Storage (NAS), detailing their definitions and uses in data storage. Additionally, it discusses Fibre Channel, FC over Ethernet, and iSCSI protocols for storage communication, illustrating the protocol landscape in networking.

1. Common network
protocols I.

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– IPv4 and IPv6.
– Network storage protocols.

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Common network protocols I.

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With Internet protocols,
IPv4 still has dominance
over IPv6 in the network.
This will change and it is
already beginning to do so.
Both IPv4 and IPv6 operate at Layer 3 (the network layer) of
the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model. Both IPv4
and IPv6 operate at the Internet layer of the TCP/IP
reference model.
The protocols are similar in function, and yet are different in
how they provide those functions. Both protocols are
responsible for network addressing and routing operations
within a network. While IPv4 has performed these duties
adequately for many years, IPv6 is slowly assuming those
responsibilities and will eventually be the dominant protocol.
Common network protocols I.

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Common network protocols I.
– IPv4 overview.
» A 32-bit addressing scheme that provides over four billion
possible unique network addresses.
• Commonly represented in dotted decimal format—the
numbers are separated by decimals. Each unit represents
eight bits (or one byte).
» Can use different methods of transmitting data through
networks.
• Unicast—one-to-one communication.
• Multicast—one-to-a-few communication.
• Broadcast—one-to-many communication.
– IPv6 overview.
» A 128-bit addressing scheme that provides over 340 undecillion
possible unique addresses.
• Commonly represented in comma separated hexadecimal
format. Each set contains two bytes (16 bits).
» Uses unicast and multicast, but does not use broadcast type
transmissions.
» Uses anycast—one-to-the-closest communication—to replace
broadcast.

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Common network protocols I.

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The storage area network
(SAN) and network attached
storage (NAS) often get
confused with one another.
The SAN is an actual network of devices that have the
sole purpose of storing data efficiently. The NAS is a
specifically designed network appliance that has been
configured to store data more efficiently than standard
storage methods.
The difference is that a NAS is a data storage
appliance that is placed on a network, while a SAN is a
network of data storage devices. It is not uncommon
for a SAN to contain multiple NAS devices.
Common network protocols I.

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Common network protocols I.
– Fibre channel (FC).
» A high speed network technology originally developed to
operate over fiber optic cables only.
• The standards have been modified to allow the use of copper
cabling in conjunction with the fiber.
» Commonly used to connect SANs together.
• Uses Fibre Channel Protocol (FCP) as its transport protocol
to transmit SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
commands to storage devices (e.g., NAS appliances).
– FC over Ethernet (FCoE).
» A Layer 2 protocol used to transmit FC commands over an
Ethernet network.
• As a Layer 2 protocol, FCoE is non-routable.
– Internet SCSI (iSCSI).
» An IP (Layer 3) based networking standard used to connect
data storage facilities and SANs.
• Allows SCSI commands and processes to take place over
long distances, as iSCSI is a routable protocol.

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Common network protocols I.
IPv4 and IPv6 have some similarities in that they both provide functionality
at Layer 3 (the network layer) of the OSI model (which corresponds to the
Internet layer of the TCP/IP model). IPv4 and IPv6 do have some
differences in how they provide that functionality. IPv4 uses a 32-bit binary
addressing scheme, while IPv6 uses a 128-bit scheme. IPv6 will eventually
supplant IPv4 in networking.
Topic
IPv4 and IPv6.
Summary
The SAN is an independent network of storage devices. The NAS is a data
storage appliance that is placed on the network. It is not uncommon for the
SAN to be composed of multiple NAS devices. FC is a network technology
that uses FCP to transport SCSI commands to storage devices. FCoE is a
Layer 2 protocol used to transmit FC commands over Ethernet. On the
other hand, iSCSI is a Layer 3 protocol used to transmit SCSI commands
over long distances and it can span networks as well (routable).
Network storage protocols.

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