Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
A company has a separate legal identity from its members. It can own property, sue and be sued, and has perpetual succession regardless of changes in membership. Key cases established that a company is a distinct legal entity from its members or shareholders, who have limited liability and are not responsible for the company's obligations. The document discusses the effect of incorporation and cases that demonstrate a company's separate legal personality.
1. The document discusses the key elements and principles of partnership law in Malaysia.
2. It outlines the definition of a partnership, elements required to form one, types of partners, and rules for determining if a partnership exists.
3. Key points covered include how sharing profits or assets alone does not create a partnership, the need for agreement and intention to carry on business together, and exceptions where receipt of profits does not make one a partner.
4. The summary also discusses an agent's authority to bind the partnership in dealings with outsiders, and cases that further explain partnership principles.
This document provides an overview of partnership law in Malaysia. It defines a partnership as a relation between persons carrying on business together with a view to profit. Key points include:
- Partnerships must be registered under relevant business acts, though failure to register does not necessarily invalidate the partnership.
- A partnership exists if the relationship between individuals has the business character of a partnership as defined in the Partnership Act 1961.
- Partners have duties to each other including sharing profits and losses equally, a duty to account and not compete with the firm.
- Partners are agents of each other and the firm and can bind the partnership through authorized acts. Liability extends to third parties for authorized acts.
-
A Guide to UBS Accounting Task : The simple steps to record business transactionrosfashihah
This document provides instructions for using UBS Accounting Software to complete accounting tasks. It outlines 10 steps for setting up and using the software, including setting the company profile, creating a chart of accounts, entering opening balances, distributing prior year aging for debtors and creditors, organizing batches of transactions, entering transactions, maintaining stock values, making adjustments, viewing and printing reports, and performing month-end and year-end processing. The document is intended to help users understand the workflow and procedures for completing tasks in UBS Accounting Software.
contents : ways and consequences of dissolving a partnership
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Perjanjian tanpa balasan biasanya batal, tetapi terdapat empat pengecualian. Pertama, perjanjian antara ahli keluarga yang rapat yang ditulis dan didaftar. Kedua dan ketiga, janji untuk membalas perbuatan sukarela atau yang wajib dilakukan. Keempat, janji bertulis untuk membayar hutang yang telah kedaluwarsa.
Contract Law - Question given by lecturer and my answer.Maliza Eza
Mary promised to give her brothers RM500 monthly on the condition that their mother transfer some land to her. Their mother agreed and transferred the land to Mary. Mary however failed to fulfill her promise and her brothers sued her on the promise. Advise Mary.
Bidang kuasa sivil mahkamah / Civil Jurisdictions of Courts in Malaysia (2018...Intan Muhammad
1. The document discusses the jurisdiction of various Malaysian civil courts, from the Magistrate Court up to the High Court. It outlines the monetary limits, subject matter limits, territorial limits, and appellate/revisionary jurisdiction of each court.
2. The High Court has unlimited original jurisdiction but is generally limited to cases exceeding RM1 million in value. It has appellate jurisdiction over subordinate courts and revisionary/referral jurisdiction to examine lower court decisions.
3. When determining the appropriate court, one must consider the monetary value of the claim, the subject matter, and whether the cause of action arose within the court's territorial limits based on the parties' location.
Prosedur perbicaraan dijelaskan dalam empat tahap: (1) pemeriksaan utama oleh plaintif dengan soal jawab saksi, (2) pemeriksaan balas oleh pihak lawan, (3) pemeriksaan semula oleh plaintif, dan (4) penyediaan hujahan oleh kedua-dua pihak berdasarkan bukti yang dikemukakan. Proses ini memastikan perbicaraan berjalan lancar dan keputusan mahkamah berasask
The document summarizes key aspects of Malaysia's Hire Purchase Act of 1967, which governs hire purchase transactions. It defines hire purchase, outlines the parties involved and their roles, discusses formation and contents requirements for hire purchase agreements, statutory rights and obligations of hirers and owners, and repossession by owners. Case examples are provided to illustrate application of the Act in Malaysian courts. The Act aims to protect consumers and standardize practices in the hire purchase industry.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rangkuman Akta Perkongsian 1961 di Malaysia. Akta ini mengatur tentang hubungan antar pekongsi dan juga hubungan pekongsi dengan pihak luar. Akta ini mendefinisikan perkongsian dan membedakannya dengan perusahaan, serta mengatur wewenang pekongsi untuk mengikat firma dan tanggung jawab masing-masing pekongsi.
The document discusses dissolution of partnership under Malaysian law. It defines dissolution and outlines ways a partnership can dissolve, either with or without court intervention. Key points include:
- Dissolution is the winding up of partnership affairs and termination of the partnership relationship
- Partnerships dissolve through expiration of term, completion of single undertaking, notice, death, bankruptcy, illegality, or court order
- The Partnership Act 1961 provides for dissolution in various situations and sets out how partnerships are wound up upon dissolution
A company has a separate legal identity from its members. It can own property, sue and be sued, and has perpetual succession regardless of changes in membership. Key cases established that a company is a distinct legal entity from its members or shareholders, who have limited liability and are not responsible for the company's obligations. The document discusses the effect of incorporation and cases that demonstrate a company's separate legal personality.
1. The document discusses the key elements and principles of partnership law in Malaysia.
2. It outlines the definition of a partnership, elements required to form one, types of partners, and rules for determining if a partnership exists.
3. Key points covered include how sharing profits or assets alone does not create a partnership, the need for agreement and intention to carry on business together, and exceptions where receipt of profits does not make one a partner.
4. The summary also discusses an agent's authority to bind the partnership in dealings with outsiders, and cases that further explain partnership principles.
This document provides an overview of partnership law in Malaysia. It defines a partnership as a relation between persons carrying on business together with a view to profit. Key points include:
- Partnerships must be registered under relevant business acts, though failure to register does not necessarily invalidate the partnership.
- A partnership exists if the relationship between individuals has the business character of a partnership as defined in the Partnership Act 1961.
- Partners have duties to each other including sharing profits and losses equally, a duty to account and not compete with the firm.
- Partners are agents of each other and the firm and can bind the partnership through authorized acts. Liability extends to third parties for authorized acts.
-
A Guide to UBS Accounting Task : The simple steps to record business transactionrosfashihah
This document provides instructions for using UBS Accounting Software to complete accounting tasks. It outlines 10 steps for setting up and using the software, including setting the company profile, creating a chart of accounts, entering opening balances, distributing prior year aging for debtors and creditors, organizing batches of transactions, entering transactions, maintaining stock values, making adjustments, viewing and printing reports, and performing month-end and year-end processing. The document is intended to help users understand the workflow and procedures for completing tasks in UBS Accounting Software.
contents : ways and consequences of dissolving a partnership
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Perjanjian tanpa balasan biasanya batal, tetapi terdapat empat pengecualian. Pertama, perjanjian antara ahli keluarga yang rapat yang ditulis dan didaftar. Kedua dan ketiga, janji untuk membalas perbuatan sukarela atau yang wajib dilakukan. Keempat, janji bertulis untuk membayar hutang yang telah kedaluwarsa.
Contract Law - Question given by lecturer and my answer.Maliza Eza
Mary promised to give her brothers RM500 monthly on the condition that their mother transfer some land to her. Their mother agreed and transferred the land to Mary. Mary however failed to fulfill her promise and her brothers sued her on the promise. Advise Mary.
Bidang kuasa sivil mahkamah / Civil Jurisdictions of Courts in Malaysia (2018...Intan Muhammad
1. The document discusses the jurisdiction of various Malaysian civil courts, from the Magistrate Court up to the High Court. It outlines the monetary limits, subject matter limits, territorial limits, and appellate/revisionary jurisdiction of each court.
2. The High Court has unlimited original jurisdiction but is generally limited to cases exceeding RM1 million in value. It has appellate jurisdiction over subordinate courts and revisionary/referral jurisdiction to examine lower court decisions.
3. When determining the appropriate court, one must consider the monetary value of the claim, the subject matter, and whether the cause of action arose within the court's territorial limits based on the parties' location.
Prosedur perbicaraan dijelaskan dalam empat tahap: (1) pemeriksaan utama oleh plaintif dengan soal jawab saksi, (2) pemeriksaan balas oleh pihak lawan, (3) pemeriksaan semula oleh plaintif, dan (4) penyediaan hujahan oleh kedua-dua pihak berdasarkan bukti yang dikemukakan. Proses ini memastikan perbicaraan berjalan lancar dan keputusan mahkamah berasask
The document summarizes key aspects of Malaysia's Hire Purchase Act of 1967, which governs hire purchase transactions. It defines hire purchase, outlines the parties involved and their roles, discusses formation and contents requirements for hire purchase agreements, statutory rights and obligations of hirers and owners, and repossession by owners. Case examples are provided to illustrate application of the Act in Malaysian courts. The Act aims to protect consumers and standardize practices in the hire purchase industry.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rangkuman Akta Perkongsian 1961 di Malaysia. Akta ini mengatur tentang hubungan antar pekongsi dan juga hubungan pekongsi dengan pihak luar. Akta ini mendefinisikan perkongsian dan membedakannya dengan perusahaan, serta mengatur wewenang pekongsi untuk mengikat firma dan tanggung jawab masing-masing pekongsi.
The document discusses dissolution of partnership under Malaysian law. It defines dissolution and outlines ways a partnership can dissolve, either with or without court intervention. Key points include:
- Dissolution is the winding up of partnership affairs and termination of the partnership relationship
- Partnerships dissolve through expiration of term, completion of single undertaking, notice, death, bankruptcy, illegality, or court order
- The Partnership Act 1961 provides for dissolution in various situations and sets out how partnerships are wound up upon dissolution
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Artikel Persatuan / Article of Association (AOA) Intan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses burden and standard of proof in law of evidence. It defines burden of proof as the obligation to provide sufficient evidence to support one's case, and distinguishes between burden of establishing a case and evidential burden of introducing evidence. The standard of proof refers to the degree of probability required to discharge the burden. For criminal cases, the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while for civil cases it is on a balance of probabilities. The more serious the allegation, the higher the standard of proof required.
1. A witness who is inconsistent in giving evidence, especially if the inconsistencies are material contradictions, cannot generally be regarded as a credible witness. However, not all inconsistencies necessarily undermine credibility.
2. For a witness to refresh their memory by referring to notes, certain conditions must be met under Section 159 of the Evidence Act. The writing must have been made by the witness at the time of the event or soon after.
3. Even if the conditions for refreshing memory are satisfied, the opposing party still has the right to inspect the document and cross-examine the witness on it. Referring to a document alone does not necessarily make the witness credible; it depends on whether the statutory safeguards are
The document discusses key concepts related to presumption and judicial notice in Malaysian law. It defines presumption as an inference drawn from known facts, and distinguishes between presumption of law and presumption of fact. It explains different types of presumptions under Malaysian law including those that the court "may presume", "shall presume", and those that constitute "conclusive proof". It also defines judicial notice as facts that a judge will notice without proof, and provides examples of facts that courts commonly take judicial notice of, such as identities of government leaders.
1. Samad Tuah bin Jebat was charged with stealing a motorbike under Section 379A of the Penal Code.
2. The prosecution argued for a heavier punishment to deter the increasing number of motorbike thefts in the area.
3. The defense pleaded for leniency as it was the accused's first offense, and he needed the motorbike due to desperation and intended to return it.
4. The magistrate found the accused guilty but discharged him with a bond for good behavior for 2 years, taking into account it was a first offense due to necessity, and that imprisonment may not be the solution.
This document provides the text of Malaysia's Child Act 2001, which consolidates and amends laws relating to the care, protection and rehabilitation of children. Some key points:
- It establishes the National Council for Children to oversee child welfare issues.
- It defines terms like "child", "Court for Children", and types of institutions like places of safety, refuge, detention, and approved schools.
- It covers issues like children in need of care/protection, criminal procedures for children, placing children in institutions, and the roles of protectors, probation officers, and other officials.
- It has transitional provisions to continue existing councils, rules, and childcare institutions established under previous laws.
This document provides an overview of the juvenile justice system in Malaysia. It discusses that 60% of Malaysia's population is under 30 years old, and that while perceptions are that juvenile crime is increasing, data is limited and inconsistent. For children accused of crimes, the Child Act of 2001 established specialized procedures and the Court for Children to handle their cases separately from adult procedures. The document outlines the key stages of handling a child in conflict with the law, from arrest to sentencing. It also discusses exceptions for serious crimes and status offenses. Overall, the document presents background on juvenile justice in Malaysia and the legal framework established in the Child Act.
PRINCIPLE OF PRIMA FACIE CASE AND MAXIMUM EVALUATION AT THE CLOSE OF PROSECUT...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses the standard of proof required at the close of the prosecution's case in Malaysian criminal trials. It summarizes the key cases that addressed this issue, including Haw Tua Tau v Public Prosecutor, Khoo Hi Chiang v Public Prosecutor, and Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong. Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong established that only a prima facie case, not proof beyond reasonable doubt, is required at this stage. It clarified that a prima facie case means credible evidence for each essential element of the charge, subject to maximum evaluation but not equating to proof beyond reasonable doubt. This standard was affirmed in subsequent cases and resolved the long-
1) Several laws in Malaysia carry mandatory death penalties for offenses such as murder, drug trafficking, and treason. Between 1970-1996, 349 people were executed, mostly for drug offenses.
2) While the number of executions has decreased in recent years, official statistics show the death penalty has been ineffective in reducing drug addiction and the number of known addicts has risen.
3) Caning is a supplementary punishment to imprisonment for around 40 crimes including drug offenses, rape, and firearms offenses. However, caning violates international human rights standards against cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
Baldah Toyyibah (Prasarana) Kelantan Sdn Bhd v Dae Hanguru Infra Sdn Bhd and ...surrenderyourthrone
The Court of Appeal was determining two appeals regarding a dispute over a construction agreement for the Kota Bharu-Kuala Krai Highway Project. The plaintiff had sued the defendants for breach of contract. The key issues were whether there was an enforceable contract and whether the plaintiff was entitled to compensation. The Court of Appeal allowed the first defendant's appeal and dismissed the plaintiff's appeal. It found that there was no valid contract between the parties due to a lack of consensus ad idem. While the plaintiff was later nominated as the contractor, this did not remedy the lack of consensus needed to form a valid contract. As the plaintiff did not prove a valid enforceable contract existed, it was not entitled to compensation for breach
The bankrupt appealed the dismissal of their application for discharge from bankruptcy. The creditor opposed the appeal, arguing that the Director General of Insolvency's (DGI) report was incomplete and unreliable. The court agreed that the DGI report failed to undertake a comprehensive investigation of the bankrupt's assets. As the DGI report is a main piece of evidence in bankruptcy cases, it should have been more detailed. The court dismissed the appeal, as it was not bound to accept an incomplete or unreliable report.
JUSTIFIKASI KEPERLUAN PENAHANAN REMAN MENURUT PERUNDANGAN ISLAM DAN SIVILsurrenderyourthrone
Dokumen tersebut membahasakan justifikasi keperluan penahanan reman menurut hukum Islam dan perundangan sivil. Penahanan reman dipraktikkan sejak zaman Nabi Muhammad sebagai salah satu prosedur penyiasatan untuk mencegah tertuduh melarikan diri dan menghancurkan bukti. Kebanyakan ulama Islam mengizinkan penahanan reman yang bersifat sementara untuk tujuan investigasi, bukan hukuman. Tempoh penahanan bervariasi menurut
The document is the Contracts Act 1950 of Malaysia. It contains 191 sections organized into 10 Parts that establish rules and principles related to contracts. Some key details include:
- The Act relates to contracts and was first enacted in 1950, with revisions in 1974 and 2006.
- Part I establishes preliminary definitions for terms used in the Act like proposal, acceptance, promisor, promisee, consideration, agreement, void, contract, and reciprocal promises.
- Parts II through IX cover topics like communication and revocation of proposals, void and voidable contracts, contingent contracts, performance of contracts, consequences of breach, indemnity and guarantee, bailment, and agency.
- Part X addresses the
The document summarizes the history and current state of the legal profession in Malaysia. It discusses:
- The legal profession in Malaysia is a fused profession with no distinction between solicitors and barristers.
- The earliest lawyers were known as "law agents" or "advocates and attornies", with the first admission recorded in 1808.
- Various ordinances established regulatory bodies for lawyers in different states, which were consolidated by the Legal Profession Act 1976, establishing the Malaysian Bar and Bar Council. However, Sabah and Sarawak continue to have their own separate legislation and professional bodies.
This document provides an overview of Islamic law of property in Malaysia. It discusses several key topics:
1) The administration of Muslim estates, which can be testate (with a will) or intestate (without a will). Small estates valued under RM600,000 are distributed by land administrators according to Islamic inheritance law. Non-small estates are distributed by civil courts, who require a certificate from the sharia court.
2) Wills made by Muslims must comply with sharia principles and are adjudicated by sharia courts. Some states have enacted Muslim Wills Enactments to govern this.
3) Nominations in insurance policies and savings accounts are treated differently by different state fatwas regarding
WRITTEN AND ORAL IN ISLAMIC LAW - DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND NON-MUSLIMS IN MOR...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses a case from 1881 in which a Jewish merchant named Ya'akov b. Shalom Assarraf sued a Muslim associate in a shari'a court in Fez, Morocco. Ya'akov presented a legal document as evidence that the defendant owed him money, and the judge ruled in Ya'akov's favor based solely on this documentary evidence, contradicting the common understanding that Islamic law privileged oral testimony over written documents. The document analyzes this case in the context of scholarship on evidentiary standards in Islamic law and the role of non-Muslims in shari'a courts, arguing it highlights the need to reexamine assumptions about the probative value of documents and legal interactions between religious groups in
3.
Memperbadankan syarikat dilakukan oleh penaja.
S.14(1) – seseorang yg berhasrat utk menubuhkan
syarikat hendaklah membuat permohonan kpd Pendaftar
Syarikat
S.14(2) – syarikat tidak boleh ditubuhkan utk tujuan yg
menyalahi undang-undang
S.14(3) –setiap orang yg hendak menubuhkan syarikat
hendaklah membuat kenyataan yg mengandungi
perkara2 dlm para (a) hgga (i)
S.14(4) – kenyataan drp setiap promoter yg dia bersetuju
utk menjadi promoter atau persetujuan dilantik sebagai
pengarah dan dia tidak hilang kelayakan di bawah Akta
utk bertindak sebagai promoter atau pengarah
26/11/2019 3
PROSEDUR MEMPERBADANKAN
SYARIKAT
4. S. 15 – jika Pendaftar Syarikat berpuas hati yg segala keperluan
Akta telah dipenuhi, Pendaftar akan :
a. Mencatakan butir2 syarikat ke dalam daftar;
b. Memberikan no pendaftaran syarikat
c. Mengeluarkan notis pendaftaran (Cf s. 19)
s.16 – Pendaftar boleh enggan utk mendaftarkan syarikat jika:
a. Keperluan Akta berhubung dgn pendaftaran syarikat tidka
dipenuhi; dan
b. Pendaftar berpuas hati bhawa kemungkinana syarikat
digunakan utk tujuan yg menyalahi undang2
S.17 – apabila permohonan dibuat oleh syarikat dan setelah
membayar yuran yg ditetapkan, Pendaftar akan mengeluarkan
Perakuan Pemerbadanan/Certificate of Incorporation.
Surat Beranak Syarikat
26/11/2019 4
PROSEDUR MEMPERBADANKAN
SYARIKAT - SAMB
6.
KESAN
PEMERBADANAN
1. Entiti undang2/ legal entity/personality
S.20 - entiti undang-undang yg berasingan
(a) syarikat mempunyai entiti undang-
undang yg berasingan (separate legal
entity) drp anggotanya.
s.192(1) & (2)
wujud tirai (veil) yg mengasingkan syarikat drp
ahlilinya
11/26/2019 6
7.
SOLOMON V SOLOMON
Solomon telah memulakan perniagaan boot sebagai peniaga
tunggal/sole proprietor. Kemudian beliau menubuhkan sebuah
syarikat dan menjualkan perniagaan itu kpd syarikat yg baru.
Pemegang syer – Solomon, isterinya & lima orang anaknya. Pd setiap
masa perniagaan syarikat diuruskan oleh Salmon seorang sahaja.
Solomon memberi pinjaman kpd syarikat dlm bentuk debenture dan
pinjaman ini bercagar (secured). Syarikat mengalami masalah
kewangan dan terpaksa digulungkan.
Semasa penggulungan, harta syarikat tidak mencukupi utk membayar
kesemua kreditornya yg terdiri drp secured creditors dan unsecured
creditors.
Liquidator mencabar debentur yg dikeluarkan kpd Salmon dgn alasan
terdapat penipuan.
26/11/2019 7
SYARIKAT SEBAGAI SATU ENTIT YG
BERASINGAN
8.
Kes ini dirayu sehingga ke HOL. HOL memutuskan bahawa
penipuan tidak dpt dibuktikan.
Lord Macnaghten: …The company is at law a different
person altogether from the subscribers to the memorandum;
and though, it may be that after the incorporation the
business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same
persons are managers, and the same person receives the
profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers
or trustee for them. Nor are the subscribers as members
liable, in any shape or form, except to the extent and in the
manner provided by the Act.
26/11/2019 8
SYARIKAT SEBAGAI SATU ENTIT YG
BERASINGAN - SAMB
9.
Kesan kes Solomon v Solomon
11/26/2019 9
- Syarikat mempunyai entiti yg berbeza drp pemegang syer dan pengurusnya.
- Ini bermakna syarikat mempunyai ‘legal entity with an identity or
personality separate and distinct from that of its members (shareholders) and
managers’.
- Hutang syarikat hanya boleh dituntut drp syarikat.
- Ahli tidak akan bertanggungan ke atas salah laku, hutang dan obligasi
syarikat.
- Syarikat tidak bertanggungan ke atas salah laku ahli, hutang dan obligasi ahli
dan pengurus.
- Pengurus sebagai ejen yang menguruskan syarikat juga tidak akan
bertanggungan ke atas salah laku melainkan dlm situasi tertentu. Cth :
pengurus merupakan master mind dlm salah laku syarikat.
- Pemegang syer boleh memberi pinjaman kpd syarikat.
- Jika pemegang syer merupakan secured creditor, beliau berhak utk dibayar
dulu semasa winding up.
- Pemegang syer boleh menjadi pekerja syarikat.
10.
Kes Solomon v Solomon ini juga
mewujudkan prinsip bahawa antara
syarikat dan pemegang syer, terdapat
satu tirai (veil) yg memisahkan kedua-
duanya.
26/11/2019 10
SYARIKAT SEBAGAI SATU ENTIT YG
BERASINGAN - SAMB
11.
LEE V LEE’S AIR FARMING LTD
Lee menubuhkan sebuah syarikat utk menjalankan perniagaan aerial
top-dressing. Kesemua syer kecuali satu, dipegang oleh Lee. Lee
merupakan pengarah urusan dan juga bekerja sebagai ketua juru
terbang kpd syarikat. Suatu hari Lee terbunuh ketika menjalankan
pekerjaannya, melakukan semburan dr udara. Isterinya membuat
tuntutan di bawah New Zealand Workers’ Compenstion Act. Utk
berjaya dlm tuntutannya, perlulah dibuktikan bahawa Lee merupakan
seorang pekerja di bawah Akta.
Mahkamah Privy Council mengikuti prinsip dlm kes Solomon v
Solomon memutuskan bahawa Lee dan syarikat merupakan dua entiti
yg berasingan. Sebagai individu, Lee boleh berkontrak dgn syarikat
sebagai pekerja walaupun Lee merupakan pengurus syarikat dan
pemegang syer.
26/11/2019 11
KESAN ENTITI YG BERASINGAN ANTARA SYARIKAT DAN
PEMEGANG SYER - SAMB
12.
Pemegang syer boleh memberi pinjaman kpd
syarikat
Solomon v Solomon
Pemegang syer boleh menjadi pekerja kpd
syarikat
Lee v Lee’s Air Farming Ltd
26/11/2019 12
KESAN ENTITI YG BERASINGAN
ANTARA SYARIKAT DAN PEMEGANG
SYER
13.
Harta syarikat bukan milik pemegang syer
MACAURA V NORTHERN ASSURANCE CO LTD & ORS
Mahkamah memutuskan bahawa pemegang syer tidak
mempunyai kepentingan yg boleh diinsuranskan (insurable
interest) ke atas harta syarikat.
Lord Buckmaster: …no shareholder has any right to any item of
property owned by the company, for he has no legal or equitable
interest therein. He is entitled to a share…in the distribution of the
surplus assets when the company is wound up.
26/11/2019 13
KESAN ENTITI YG BERASINGAN ANTARA
SYARIKAT DAN PEMEGANG SYER - SAMB
14.
RE APPLICATION OF YEE YUT EE
Syarikat telah membuang pekerja. Mahkamah
Perindustrian memberikan pampasan kpd pekerja.
Oleh kerana syarikat tidak mematuhi perintah ini,
Mahkamah Perindustrian mengarahkan Mr Yee yg
merupakan pengarah syarikat utk membayar
pampasan tersebut.
Mahkamah Tinggi memutuskan yg Mr. Yee tidak
bertanggungan. Pengarah syarikat tidak
bertanggungan utk hutang syarikat melainkan terdapat
frod atau pengarah telah melakukan pecah amanah.
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KES-KES LAIN YG MEMBINCANGKAN
KESAN PEMERBADANAN
15.
ABDUL AZIZ B ATAN & ORS V LADANG RENGO
MALAY ESTATE SDN BHD [1985] 2 MLJ 165
Shankar J: It is trite law tt an incorporated company is a legal
person separate and distinct from the s/holders of the company.
The company from the date of incorporation has perpetual
succession and the Companies Act provides tt the liability on the
part of the s/holders to contribute to the assets of the company
will be limited in the manner provided by law and its MOA and
AOA. The whole point of forming a limited company is tt the
s/holders can have in their hands the management of the business
without incurring the risk of being under unlimited liability for the
debts of the company.
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KES-KES LAIN YG MEMBINCANGKAN
KESAN PEMERBADANAN
17.
Prinsip entiti berasingan juga terpakai kpd syarikat induk dan
syarikat subsidiari.
PEOPLE’S INSURANCE CO (M) SDN BHD V PEOPLE’S
INSURANCE COMPANY LTD & ORS [1986] 1 MLJ 68
Mahkamah tidak membenarkan tuntutan syarikat subsidiari
terhadap syarikat induk yg menuntut syarikat induk
bertanggungan ke atas tuntutan insurans yg tidak boleh dipenuhi
oleh syarikat subsidiari.
Mahkamah memutuskan bahawa syarikat induk dan syarikat
subsidiari merupakan dua entiti yg berasingan. Pegawai syarikat
induk yg merupakan Lembaga Pengarah syarikat subsidiari bukan
merupakan wakil syarikat induk. Resolusi Lembaga Pengarah
syarikat subsidiari tidak mengikat syarikat induk.
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PRINSIP ENTITI BERASINGAN ANTARA SYARIKAT
INDUK DAN SYARIKAT SUBSIDIARI