Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Undang-undang Jualan Barangan mengatur tentang definisi barang, syarat dan waranti dalam kontrak jual beli, serta pengecualian dalam pemindahan hak milik barang oleh penjual yang bukan pemilik sebenarnya. Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan konsep-konsep penting seperti syarat tersirat, waranti tersirat, dan pengecualian dalam Akta Jualan Barangan 1957.
Sebuah Majlis Perbandaran hendak menaik taraf stesye keretapi dan hendak manyatukannya dengan stesyen bas. Akan tetapi ia tiada dana kewangan untuk menjalankan projek sebesar itu. Apa yang ada ialah tanah seluas 20 ekar di sekeliling stesyen keretapi tersebut. Cadangkan bagai mana hendak menjalankan projek tersebut
Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Undang-undang Jualan Barangan mengatur tentang definisi barang, syarat dan waranti dalam kontrak jual beli, serta pengecualian dalam pemindahan hak milik barang oleh penjual yang bukan pemilik sebenarnya. Dokumen tersebut menjelaskan konsep-konsep penting seperti syarat tersirat, waranti tersirat, dan pengecualian dalam Akta Jualan Barangan 1957.
Sebuah Majlis Perbandaran hendak menaik taraf stesye keretapi dan hendak manyatukannya dengan stesyen bas. Akan tetapi ia tiada dana kewangan untuk menjalankan projek sebesar itu. Apa yang ada ialah tanah seluas 20 ekar di sekeliling stesyen keretapi tersebut. Cadangkan bagai mana hendak menjalankan projek tersebut
Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti dalam Sistem Torrens di MalaysiaIrfan Shafie
UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH DI MALAYSIA MENGGUNAPAKAI SISTEM TORRENS BAGI MENGIKTIRAF HAK MILIK TANAH. NAMUN BEGITU, PRINSIP EKUITI AKAN DIGUNAKAN JIKA TERDAPAT LAKUNA DALAM SISTEM PERUNDANGAN NEGARA.
1. The document discusses the key elements and principles of partnership law in Malaysia.
2. It outlines the definition of a partnership, elements required to form one, types of partners, and rules for determining if a partnership exists.
3. Key points covered include how sharing profits or assets alone does not create a partnership, the need for agreement and intention to carry on business together, and exceptions where receipt of profits does not make one a partner.
4. The summary also discusses an agent's authority to bind the partnership in dealings with outsiders, and cases that further explain partnership principles.
Dokumen tersebut membahas prinsip-prinsip pengurusan Islam yang mencakupi konsep Al-Ubudiyah (pengabdian kepada Allah), Al-Adalah (keadilan), dan Al-Syura (musyawarah)."
Kanun Prosedur Jenayah mengatur prosedur penangkapan, penahanan, dan pemeriksaan orang yang diduga melakukan kejahatan di Malaysia. Beberapa poin penting meliputi:
1) Polisi dan penghulu dapat menangkap tanpa surat perintah penangkapan jika ada alasan yang memadai untuk menduga seseorang telah melakukan kejahatan.
2) Orang yang ditangkap harus segera dibawa ke hadapan majistret dalam w
Dokumen ini membahas tentang gelagat organisasi dan peranannya dalam pengurusan. Ia mendefinisikan gelagat organisasi sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi cara individu dan kelompok berinteraksi di dalam organisasi. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan tiga tingkat analisis gelagat organisasi yaitu individu, kelompok, dan organisasi. Disiplin ilmu seperti psikologi, sosiologi, dan psikologi sosial membentuk pemahaman tentang gelag
contents : ways and consequences of dissolving a partnership
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
The document discusses the three pillars of contracts in Shariah law: 1) Offer and acceptance, which requires mutual consent between parties. 2) The contracting parties, who must be of sound mind and have reached maturity. A guardian can represent minors. 3) The subject matter, which must exist or be deliverable, be specific and known to parties, legitimate under Islamic law, and pure. Together these pillars form the basis for valid contracts according to Shariah.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rangkuman Akta Perkongsian 1961 di Malaysia. Akta ini mengatur tentang hubungan antar pekongsi dan juga hubungan pekongsi dengan pihak luar. Akta ini mendefinisikan perkongsian dan membedakannya dengan perusahaan, serta mengatur wewenang pekongsi untuk mengikat firma dan tanggung jawab masing-masing pekongsi.
The document summarizes key aspects of Malaysia's Hire Purchase Act of 1967, which governs hire purchase transactions. It defines hire purchase, outlines the parties involved and their roles, discusses formation and contents requirements for hire purchase agreements, statutory rights and obligations of hirers and owners, and repossession by owners. Case examples are provided to illustrate application of the Act in Malaysian courts. The Act aims to protect consumers and standardize practices in the hire purchase industry.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang definisi undang-undang dan jenis-jenisnya, termasuk undang-undang awam dan persendirian, serta sumber-sumber undang-undang seperti undang-undang bertulis dan tidak bertulis. Jenis-jenis undang-undang bertulis yang dijelaskan adalah perlembagaan, akta, enakmen, perundangan kecil, sedangkan undang-undang tidak bertulis meliputi undang-undang Inggeris, syariah
Artikel Persatuan / Article of Association (AOA) Intan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Pemakaian Prinsip Ekuiti dalam Sistem Torrens di MalaysiaIrfan Shafie
UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH DI MALAYSIA MENGGUNAPAKAI SISTEM TORRENS BAGI MENGIKTIRAF HAK MILIK TANAH. NAMUN BEGITU, PRINSIP EKUITI AKAN DIGUNAKAN JIKA TERDAPAT LAKUNA DALAM SISTEM PERUNDANGAN NEGARA.
1. The document discusses the key elements and principles of partnership law in Malaysia.
2. It outlines the definition of a partnership, elements required to form one, types of partners, and rules for determining if a partnership exists.
3. Key points covered include how sharing profits or assets alone does not create a partnership, the need for agreement and intention to carry on business together, and exceptions where receipt of profits does not make one a partner.
4. The summary also discusses an agent's authority to bind the partnership in dealings with outsiders, and cases that further explain partnership principles.
Dokumen tersebut membahas prinsip-prinsip pengurusan Islam yang mencakupi konsep Al-Ubudiyah (pengabdian kepada Allah), Al-Adalah (keadilan), dan Al-Syura (musyawarah)."
Kanun Prosedur Jenayah mengatur prosedur penangkapan, penahanan, dan pemeriksaan orang yang diduga melakukan kejahatan di Malaysia. Beberapa poin penting meliputi:
1) Polisi dan penghulu dapat menangkap tanpa surat perintah penangkapan jika ada alasan yang memadai untuk menduga seseorang telah melakukan kejahatan.
2) Orang yang ditangkap harus segera dibawa ke hadapan majistret dalam w
Dokumen ini membahas tentang gelagat organisasi dan peranannya dalam pengurusan. Ia mendefinisikan gelagat organisasi sebagai faktor yang mempengaruhi cara individu dan kelompok berinteraksi di dalam organisasi. Dokumen ini juga menjelaskan tiga tingkat analisis gelagat organisasi yaitu individu, kelompok, dan organisasi. Disiplin ilmu seperti psikologi, sosiologi, dan psikologi sosial membentuk pemahaman tentang gelag
contents : ways and consequences of dissolving a partnership
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
The document discusses the three pillars of contracts in Shariah law: 1) Offer and acceptance, which requires mutual consent between parties. 2) The contracting parties, who must be of sound mind and have reached maturity. A guardian can represent minors. 3) The subject matter, which must exist or be deliverable, be specific and known to parties, legitimate under Islamic law, and pure. Together these pillars form the basis for valid contracts according to Shariah.
Dokumen tersebut merupakan rangkuman Akta Perkongsian 1961 di Malaysia. Akta ini mengatur tentang hubungan antar pekongsi dan juga hubungan pekongsi dengan pihak luar. Akta ini mendefinisikan perkongsian dan membedakannya dengan perusahaan, serta mengatur wewenang pekongsi untuk mengikat firma dan tanggung jawab masing-masing pekongsi.
The document summarizes key aspects of Malaysia's Hire Purchase Act of 1967, which governs hire purchase transactions. It defines hire purchase, outlines the parties involved and their roles, discusses formation and contents requirements for hire purchase agreements, statutory rights and obligations of hirers and owners, and repossession by owners. Case examples are provided to illustrate application of the Act in Malaysian courts. The Act aims to protect consumers and standardize practices in the hire purchase industry.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang definisi undang-undang dan jenis-jenisnya, termasuk undang-undang awam dan persendirian, serta sumber-sumber undang-undang seperti undang-undang bertulis dan tidak bertulis. Jenis-jenis undang-undang bertulis yang dijelaskan adalah perlembagaan, akta, enakmen, perundangan kecil, sedangkan undang-undang tidak bertulis meliputi undang-undang Inggeris, syariah
Artikel Persatuan / Article of Association (AOA) Intan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses burden and standard of proof in law of evidence. It defines burden of proof as the obligation to provide sufficient evidence to support one's case, and distinguishes between burden of establishing a case and evidential burden of introducing evidence. The standard of proof refers to the degree of probability required to discharge the burden. For criminal cases, the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while for civil cases it is on a balance of probabilities. The more serious the allegation, the higher the standard of proof required.
1. A witness who is inconsistent in giving evidence, especially if the inconsistencies are material contradictions, cannot generally be regarded as a credible witness. However, not all inconsistencies necessarily undermine credibility.
2. For a witness to refresh their memory by referring to notes, certain conditions must be met under Section 159 of the Evidence Act. The writing must have been made by the witness at the time of the event or soon after.
3. Even if the conditions for refreshing memory are satisfied, the opposing party still has the right to inspect the document and cross-examine the witness on it. Referring to a document alone does not necessarily make the witness credible; it depends on whether the statutory safeguards are
The document discusses key concepts related to presumption and judicial notice in Malaysian law. It defines presumption as an inference drawn from known facts, and distinguishes between presumption of law and presumption of fact. It explains different types of presumptions under Malaysian law including those that the court "may presume", "shall presume", and those that constitute "conclusive proof". It also defines judicial notice as facts that a judge will notice without proof, and provides examples of facts that courts commonly take judicial notice of, such as identities of government leaders.
1. Samad Tuah bin Jebat was charged with stealing a motorbike under Section 379A of the Penal Code.
2. The prosecution argued for a heavier punishment to deter the increasing number of motorbike thefts in the area.
3. The defense pleaded for leniency as it was the accused's first offense, and he needed the motorbike due to desperation and intended to return it.
4. The magistrate found the accused guilty but discharged him with a bond for good behavior for 2 years, taking into account it was a first offense due to necessity, and that imprisonment may not be the solution.
This document provides the text of Malaysia's Child Act 2001, which consolidates and amends laws relating to the care, protection and rehabilitation of children. Some key points:
- It establishes the National Council for Children to oversee child welfare issues.
- It defines terms like "child", "Court for Children", and types of institutions like places of safety, refuge, detention, and approved schools.
- It covers issues like children in need of care/protection, criminal procedures for children, placing children in institutions, and the roles of protectors, probation officers, and other officials.
- It has transitional provisions to continue existing councils, rules, and childcare institutions established under previous laws.
This document provides an overview of the juvenile justice system in Malaysia. It discusses that 60% of Malaysia's population is under 30 years old, and that while perceptions are that juvenile crime is increasing, data is limited and inconsistent. For children accused of crimes, the Child Act of 2001 established specialized procedures and the Court for Children to handle their cases separately from adult procedures. The document outlines the key stages of handling a child in conflict with the law, from arrest to sentencing. It also discusses exceptions for serious crimes and status offenses. Overall, the document presents background on juvenile justice in Malaysia and the legal framework established in the Child Act.
PRINCIPLE OF PRIMA FACIE CASE AND MAXIMUM EVALUATION AT THE CLOSE OF PROSECUT...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses the standard of proof required at the close of the prosecution's case in Malaysian criminal trials. It summarizes the key cases that addressed this issue, including Haw Tua Tau v Public Prosecutor, Khoo Hi Chiang v Public Prosecutor, and Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong. Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong established that only a prima facie case, not proof beyond reasonable doubt, is required at this stage. It clarified that a prima facie case means credible evidence for each essential element of the charge, subject to maximum evaluation but not equating to proof beyond reasonable doubt. This standard was affirmed in subsequent cases and resolved the long-
1) Several laws in Malaysia carry mandatory death penalties for offenses such as murder, drug trafficking, and treason. Between 1970-1996, 349 people were executed, mostly for drug offenses.
2) While the number of executions has decreased in recent years, official statistics show the death penalty has been ineffective in reducing drug addiction and the number of known addicts has risen.
3) Caning is a supplementary punishment to imprisonment for around 40 crimes including drug offenses, rape, and firearms offenses. However, caning violates international human rights standards against cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
Baldah Toyyibah (Prasarana) Kelantan Sdn Bhd v Dae Hanguru Infra Sdn Bhd and ...surrenderyourthrone
The Court of Appeal was determining two appeals regarding a dispute over a construction agreement for the Kota Bharu-Kuala Krai Highway Project. The plaintiff had sued the defendants for breach of contract. The key issues were whether there was an enforceable contract and whether the plaintiff was entitled to compensation. The Court of Appeal allowed the first defendant's appeal and dismissed the plaintiff's appeal. It found that there was no valid contract between the parties due to a lack of consensus ad idem. While the plaintiff was later nominated as the contractor, this did not remedy the lack of consensus needed to form a valid contract. As the plaintiff did not prove a valid enforceable contract existed, it was not entitled to compensation for breach
The bankrupt appealed the dismissal of their application for discharge from bankruptcy. The creditor opposed the appeal, arguing that the Director General of Insolvency's (DGI) report was incomplete and unreliable. The court agreed that the DGI report failed to undertake a comprehensive investigation of the bankrupt's assets. As the DGI report is a main piece of evidence in bankruptcy cases, it should have been more detailed. The court dismissed the appeal, as it was not bound to accept an incomplete or unreliable report.
JUSTIFIKASI KEPERLUAN PENAHANAN REMAN MENURUT PERUNDANGAN ISLAM DAN SIVILsurrenderyourthrone
Dokumen tersebut membahasakan justifikasi keperluan penahanan reman menurut hukum Islam dan perundangan sivil. Penahanan reman dipraktikkan sejak zaman Nabi Muhammad sebagai salah satu prosedur penyiasatan untuk mencegah tertuduh melarikan diri dan menghancurkan bukti. Kebanyakan ulama Islam mengizinkan penahanan reman yang bersifat sementara untuk tujuan investigasi, bukan hukuman. Tempoh penahanan bervariasi menurut
The document is the Contracts Act 1950 of Malaysia. It contains 191 sections organized into 10 Parts that establish rules and principles related to contracts. Some key details include:
- The Act relates to contracts and was first enacted in 1950, with revisions in 1974 and 2006.
- Part I establishes preliminary definitions for terms used in the Act like proposal, acceptance, promisor, promisee, consideration, agreement, void, contract, and reciprocal promises.
- Parts II through IX cover topics like communication and revocation of proposals, void and voidable contracts, contingent contracts, performance of contracts, consequences of breach, indemnity and guarantee, bailment, and agency.
- Part X addresses the
The document summarizes the history and current state of the legal profession in Malaysia. It discusses:
- The legal profession in Malaysia is a fused profession with no distinction between solicitors and barristers.
- The earliest lawyers were known as "law agents" or "advocates and attornies", with the first admission recorded in 1808.
- Various ordinances established regulatory bodies for lawyers in different states, which were consolidated by the Legal Profession Act 1976, establishing the Malaysian Bar and Bar Council. However, Sabah and Sarawak continue to have their own separate legislation and professional bodies.
This document provides an overview of Islamic law of property in Malaysia. It discusses several key topics:
1) The administration of Muslim estates, which can be testate (with a will) or intestate (without a will). Small estates valued under RM600,000 are distributed by land administrators according to Islamic inheritance law. Non-small estates are distributed by civil courts, who require a certificate from the sharia court.
2) Wills made by Muslims must comply with sharia principles and are adjudicated by sharia courts. Some states have enacted Muslim Wills Enactments to govern this.
3) Nominations in insurance policies and savings accounts are treated differently by different state fatwas regarding
WRITTEN AND ORAL IN ISLAMIC LAW - DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND NON-MUSLIMS IN MOR...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses a case from 1881 in which a Jewish merchant named Ya'akov b. Shalom Assarraf sued a Muslim associate in a shari'a court in Fez, Morocco. Ya'akov presented a legal document as evidence that the defendant owed him money, and the judge ruled in Ya'akov's favor based solely on this documentary evidence, contradicting the common understanding that Islamic law privileged oral testimony over written documents. The document analyzes this case in the context of scholarship on evidentiary standards in Islamic law and the role of non-Muslims in shari'a courts, arguing it highlights the need to reexamine assumptions about the probative value of documents and legal interactions between religious groups in
2. PERLEMBAGAAN SYARIKAT
Perlembagaan syarikat terdiri drp dua dokumen:
Memorandum Syarikat / Memorandum of Association (MOA)
Artikel Syarikat / Articles of Association (AOA)
MOA menerangkan tentang struktur syarikat seperti nama
pengarah, jumlah modal syer, dsb nya.
MOA juga menerangkan tujuan/objek syarikat seperti syarikat
ditubuhkan untuk menjalankan perniagaan import export beras.
AOA mengandungi peraturan2 dalaman / internal regulations yg
mengawal perjalanan syarikat. Antara perkara-perkara yg
terkandung dlm AOA ialah pindahmilik syer, mesyuarat agung,
perlantikan pengarah dll.
2
3. PERLEMBAGAAN SYARIKAT: AS
1965 Di bawah AS 1965 :
Setiap syarikat perlu mempunyai MOA dan AOA
Kedua-dua dokumen ini perlu diserahkan kpd Pendaftar semasa hendak
mendaftarkan syarikat
Utk AOA, AS 1965 telah menyediakan contoh AOA dlm Table A yang mana Table A
ini boleh diadoptasi oleh syarikat sama ada secara keseluruhan atau dgn pindaan
Bagi syarikat yg tidak mempunyai AOA, secara otomatik, Table A terpakai
3
4. GUINESS V LAND CORPORATION OF IRELAND
(1882) 22 CH D 349
BOWEN LJ : The MOA contains the fundamental conditions upon
which alone the company is allowed to be incorporated. They are
conditions introduced for the benefit of the creditors, and the
outside public, as well as of the s/holders. The AOA are the
internal regulations of the company. …where the memorandum
and the articles conflict, the memorandum takes the precedence.
4
5. ASHBURN V WATSON (1885) 30 CH D
375
HELD : Jika terdapat percanggahan antara MOA
dan AOA, MOA akan terpakai.
5
6. PERLEMBAGAAN SYARIKAT
Di bawah AS 2016, hanya syarikat yg dihadkan oleh gerenti / jaminan sahaja yg perlu
mempunyai Perlembagaan
S.31(1) mengatakan bahawa hanya syarikat yg dihadkan oleh gerenti perlu
mempunyai perlembagaan
S.38(1) – hanya Syarikat dihadkan oleh gerenti hendaklah mempunyai Perlembagaan
Istilah PERLEMBAGAAN digunakan utk MOA dan AOA
S.31(2) – bagi syarikat yg mempunyai Perlembagaan, syarikat, pengarah dan
pemegang syer mempunyai hak, kuasa, duti dan obligasi yg diperuntukkan di bawah
Akta, melainkan hak, kuasa, duti dan obligasi tersebut dibenarkan utk di ubah suai
berdasarkan Akta ini dan telah diubah suai oleh Perlembagaan
syarikat, setiap pengarah setiap ahli/pemegang syer mempunyai hak, kuasa, duti dan
obligasi sepertimana yg diperuntukkan di bawah Akta melainkan telah diubahsuai oleh
syarikat. Hak, kuasa, duti dan obligasi hanya boleh diubahsuai jika dibenarkan oleh Akta.
6
7. PERLEMBAGAAN SYARIKAT
S.31(2) – bagi syarikat yg mempunyai Perlembagaan, syarikat,
pengarah dan pemegang syer mempunyai hak, kuasa, duti dan
obligasi yg diperuntukkan di bawah Akta, melainkan hak, kuasa, duti
dan obligasi tersebut dibenarkan utk di ubah suai berdasarkan Akta
ini dan telah diubah suai oleh Perlembagaan
syarikat, setiap pengarah setiap ahli/pemegang syer mempunyai
hak, kuasa, duti dan obligasi sepertimana yg diperuntukkan di
bawah Akta melainkan telah diubahsuai oleh syarikat. Hak, kuasa,
duti dan obligasi hanya boleh diubahsuai jika dibenarkan oleh
Akta.
7
8. PERLEMBAGAAN SYARIKAT
S.31(3) – bagi syarikat yg tidak mempuyai Perlembagaan,
syarikat, setiap pengarah setiap ahli/pemegang syer
mempunyai hak, kuasa, duti dan obligasi sebagaimana yg
diperuntukkan di bawah Akta
8
9. Perlembagaan Syarikat: Syarikat yg dihadkan oleh
gerenti
S.38(2) – Perlembagaan hendaklah diserahkan kpd Pendaftar Syarikat
semasa syarikat diperbadankan dan hendaklah ditandatangani oleh setiap
orang (penaja) yg hendak menubuhkan syarikat.
S.38(3) –perkara-perkara yg perlu terkandung dlm Perlembagaan syarikat.
Perkara-perkara yg tidak boleh terkandung dlm Perlembagaan:
S.38(4)– undertaking into shares or interest.
S.38(5) – mengambil bahagian dlm keuntungan syarikat. Cf s. 45(2).
9
10. Perlembagaan Syarikat: Syarikat yg
dihadkan oleh syer
Tidak diwajibkan utk mempunyai Perlembagaan tapi s.32 membenarkan syarikat utk
menerima pakai Perlembagaan melalui kelulusan resolusi khas.
S.35(1) – perkara-perkara yg boleh terkandung dlm Perlembagaan
Syarikat yg mempunyai kelas2 syer yg berbeza (preference dan ordinary) perlu mempunyai
Perlembagaan – s.90(1)
S.106(1)(a) – hanya boleh dilakukan dlm Perlembagaan.
Syarikat persendirian perlu mempunyai Perlembagaan
S42(2) – perlu ada fasal yg menghadkan pemindahan syer
Syarikat yg mempunyai common seal perlu mempunyai Perlembagaan – s.66(1)(a).
10
11. Perlembagaan Syarikat: Syarikat tidak
terhad
S.31(1) – secara amnya membenarkan
syarikat yg tidak terhad utk mempunyai
Perlembagaan.
11
12. Kesan Perlembagaan
1. Mewujudkan kontrak antara syarikat dgn ahli
2. Mewujudkan kontrak antara ahli dgn ahli.
seksyen 33(1) – utk syarikat2 lain selain daripada
syarikat dihadkan oleh jaminan
seksyen 38(6) – syarikat dihadkan oleh gerenti
12
13. Kesan Perlembagaan – Kontrak antara syarikat
dgn pemegang syer/ahli
S. 33(1) & s. 38(6) – berasaskan kpd prinsip common
law.
HICKMAN V KENT OF ROMNEY MARSH SHEEP
BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION
QUINS & AXTENS LTD V SALMON
Mengikat ahli dlm kapasitinya sebagai ahli
13
14. Kesan Perlembagaan – Kontrak antara ahli dgn
ahli (members inter se)
Mewujudkan obligasi kontraktual antara ahli dgn ahli seolah2
mereka menandatangani Perlembagaan tersebut
Sama ada sesuatu fasal itu adil atau tidak, ia tidak akan
dipertimbangkan oleh mahkamah. Apa yg dipertimbangkan ialah
obligasi kontrak yg diwujudkan oleh Perlembagaan
WONG KIM FATT V LEONG & CO SDN BHD
Mewujudkan obligasi kontraktual antara ahli dgn ahli dlm
kapasitinya sebagai ahli
Jika terdapat mana2 ahli yg tidak mematuhi fasal dlm
Perlembagaan, ahli yg terjejas boleh menyaman terus (direct) ahli
yg engkar itu tanpa melibatkan syarikat
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15. Kesan Perlembagaan – orang luar/outsiders
Tidak mewujudkan kontrak antara syarikat dgn pihak luar
ELEY V POSITIVE GOVT SECURITY LIFE AASURANCE
RAFFLES HOTEL LTD V MALAYAN BANKING
SOUTHERN FOUNDRIES LTD V SHIRLAW
BEATTIE V E & F BEATTIE LTD
RE NEW BRITISH IRON CO
Fasal dlm Perlembagaan perlu dimasukkan ke dlm kontrak antara
syarikat dgn orang luar. Jika tidak orang luar tidak boleh bergantung kpd fasal
dlm Perlembagaan
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16. Pindaan Perlembagaan
2 cara pindaan boleh dilakukan:
Oleh syarikat ; dan
Oleh mahkamah.
Pindaan oleh syarikat
S.36(1)– syarikat boleh mengubah/meminda Perlembagaan melalui resolusi khas.
Semua fasal dlm Perlembagaan boleh dipinda melainkan Perlembagaan sendiri menghalang fasal
tersebut drp diubah/dipinda.
Halangan pindaan – apabila Perlembagaan sendiri menghalangya
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17. Pindaan Perlembagaan – Pindaan oleh syarikat
Di bawah Akta 1965, pindaan hendaklah dilakukan utk kepentingan
syarikat secara keseluruhan. Prinsip ini diambil drp prinsip common law.
Q: Adakah prinsip ini masih terpakai di bawah Akta 2016?
Ans: Ada yg menghujahkan ia masih terpakai (Chan Wai Meng)
ALLEN V GOLF REEFS OF WEST AFRICA LTD
GREENHALGH V ARDENE CINEMAS LTD
PETER’S AMERICAN DELICACY V HEATH
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18. Pindaan Perlembagaan – Pindaan oleh syarikat
S.36(2) – pindaan mengikat syarikat dan ahli
S.36(3) – syarikat hendaklah menghantar pindan itu kpd
ROC dlm tempoh 30 selepas resolusi khas itu diluluskan
S.36(4) – perlanggaran subseksyen (3) akan
menyebabkan syarikat dan pegawai yg
bertanggungjawab melakukan kesalahan jenayah
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19. Pindaan Perlembagaan – Pindaan oleh mahkamah
S. 37(1) – dlm keadaan yg mana tidak praktikal utk syarikat meminda fasal
dlm Perlembagaan mengikut prosedur yg ditetapkan dlm Akta atau
Perlembagaan, Pengarah / ahli, boleh memohon di mahkamah utk
meminda Perlembagaan
Mahkamah boleh memberikan perintah utk meminda Perlembagaan jika
mahkamah berpuashati bhw adalah tidak praktikal utk meminda
Perlembagaan berdasarkan prosedur yg ditetapkan oleh Akta atau
Perlembagaan berdasarkan terma dan syarat.
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20. Pindaan Perlembagaan – Pindaan oleh mahkamah
S.37(2) – syarikat hendaklah menyerahkan perintah
mahkamah berserta dgn pindaan Perlembagaan yg telah
dipinda kpd ROC dlm tempoh 30 hari selepas perintah
dikeluarkan oleh mahkamah
S.37(3) – kegagalan mematuhi subseksyen (2) akan
menyebabkan syarikat dan setiap pegawai yg terlibat
melakukan kesalahan.
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21. S.194 - Ahli tidak perlu bersetuju jika
pindaan memerlukan dia mengambil syer
yg lebih.
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