Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Membership in a company confers both benefits and liabilities on members. To qualify as a member, a shareholder's name must be entered in the company's register of members. This registration demonstrates that the shareholder is subject to the company's constitution and can exercise rights like voting and receiving dividends. However, it also means the shareholder may be liable for company debts if it becomes insolvent. Maintaining an accurate register of members and disclosing substantial shareholdings are important corporate governance requirements.
This document provides an overview of the constitution of a company under Malaysian law, focusing on the Memorandum of Association. It discusses the required contents of the Memorandum, including the name, objectives, capital structure, and liability clauses. It also examines how the Memorandum and Articles of Association can be altered, with the Memorandum generally being more difficult to amend due to its importance in defining the company's external relations. The document analyzes restrictions on altering the Memorandum and Articles, and the relationship between the two documents that together form the company's constitution.
This document discusses different types of company meetings under corporate law. It defines key meeting types like the annual general meeting (AGM), extraordinary general meeting (EGM), class meetings, and meetings called by members or court order. It outlines requirements for convening different meetings, such as who has authority to call them, notice periods, and quorum rules. Exceptions allow one person to constitute a meeting in certain circumstances, like if they are the sole shareholder of a class of shares. The document also provides case examples relating to issues like convening meetings when a quorum cannot be reached.
Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Membership in a company confers both benefits and liabilities on members. To qualify as a member, a shareholder's name must be entered in the company's register of members. This registration demonstrates that the shareholder is subject to the company's constitution and can exercise rights like voting and receiving dividends. However, it also means the shareholder may be liable for company debts if it becomes insolvent. Maintaining an accurate register of members and disclosing substantial shareholdings are important corporate governance requirements.
This document provides an overview of the constitution of a company under Malaysian law, focusing on the Memorandum of Association. It discusses the required contents of the Memorandum, including the name, objectives, capital structure, and liability clauses. It also examines how the Memorandum and Articles of Association can be altered, with the Memorandum generally being more difficult to amend due to its importance in defining the company's external relations. The document analyzes restrictions on altering the Memorandum and Articles, and the relationship between the two documents that together form the company's constitution.
This document discusses different types of company meetings under corporate law. It defines key meeting types like the annual general meeting (AGM), extraordinary general meeting (EGM), class meetings, and meetings called by members or court order. It outlines requirements for convening different meetings, such as who has authority to call them, notice periods, and quorum rules. Exceptions allow one person to constitute a meeting in certain circumstances, like if they are the sole shareholder of a class of shares. The document also provides case examples relating to issues like convening meetings when a quorum cannot be reached.
The corporate landscape in Malaysia has been shaken up by the passing of the new Companies Act 2016. The Act came into force on 31 January, 2017, effectively repealing the Companies Act 1965. The series of slides provides you with the essential changes brought about by the new Act.
Underlying principles governing relationship between partnersIntan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses various aspects of share capital for companies. It defines shares and their key characteristics such as being movable property. It describes different types of share capital including authorized, issued, paid up, called up, and reserve capital. It explains how companies can issue shares and allot them to shareholders in return for consideration, typically cash but sometimes other assets. It also discusses rules around issuing shares at a discount or premium.
This document provides an introduction and comparison of limited liability partnerships (LLPs) and basic partnerships. Some key points:
1. LLPs were introduced to provide more flexibility for business organizations while maintaining limited liability for partners. They combine features of partnerships and companies.
2. Unlike partnerships, LLPs have separate legal personality and partners have limited liability. However, partners are still liable for their own wrongful acts.
3. LLP registration requirements are simpler than for companies but more formal than basic partnerships. LLPs must also appoint a compliance officer.
4. LLPs can continue operating with one partner for a defined period, whereas partnerships require a minimum of two partners. LLP
BY ZALEHA ZAIN AND PARTNER.
COMPANIES
CONTENTS
Types of Companies
Differences between Companies and Partnerships
Advantages of Companies over Partnerships
TYPES OF COMPANIES
Companies in Malaysia are classified according to:
(i) liability or
(ii) private or public status
BY LIABILITY
S.14 (2) Companies Act 1965 (CA) – a company may be:
A company limited by shares;
A company limited by guarantee;
A company limited by shares and guarantee;
An unlimited (liability) company.
FOREIGN COMPANY
S.4(1): ‘Where the company, or corporation, society, association or other body incorporated outside Malaysia, but which carries on business in Malaysia..‘
It is wholly or majority owned (measured in % of shares held) by non-Malaysians.
Such company has to lodge certain documents as laid down in S.332(1) CA 1965 and pay the appropriate fees before commencing the business in Malaysia.
A foreign company registered under the “Companies Act” 1965 has the power to hold immovable property in Malaysia.
Criminal force requires the intentional or knowing application of force without consent, with the aim of causing an ulterior object. Case law establishes that threatening to harm someone if they advance constitutes criminal force, as does deliberately reversing a vehicle into another. Merely raising a stick threateningly enough to cause someone to flee also meets the standard. Attempting to undress someone against their will equally qualifies as criminal force used to outrage modesty. Words alone do not necessarily constitute criminal force if their meaning is too vague.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rangkuman Akta Perkongsian 1961 di Malaysia. Akta ini mengatur tentang hubungan antar pekongsi dan juga hubungan pekongsi dengan pihak luar. Akta ini mendefinisikan perkongsian dan membedakannya dengan perusahaan, serta mengatur wewenang pekongsi untuk mengikat firma dan tanggung jawab masing-masing pekongsi.
This document provides an overview of divorce law in Malaysia, including:
1. The jurisdiction of courts to hear divorce petitions and the requirements under Section 48(1) of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976.
2. The ways to obtain a divorce, including presumption of death, divorce by conversion, mutual consent, and breakdown of marriage on grounds such as adultery, behavior, desertion, or living apart.
3. Exceptions to the two-year waiting period before filing for divorce, such as in cases of exceptional hardship or depravity or if one party converts to Islam.
This document summarizes the rights of an arrested person under Article 5(3) and (4) of the Malaysian constitution. It discusses the three main rights: 1) the right to be informed of the grounds for arrest, 2) the right to consult a legal practitioner, and 3) the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of one's choice. It examines Malaysian case law that has interpreted and established limitations on these rights, such as allowing a reasonable delay before access to a lawyer to avoid interfering with police investigations. The document also discusses exceptions to these rights for enemy aliens under certain security laws.
The document discusses various aspects of companies including definitions, types of companies, characteristics and legal features. It defines a company as a legal person distinct from its members or shareholders. It describes different types of companies such as private limited companies, public limited companies, companies limited by shares or guarantee. It discusses key characteristics of companies such as separate legal personality, limited liability, transferability of shares, perpetual succession etc. It also summarizes two important court cases that established the principle of separate legal personality of a company.
The document discusses whether a Portuguese man aged 75, named Jose, can be appointed as a director to replace Arsene on the board of PQR Sdn Bhd. It analyzes that Jose cannot be one of the first two directors as he is non-resident, but he could be appointed as an additional director if Alex and Rafael are resident directors. It also determines that, as PQR Sdn Bhd is a private company, Jose's age of 75 does not prevent him from being a director under the relevant laws.
Woody formed a private limited company in 1992 to carry on his toy manufacturing business. He held all but one share, which was purchased by his father-in-law Buzz. The company was profitable until 2012. In 2012, Buzz died and left his share to Woody. Later that year, the company began suffering losses and borrowed money from creditors. By 2013, the company could not pay its debts. The creditors argue the company was essentially a "one-man company" controlled by Woody, so he should be personally liable for the debts. Under company law, Woody would normally not be liable as the company is a separate legal entity. However, the court may pierce the corporate veil and hold Woody responsible
The document discusses several proposals by XY Biz Sdn Bhd to raise additional capital and vary existing share rights. It asks whether certain proposals amount to variations of class rights and what legal requirements must be followed.
The assistant analyzes each proposal under the Companies Act 2016 and determines that (1) issuing new preference shares, (2) cancelling existing preference share rights, and (3) introducing a provision on varying rights are variations requiring approval. For other proposals, approval may not be needed depending on the company constitution. The assistant advises on procedures to obtain necessary approvals from shareholders as required by law.
The document summarizes 5 cases related to offences committed by officers of Malaysian and foreign companies.
Case 1 discusses SC v McMillan Woods Mea where McMillan Woods and two partners were barred from accepting clients for 12 months for failing to comply with auditing standards when auditing a listed company's financial statements.
Case 2 is Scott Group Ltd v McFarlane where the court ruled auditors owed a duty of care to a third party that relied on inaccurate audited financial statements when acquiring the audited company.
Case 3 involves Maxbiz Corporation Sdn Bhd v Ernst & Young where Maxbiz alleged Ernst & Young caused misleading information to be submitted but the court dismissed the claim,
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
The corporate landscape in Malaysia has been shaken up by the passing of the new Companies Act 2016. The Act came into force on 31 January, 2017, effectively repealing the Companies Act 1965. The series of slides provides you with the essential changes brought about by the new Act.
Underlying principles governing relationship between partnersIntan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses various aspects of share capital for companies. It defines shares and their key characteristics such as being movable property. It describes different types of share capital including authorized, issued, paid up, called up, and reserve capital. It explains how companies can issue shares and allot them to shareholders in return for consideration, typically cash but sometimes other assets. It also discusses rules around issuing shares at a discount or premium.
This document provides an introduction and comparison of limited liability partnerships (LLPs) and basic partnerships. Some key points:
1. LLPs were introduced to provide more flexibility for business organizations while maintaining limited liability for partners. They combine features of partnerships and companies.
2. Unlike partnerships, LLPs have separate legal personality and partners have limited liability. However, partners are still liable for their own wrongful acts.
3. LLP registration requirements are simpler than for companies but more formal than basic partnerships. LLPs must also appoint a compliance officer.
4. LLPs can continue operating with one partner for a defined period, whereas partnerships require a minimum of two partners. LLP
BY ZALEHA ZAIN AND PARTNER.
COMPANIES
CONTENTS
Types of Companies
Differences between Companies and Partnerships
Advantages of Companies over Partnerships
TYPES OF COMPANIES
Companies in Malaysia are classified according to:
(i) liability or
(ii) private or public status
BY LIABILITY
S.14 (2) Companies Act 1965 (CA) – a company may be:
A company limited by shares;
A company limited by guarantee;
A company limited by shares and guarantee;
An unlimited (liability) company.
FOREIGN COMPANY
S.4(1): ‘Where the company, or corporation, society, association or other body incorporated outside Malaysia, but which carries on business in Malaysia..‘
It is wholly or majority owned (measured in % of shares held) by non-Malaysians.
Such company has to lodge certain documents as laid down in S.332(1) CA 1965 and pay the appropriate fees before commencing the business in Malaysia.
A foreign company registered under the “Companies Act” 1965 has the power to hold immovable property in Malaysia.
Criminal force requires the intentional or knowing application of force without consent, with the aim of causing an ulterior object. Case law establishes that threatening to harm someone if they advance constitutes criminal force, as does deliberately reversing a vehicle into another. Merely raising a stick threateningly enough to cause someone to flee also meets the standard. Attempting to undress someone against their will equally qualifies as criminal force used to outrage modesty. Words alone do not necessarily constitute criminal force if their meaning is too vague.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rangkuman Akta Perkongsian 1961 di Malaysia. Akta ini mengatur tentang hubungan antar pekongsi dan juga hubungan pekongsi dengan pihak luar. Akta ini mendefinisikan perkongsian dan membedakannya dengan perusahaan, serta mengatur wewenang pekongsi untuk mengikat firma dan tanggung jawab masing-masing pekongsi.
This document provides an overview of divorce law in Malaysia, including:
1. The jurisdiction of courts to hear divorce petitions and the requirements under Section 48(1) of the Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976.
2. The ways to obtain a divorce, including presumption of death, divorce by conversion, mutual consent, and breakdown of marriage on grounds such as adultery, behavior, desertion, or living apart.
3. Exceptions to the two-year waiting period before filing for divorce, such as in cases of exceptional hardship or depravity or if one party converts to Islam.
This document summarizes the rights of an arrested person under Article 5(3) and (4) of the Malaysian constitution. It discusses the three main rights: 1) the right to be informed of the grounds for arrest, 2) the right to consult a legal practitioner, and 3) the right to be defended by a legal practitioner of one's choice. It examines Malaysian case law that has interpreted and established limitations on these rights, such as allowing a reasonable delay before access to a lawyer to avoid interfering with police investigations. The document also discusses exceptions to these rights for enemy aliens under certain security laws.
The document discusses various aspects of companies including definitions, types of companies, characteristics and legal features. It defines a company as a legal person distinct from its members or shareholders. It describes different types of companies such as private limited companies, public limited companies, companies limited by shares or guarantee. It discusses key characteristics of companies such as separate legal personality, limited liability, transferability of shares, perpetual succession etc. It also summarizes two important court cases that established the principle of separate legal personality of a company.
The document discusses whether a Portuguese man aged 75, named Jose, can be appointed as a director to replace Arsene on the board of PQR Sdn Bhd. It analyzes that Jose cannot be one of the first two directors as he is non-resident, but he could be appointed as an additional director if Alex and Rafael are resident directors. It also determines that, as PQR Sdn Bhd is a private company, Jose's age of 75 does not prevent him from being a director under the relevant laws.
Woody formed a private limited company in 1992 to carry on his toy manufacturing business. He held all but one share, which was purchased by his father-in-law Buzz. The company was profitable until 2012. In 2012, Buzz died and left his share to Woody. Later that year, the company began suffering losses and borrowed money from creditors. By 2013, the company could not pay its debts. The creditors argue the company was essentially a "one-man company" controlled by Woody, so he should be personally liable for the debts. Under company law, Woody would normally not be liable as the company is a separate legal entity. However, the court may pierce the corporate veil and hold Woody responsible
The document discusses several proposals by XY Biz Sdn Bhd to raise additional capital and vary existing share rights. It asks whether certain proposals amount to variations of class rights and what legal requirements must be followed.
The assistant analyzes each proposal under the Companies Act 2016 and determines that (1) issuing new preference shares, (2) cancelling existing preference share rights, and (3) introducing a provision on varying rights are variations requiring approval. For other proposals, approval may not be needed depending on the company constitution. The assistant advises on procedures to obtain necessary approvals from shareholders as required by law.
The document summarizes 5 cases related to offences committed by officers of Malaysian and foreign companies.
Case 1 discusses SC v McMillan Woods Mea where McMillan Woods and two partners were barred from accepting clients for 12 months for failing to comply with auditing standards when auditing a listed company's financial statements.
Case 2 is Scott Group Ltd v McFarlane where the court ruled auditors owed a duty of care to a third party that relied on inaccurate audited financial statements when acquiring the audited company.
Case 3 involves Maxbiz Corporation Sdn Bhd v Ernst & Young where Maxbiz alleged Ernst & Young caused misleading information to be submitted but the court dismissed the claim,
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
The document provides guidelines for incorporating companies limited by guarantee (CLBG) under the Companies Act 1965. It outlines the procedures for applying to establish both regular CLBGs with "Bhd" in the name and CLBGs under section 24 that do not have "Bhd" in the name. Key steps include submitting documents like the memorandum and articles of association, director biodata, and estimated income statements. Applications for CLBGs under section 24 require additional approvals from the Minister due to restrictions on activities, amendments, and land ownership for this type of CLBG.
Artikel Persatuan / Article of Association (AOA) Intan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Dokumen tersebut membahasikan konsep pengawalan dalam pengurusan. Ia menjelaskan definisi pengawalan, keperluan pengawalan, hubungannya dengan perancangan, proses pengawalan, prinsip-prinsip yang berkesan, dan teknik yang digunakan seperti kawalan output dan tingkah laku.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang penugasan kerja atau delegasi tugas, termasuk definisi, prinsip-prinsip, kepentingan, dan halangan-halangannya. Juga dibahas konsep pemusatan dan pemencaran kuasa serta kebaikan dan keburukannya."
Dokumen tersebut membahasakan pengurus dan pengurusan. Ia menjelaskan bahawa pengurus bertanggungjawab untuk memimpin organisasi ke arah kejayaan dengan menggunakan sumber secara berkesan. Dokumen ini juga membincangkan proses pengurusan, jenis pengurus mengikut peringkat dalam organisasi, ciri-ciri organisasi, dan peranan pengurus.
1. Bab 5 : Memorandum Persatuan
5.1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan memorandum persatuan?
Memorandum persatuan ialah perlembagaan/ piagam sesebuah syarikat. Kadang kala ia
juga disebut sebagai tatawujud syarikat. Memorandum ini ialah suatu dokumen yang
wajib di daftarkan dengan Pendaftar Syarikat (ROC). Ini adalah keperluan di bawah
peruntukan Sek 16 (5) Akta Syarikat
Jika ada apa2 percanggahan antara peruntukan di dalam memorandum dengan
peruntukan artikel persatuan, maka peruntukan di dalam memorandum persatuan lah
yang akan diutamakan.
5.2 Ciri-ciri memorandum persatuan
Ianya perlu dicetak
Dibahagi mengikut perenggan
Bertarikh
Mempunyai sekurang2nya dua penandatangan (Sek 14 (1) Akta Syarikat)
Perkara2 yang perlu dinyatakan di dalam memorandum mengikut Sek 18 (1) Akta
Syarikat ialah : -
• Nama syarikat
• Objek-objek syarikat
• Bagi syarikat yang dihadkan oleh syer, nyatakan jumlah syer modal (jika ada)
• Bagi syarikat berhad menurut syer, nyatakan tanggungan ahli2 adalah terhad
• Bagi syarikat berhad menurut gerenti, nyatakan tanggungan ahli2 terhad mengikut
gerenti yang diberikan
• Nyatakan nama, alamat dan pekerjaan penandatangan2 memorandum
• Nyatakan bahawa penandatangan2 memorandum adalah berniat menubuhkan
syarikat mengikut peruntukan memorandum tersebut
Sek 18 (1) (a) – (b) adalah merupakan peruntukan minima yang diperlukan di dalam
sesuatu memorandum itu. Sesebuah syarikat boleh membuat peruntukan tambahan
kepada peruntukan minima ini. Misalnya, syarikat boleh menambahkan suatu peruntukan
yang mengehadkan jumlah ahli maksima di dalam syarikat tersebut. Kebaikan
peruntukan tambahan ini ialah memorandum persatuan tidak boleh dipinda sesuka hati
kecuali pindaan itu mengikut peruntukan di dalam Akta Syarikat. Jika tidak ada
peruntukan di dalam Akta Syarikat yang membenarkan sesuatu fasal di dalam
memorandum itu dipinda, maka fasal tersebut tidak boleh dipinda.
2. 5.3 Doktrin Ultra Vires
Antara perkara yang perlu di nyatakan di dalam memorandum ialah tujuan / objek
sesebuah syarikat itu itubuhkan. Jika sebuah syarikat membuat suatu tindakan/
menjalankan suatu urusan yang tidak dikuatkuasakan / tidak berkaitan dengan tujuan/
objek yang dinyatakan di dalam fasal memorandum, maka ianya adalah dikatakan telah
bertindak secara ultra vires. Tindakan / urusan sedemikian boleh dikaji di dalam dua
kedudukan iaitu di bawah Common Law dan di bawah Akta Syarikat 1965.
• Mengikut Common Law
i. Suatu urusan/ tindakan syarikat yang ultra vires adalah tidak sah
Kes Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co Ltd lwn Riche (1875) LR 7 HL 653,
syarikat telah ditubuhkan dengan tujuan membuat, menjual, meminjam atau menyewa
gerabak kereta api. Syarikat juga boleh bertindak sebagai juru mekanik dan kontraktur.
Walau bagaimanapun, pengarah2 syarikat telah membuat suatu perjanjian untuk
membiayai pembinaan suatu landasan keretapi di Belgium. Perjanjian tersebut
kemudiannya telah disahkan di dalam mesyuarat agung syarikat oleh semua ahli.
Mahkamah tetap memutuskan bahawa perjanjian itu adalah ultra vires dan tidak sah.
Syarikat juga tidak boleh mengesahkan perjanjian tersebut di dalam mesyuarat agungnya.
ii. Syarikat tidak boleh didakwa berasaskan suatu kontrak ultra vires
Kes Re Jon Beauforte adalah berkenaan dengan sebuah syarikat di mana objek syarikat
ialah menjalankan perniagaan kain baju, membuat baju dan urusan2 yang lain yang
hampir sama. Syarikat telah memulakan perniagaan membuat “veneered panel’s” iaitu
sejenis plywood. Mereke telah membina sebuah kilang untuk perniagaan baru ini dan
telah menempah arang batu untuk kilang tersebut. Seorang pembekal arang batu telah
membekalkan arang batu secara kredit. Syarikat kemudiannya mengalami kegagalan dan
terpaksa dibubarkan. Likuidator telah menolak hutang terhadap pembekal arang tersebut.
Mahkamah memutuskan bahwa pembekal arang itu tidak dapat menuntut hutangnya
kerana dia telah mendapat notis yang mencukupi bahawa arang batu itu akan digunakan
untuk tujuan ultra vires. Ini adalah kerana surat dari syarikat menempah arang batu itu
telah tercatat dengan perkataan “ pengeluar veneered panel’s”
iii. syarikat tidak boleh mendakwa pihak lain daripada suatu kontrak ultra
vires
iv. orang luar yang bertindak secara suci hati juga tidak boleh bergantung
kepada alasan bahwa dia tidak mendapat notis tantang ketiadaan kuasa
syarikat. Undang2 mengambil pendirian bahawa oleh kerana
memorandum adalah berdaftar dengan Pendaftar Syarikat dan dibuka
untuk pemeriksaan maka orang luar adalah mempunyai motis konstruktif
tentang ini kandungannya.
3. Apakah kedudukannya jika syarikat melakukan tindakan yang di dalam kuasa syarikat
tetapi kuasa itudigunakan untuk tujuan yang tidak sah? Kes Re Introduction Ltd. (1970)
Ch 199 (Court Of Appeal, England), di dalam kes ini syarikat telah memulakan
perniagaan menyediakan perkhidmatan pelancongan untuk “ Festival of Britain” pada
tahun 1951. pada tahun 1960 syarikat telah menukarkan perniagaannya kepada
perniagaan ‘ pgi breeding’. Memorandum persatuan ada memperuntukan satu fasal yang
memberi kuasa kepada syarikat untuk meminjam/ mendapatkan wang dengan apa cara
yang dianggap patut oleh syarikat. Syarikat kemudiannya telah meminjam wang dengan
cara cagaran dari sebuah bank yang mempunyai 1 salinan memorandum syarikat tersebit.
Bank kemudiannya ingin menguatkuasakan pinjaman tersebut. Mahkamah memutuskan
bahawa pinjaman tersebut adalah ultra vires. Walaupun fasal peminjaman itu memberi
kuasa kepada syarikat untuk meminjam wang tetapi kuasaitu mestilah digunakan untuk
maksud/ tujuan yang sah. Keputusan kes ini dikatakan sebagai “ the wide view”
(pandangan luas)
Namun begitu keputusan dari kes ini telah diikuti id dalam kes yang kemudiannya iaitu
kes Rolled Steel Products (Holding) Ltd lwn BritishSteel Corp (1984) BCLC 466
(Court of Apeeal, England). Keputusan dari kes ini di anggap sebagai “ narrow view”.
Untuk maklumat yang lebih, sila baca kes berkenaan.
• Doktrin ultra vires di dalam Akta Syarikat 1965
Sek2 yang berkaitan dengan doktrin ultra vires di dalam Akta Syarikat ialah Sek 20 (1),
20 (2) (a), (b), (c) dan 20 (3). Sek 20 (1) memperuntukan ‘ tiada tindakan yang
didakwakan sebagai tindakan syarikat…..boleh menjadi tak sah hanya dengan sebab
fakta yang syarikat itu tidak mempunyai keupayaan atau kuasa membuat tindakan
itu…..’. Ini bermakna, jika syarikat melakukan sesuatu tindakan di luar kuasa syarikat
(bertindak secara ultra vires), tindakan itu adalah sah. Sek ini seolah2 mengenepikan
doktrin ultra vires di bawah Common Law. Walau bagaimanapun, Sek kecil (2)
menyentuh tiga keadaan dimana doktrin ultra vires itu masih terpakai di Malaysia.
1. Sek 20 (2) (a) – seorang ahli syarikat atau di mana syarikat telah mengeluarkan
debenture yang didapati dengan suatu cagaran terapung, maka pemegang mana2
debentur tersebut/ pemegang amanah kepada pemegang2 debentur yang disebut
tadi bolehlah mendakwa syarikat untuk menyekatnya dari mengambil sebarang
tindakan yang di luar kuasa syarikat. Orang2 yang disebut di atas bolehlah
memohon untuk mendapat tegahan/ injuksi bagi memberhentikan suatu tindakan
ultra vires itu. Perlulah diingatkan Sek ini hanya boleh digunakan untuk tegahan
yang dibuat terhadap tindakan ultra vires yang hampir dijalankan. Ini dapat
dilihat di dalam kes Hawkesbury Development Co Ltd lwn Landmark
Finance Pty Ltd (1969) 2 NSWR 786. di dalam kes ini H memegang kesemua
saham dalam LF. LF telah mengeluarkan dua debenture kepada United Dominion
Corp (UDC). H memohon supaya mahkamah mengistiharkan pengeluaran
kedua2 debentur tersebut sebagai tak sah kerana ianya adalah ultra vires objek
syarikat. H juga memohon supaya mahkamah mengeluarkan tegahan terhadap
UDC daripada menguatkuasakan debentur2 tersebut. Persoalannya, bolehkah H
4. memohon mahkamah mengeluarkan tegahan terhadap UDC? Mahkamah
memutuskan, walaupun tindakan tersebut adalah ultra vires, H tetap tidak boleh
memohon mahkamah mengeluarkan tegahan terhadap UDC. UDC adalah pihak
yang ketiga sementara Sek 20 (2) (a) hanya boleh digunakan ahli untuk
mendakwa syarikat sahaja.
2. Sek 20 (2) (b) memperuntukan, “…….mana 2 tindakan oleh syarikat/ mana2 ahli
syarikat itu terhadap pegawai2 syarikat masa kini dan yang lepas.” Ini
bermakna syarikat/ ahli2 syarikat boleh mendakwa mana2 bekas pegawai/
pegawai syarikat masa kini yang telah melakukan tindakan ultra vires. Tindakan
ultra vires ini mestilah yang telah selesai/terlaksana. Ini berbeza dengan Sek 20
(2) (a).
3. Sek 20 (2) (c) memperuntukan bahawa menteri boleh membuat petisyen kepada
mahkamah untuk menggulung syarikat yang telah melakukan tindakan ultra vires
5.4 Pemindaan objek syarikat
Akta Syarikat 1965 telah memperuntukan dengan tepatnya berkenaan dengan pemberian
kuasa dan peraturan untuk pemindaan : -
i. fasal nama – Sek 23 Akta Syarikat 1965
ii. fasal modal – Sek 62 dan 64 Akta Syarikat 1965
iii. fasal objek – Sek 28 Akta Syarikat 1965
Sek 21 telah memperuntukan bahawa “ memorandum sesebuah syarikat boleh dipinda
kesetakat dan dengan cara yang diperuntukan oleh Akta ini tetapi tidak selainnya”.
Nampaknya, oleh kerana peruntukan ini fasal2 lain selain dari pada fasal nama, objek.
Dan modal, jika didapati di dalam memorandum tidaklah boleh dipinda.
