Ucapan merupakan salah satu jenis wacana lisan dalam bahasa Melayu yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan idea secara pidato sehala. Ucapan biasanya disampaikan dalam majlis-majlis tertentu dengan mengikuti format pengenalan, isi, dan penutup. Teks ucapan harus mudah difahami, menarik perhatian, dan menyakinkan pendengar dengan menggunakan unsur kiasan dan bahasa yang jelas.
Ucapan merupakan salah satu jenis wacana lisan dalam bahasa Melayu yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan idea secara pidato sehala. Ucapan biasanya disampaikan dalam majlis-majlis tertentu dengan mengikuti format pengenalan, isi, dan penutup. Teks ucapan harus mudah difahami, menarik perhatian, dan menyakinkan pendengar dengan menggunakan unsur kiasan dan bahasa yang jelas.
Suratcara boleh niaga (SBN) adalah dokumen yang digunakan dalam urusniaga komersil dan kewangan untuk memindahkan hakmilik dari satu pihak ke pihak lain. SBN memiliki ciri-ciri seperti hakmilik berpindah melalui serahan, arahan, bayaran atau pengindorsan, dan penerima yang menerima dengan suci hati akan bebas dari sebarang tuntutan terdahulu. Contoh SBN termasuk cek,
Proses berunding melibatkan dua pihak atau lebih untuk mencapai persetujuan terhadap konflik melalui tawar-menawar. Terdapat beberapa pendekatan dan prinsip berunding seperti tawar-menawar bersepadu, bersopan santun, dan saling membantu. Halangan komunikasi seperti kebisingan dalaman dan luaran serta faktor seperti gaya komunikasi dan jarak boleh menjejaskan proses berunding.
contents : konsep dan pemindaan sahaja
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai variasi bahasa dalam bahasa Melayu, termasuk dialek daerah, subdialek, variasi baku, idiolek, pijin, bahasa pasar, kreol, bahasa halus dan kasar, bahasa formal dan informal, bahasa istana, basahan, slanga, diglosia, dan dwibahasa/multibahasa. Variasi-variasi tersebut berbeda berdasarkan pengguna, situasi penggunaan, dan faktor sosial lainnya
Underlying principles governing relationship between partnersIntan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Perjanjian tanpa balasan biasanya batal, tetapi terdapat empat pengecualian. Pertama, perjanjian antara ahli keluarga yang rapat yang ditulis dan didaftar. Kedua dan ketiga, janji untuk membalas perbuatan sukarela atau yang wajib dilakukan. Keempat, janji bertulis untuk membayar hutang yang telah kedaluwarsa.
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Suratcara boleh niaga (SBN) adalah dokumen yang digunakan dalam urusniaga komersil dan kewangan untuk memindahkan hakmilik dari satu pihak ke pihak lain. SBN memiliki ciri-ciri seperti hakmilik berpindah melalui serahan, arahan, bayaran atau pengindorsan, dan penerima yang menerima dengan suci hati akan bebas dari sebarang tuntutan terdahulu. Contoh SBN termasuk cek,
Proses berunding melibatkan dua pihak atau lebih untuk mencapai persetujuan terhadap konflik melalui tawar-menawar. Terdapat beberapa pendekatan dan prinsip berunding seperti tawar-menawar bersepadu, bersopan santun, dan saling membantu. Halangan komunikasi seperti kebisingan dalaman dan luaran serta faktor seperti gaya komunikasi dan jarak boleh menjejaskan proses berunding.
contents : konsep dan pemindaan sahaja
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Dokumen tersebut membahas berbagai variasi bahasa dalam bahasa Melayu, termasuk dialek daerah, subdialek, variasi baku, idiolek, pijin, bahasa pasar, kreol, bahasa halus dan kasar, bahasa formal dan informal, bahasa istana, basahan, slanga, diglosia, dan dwibahasa/multibahasa. Variasi-variasi tersebut berbeda berdasarkan pengguna, situasi penggunaan, dan faktor sosial lainnya
Underlying principles governing relationship between partnersIntan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Perjanjian tanpa balasan biasanya batal, tetapi terdapat empat pengecualian. Pertama, perjanjian antara ahli keluarga yang rapat yang ditulis dan didaftar. Kedua dan ketiga, janji untuk membalas perbuatan sukarela atau yang wajib dilakukan. Keempat, janji bertulis untuk membayar hutang yang telah kedaluwarsa.
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Artikel Persatuan / Article of Association (AOA) Intan Muhammad
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
Konsep syarikat, konsep tirai perbadanan dan pengecualiannya, jenis-jenis sya...Intan Muhammad
Please do check Companies Act 2016 yeah :)
P/S : Hi, I am sharing my personal notes of law-related subjects. Some parts of them are explained in a very informal-relaxed way and mix of languages (BM and English). Secondly, as law revolves every day, there will be outdated parts in my notes. Two ways of handling it.. (1) double check with the latest law and keep it to yourself (2) same with No. 1 coupled with your generosity to share with us, the LinkedIn users (hiks ^_^). Till then, have a nice day!
This document discusses burden and standard of proof in law of evidence. It defines burden of proof as the obligation to provide sufficient evidence to support one's case, and distinguishes between burden of establishing a case and evidential burden of introducing evidence. The standard of proof refers to the degree of probability required to discharge the burden. For criminal cases, the standard is proof beyond reasonable doubt, while for civil cases it is on a balance of probabilities. The more serious the allegation, the higher the standard of proof required.
1. A witness who is inconsistent in giving evidence, especially if the inconsistencies are material contradictions, cannot generally be regarded as a credible witness. However, not all inconsistencies necessarily undermine credibility.
2. For a witness to refresh their memory by referring to notes, certain conditions must be met under Section 159 of the Evidence Act. The writing must have been made by the witness at the time of the event or soon after.
3. Even if the conditions for refreshing memory are satisfied, the opposing party still has the right to inspect the document and cross-examine the witness on it. Referring to a document alone does not necessarily make the witness credible; it depends on whether the statutory safeguards are
The document discusses key concepts related to presumption and judicial notice in Malaysian law. It defines presumption as an inference drawn from known facts, and distinguishes between presumption of law and presumption of fact. It explains different types of presumptions under Malaysian law including those that the court "may presume", "shall presume", and those that constitute "conclusive proof". It also defines judicial notice as facts that a judge will notice without proof, and provides examples of facts that courts commonly take judicial notice of, such as identities of government leaders.
1. Samad Tuah bin Jebat was charged with stealing a motorbike under Section 379A of the Penal Code.
2. The prosecution argued for a heavier punishment to deter the increasing number of motorbike thefts in the area.
3. The defense pleaded for leniency as it was the accused's first offense, and he needed the motorbike due to desperation and intended to return it.
4. The magistrate found the accused guilty but discharged him with a bond for good behavior for 2 years, taking into account it was a first offense due to necessity, and that imprisonment may not be the solution.
This document provides the text of Malaysia's Child Act 2001, which consolidates and amends laws relating to the care, protection and rehabilitation of children. Some key points:
- It establishes the National Council for Children to oversee child welfare issues.
- It defines terms like "child", "Court for Children", and types of institutions like places of safety, refuge, detention, and approved schools.
- It covers issues like children in need of care/protection, criminal procedures for children, placing children in institutions, and the roles of protectors, probation officers, and other officials.
- It has transitional provisions to continue existing councils, rules, and childcare institutions established under previous laws.
This document provides an overview of the juvenile justice system in Malaysia. It discusses that 60% of Malaysia's population is under 30 years old, and that while perceptions are that juvenile crime is increasing, data is limited and inconsistent. For children accused of crimes, the Child Act of 2001 established specialized procedures and the Court for Children to handle their cases separately from adult procedures. The document outlines the key stages of handling a child in conflict with the law, from arrest to sentencing. It also discusses exceptions for serious crimes and status offenses. Overall, the document presents background on juvenile justice in Malaysia and the legal framework established in the Child Act.
PRINCIPLE OF PRIMA FACIE CASE AND MAXIMUM EVALUATION AT THE CLOSE OF PROSECUT...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses the standard of proof required at the close of the prosecution's case in Malaysian criminal trials. It summarizes the key cases that addressed this issue, including Haw Tua Tau v Public Prosecutor, Khoo Hi Chiang v Public Prosecutor, and Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong. Public Prosecutor v Ong Cheng Heong established that only a prima facie case, not proof beyond reasonable doubt, is required at this stage. It clarified that a prima facie case means credible evidence for each essential element of the charge, subject to maximum evaluation but not equating to proof beyond reasonable doubt. This standard was affirmed in subsequent cases and resolved the long-
1) Several laws in Malaysia carry mandatory death penalties for offenses such as murder, drug trafficking, and treason. Between 1970-1996, 349 people were executed, mostly for drug offenses.
2) While the number of executions has decreased in recent years, official statistics show the death penalty has been ineffective in reducing drug addiction and the number of known addicts has risen.
3) Caning is a supplementary punishment to imprisonment for around 40 crimes including drug offenses, rape, and firearms offenses. However, caning violates international human rights standards against cruel or degrading treatment or punishment.
Baldah Toyyibah (Prasarana) Kelantan Sdn Bhd v Dae Hanguru Infra Sdn Bhd and ...surrenderyourthrone
The Court of Appeal was determining two appeals regarding a dispute over a construction agreement for the Kota Bharu-Kuala Krai Highway Project. The plaintiff had sued the defendants for breach of contract. The key issues were whether there was an enforceable contract and whether the plaintiff was entitled to compensation. The Court of Appeal allowed the first defendant's appeal and dismissed the plaintiff's appeal. It found that there was no valid contract between the parties due to a lack of consensus ad idem. While the plaintiff was later nominated as the contractor, this did not remedy the lack of consensus needed to form a valid contract. As the plaintiff did not prove a valid enforceable contract existed, it was not entitled to compensation for breach
The bankrupt appealed the dismissal of their application for discharge from bankruptcy. The creditor opposed the appeal, arguing that the Director General of Insolvency's (DGI) report was incomplete and unreliable. The court agreed that the DGI report failed to undertake a comprehensive investigation of the bankrupt's assets. As the DGI report is a main piece of evidence in bankruptcy cases, it should have been more detailed. The court dismissed the appeal, as it was not bound to accept an incomplete or unreliable report.
JUSTIFIKASI KEPERLUAN PENAHANAN REMAN MENURUT PERUNDANGAN ISLAM DAN SIVILsurrenderyourthrone
Dokumen tersebut membahasakan justifikasi keperluan penahanan reman menurut hukum Islam dan perundangan sivil. Penahanan reman dipraktikkan sejak zaman Nabi Muhammad sebagai salah satu prosedur penyiasatan untuk mencegah tertuduh melarikan diri dan menghancurkan bukti. Kebanyakan ulama Islam mengizinkan penahanan reman yang bersifat sementara untuk tujuan investigasi, bukan hukuman. Tempoh penahanan bervariasi menurut
The document is the Contracts Act 1950 of Malaysia. It contains 191 sections organized into 10 Parts that establish rules and principles related to contracts. Some key details include:
- The Act relates to contracts and was first enacted in 1950, with revisions in 1974 and 2006.
- Part I establishes preliminary definitions for terms used in the Act like proposal, acceptance, promisor, promisee, consideration, agreement, void, contract, and reciprocal promises.
- Parts II through IX cover topics like communication and revocation of proposals, void and voidable contracts, contingent contracts, performance of contracts, consequences of breach, indemnity and guarantee, bailment, and agency.
- Part X addresses the
The document summarizes the history and current state of the legal profession in Malaysia. It discusses:
- The legal profession in Malaysia is a fused profession with no distinction between solicitors and barristers.
- The earliest lawyers were known as "law agents" or "advocates and attornies", with the first admission recorded in 1808.
- Various ordinances established regulatory bodies for lawyers in different states, which were consolidated by the Legal Profession Act 1976, establishing the Malaysian Bar and Bar Council. However, Sabah and Sarawak continue to have their own separate legislation and professional bodies.
This document provides an overview of Islamic law of property in Malaysia. It discusses several key topics:
1) The administration of Muslim estates, which can be testate (with a will) or intestate (without a will). Small estates valued under RM600,000 are distributed by land administrators according to Islamic inheritance law. Non-small estates are distributed by civil courts, who require a certificate from the sharia court.
2) Wills made by Muslims must comply with sharia principles and are adjudicated by sharia courts. Some states have enacted Muslim Wills Enactments to govern this.
3) Nominations in insurance policies and savings accounts are treated differently by different state fatwas regarding
WRITTEN AND ORAL IN ISLAMIC LAW - DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE AND NON-MUSLIMS IN MOR...surrenderyourthrone
This document discusses a case from 1881 in which a Jewish merchant named Ya'akov b. Shalom Assarraf sued a Muslim associate in a shari'a court in Fez, Morocco. Ya'akov presented a legal document as evidence that the defendant owed him money, and the judge ruled in Ya'akov's favor based solely on this documentary evidence, contradicting the common understanding that Islamic law privileged oral testimony over written documents. The document analyzes this case in the context of scholarship on evidentiary standards in Islamic law and the role of non-Muslims in shari'a courts, arguing it highlights the need to reexamine assumptions about the probative value of documents and legal interactions between religious groups in
2. FASAL OBJEK/OBJECT CLAUSE
ARAB MSIAN FINANCE BHD V MERIDIAN INTERNATIONAL
CREDIT CORP LTD LONDON
Objects of a company is the company’s business activities
3. FASAL OBJEK/OBJECT CLAUSE
Fungsi utama fasal objek ialah utk
menghuraikan transaksi /aktiviti/perniagaan
yg boleh dijalankan oleh syarikat.
Adalah menjadi suatu kebiasaan kpd syarikat
utk menghuraikan pelbagai aktiviti yg luas.
Sama ada syarikat benar-benar bertujuan utk
melakukan kesemua aktiviti tersebut adalah
tidak relevan.
4. Fungsi fasal objek
Orang luar – bagi mereka yg hendak
berurusan dgn syarikat, spt, ingin melabur
atau memberi pinjaman kpd syarikat,
sudah tentu mereka ingin mengetahui
tentang perniagaan syarikat.
Melalui fasal objek, seseorang itu boleh
mengetahui mengenai perniagaan syarikat.
5. KEDUDUKAN AKTIVITI/TRANSAKSI YG
DILUAR FASAL OBJEK : COMMON LAW
Transaksi tersebut adalah ultra vires.
Definisi ultra vires – aktiviti/transaksi yg di luar keupayaan atau kuasa syarikat.
Syarikat hanya boleh melakukan aktivit/transaksi yg tercatat dlm fasal objek
sahaja.
Mana-mana aktiviti/transaksi yg diluar fasal objek syarikat adalah batal dan tidak
boleh dikuatkuasakan ke atas syarikat kerana ultra vires fasal objek syarikat.
Rationale doktrin ini adalah:
Untuk melindungi pemegang syer – pemegang syer berhak utk menjangkakan wang yg
dilaburkan ke dlm syarikat akan digunakan utk mempromosikan objek syarikat; dan
Untuk melindungi kreditor – kreditor juga berhak utk menjangkakan wang yg mereka
pinjamkan digunakan utk menjalankan aktiviti/transaksi yg berada dlm fasal objek
syarikat. Kreditor mengharapkan keuntungan yg diperoleh drp transaksi yg dibenarkan
akan digunakan utk membayar balik pinjaman.
12/3/2019 5
6. KEDUDUKAN AKTIVITI/TRANSAKSI YG DILUAR
FASAL OBJEK : COMMON LAW - SAMB
ASHBURY V RAILWAY CARRIAGE & IRON CO V
RICHE (1875) LR 7 HL 653
Fasal objek syarikat : ‘to make and sell and lend or
hire railway carriages and wagons…’. Pengarah
syarikat memasuki perjanjian utk membina jalan
keretapi.
HELD : Kontrak ini adlah batal dan tidak boleh
dikuatkuasakan terhadap syarikat kerana ultra vires.
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7. KEDUDUKAN AKTIVITI/TRANSAKSI YG DILUAR
FASAL OBJEK : COMMON LAW - SAMB
RE JON BEAUFORTE (LONDON) LTD [1953] CH 131
FAKTA : Syarikat ditubuhkan utk mengeluarkan kain
dan menjalankan perniagaan membuat pakaian.
Syarikat kemudiannya memutuskan utk menjalankan
perniagaan mengeluarkan veneered panels. Syarikat
membuat kontrak dgn pembekal coke. Pembekal
coke meminta bayaran drp syarikat.
HELD : Syarikat gagal utk mendapatkan bayaran
kerana kontrak tersebut adalah ultra vires fasal
objek syarikat.
12/3/2019 7
9. AKTA SYARIKAT 1965
Fasal objek mesti terkandung dlm MOA.
S.20(1)-jika syarikat memasuki kontrak yg diluar objeknya/kuasanya, kontrak tersebut
tetap sah bagi kedua-dua pihak (syarikat & orang luar).
Transaksi tersebut tidak ultra vires.
Syarikat kemudiannya tidak boleh menghujahkan bahawa ia tiada kuasa utk meneruskan
obligasinya di bawah kontrak/kontrak tersebut adalah ultra vires.
Namun, s.20(2) mengatakan orang2 berikut boleh menghujahkan bahawa transaksi
tersebut ultra vires:
Pemegang syer/pemegang debenture dlm tindakan terhadap syarikat;
Syarikat dlm tindakan oleh syarikat atau pemegang syer dlm tindakan terhadap present
officers atau former officers; atau
Menteri dlm petisyen utk menggulungkan syarikat.
Jika mahkamah berpendapat bahawa adalah just and equitable utk mengenepikan
kontrak itu atau menghalang kontrak itu drp dilaksanakan, mahkamah boleh
mengarahkan syarikat utk membayar pampasan kpd pihak yg satu lagi.
10. AKTA SYARIKAT 2016
S.14(3)(c)-dlm permohonan utk memperbadankan syarikat perlu mengandungi
pernyataan berhubung dgn jenis perniagaan syarikat.
S.35(1)(a) – Perlembagaan syarikat perlu mengandungi tujuan syarikat/objects
of the company
S.35(2) – jika objek telah dinyatakan dlm s.35(1)(a) – syarikat disekat drp
menjalankan apa2 perniagaan atau aktiviti yg tidak terdapat dlm tujuannya.
S.16(2) – had yg dikenakan terhadap syarikat dlm menjalankan perniagaannya.
Kesimpulan – syarikat mempunyai kuasa utk menjalankan perniagaannya dgn
syarat tidak melanggar objek yg dinyatakan dlm Perlembagaan dan tidak
melanggar s.16(2).
11. HAK PIHAK KETIGA APABILA BERURUSAN DGN
SYARIKAT
S.21(1) – memberi kuasa yg tiada batas kpd syarikat.
Apabila pihak ke3 membuat transaksi/kontrak dgn syarikat yg diluar objeknya,
transaksi/object tersebut tetap sah dan perlu dilaksanakan oleh syarikat. Ini adalah kerana
s.21(1).
Walaupun Perlembagaan syarikat merupakan dokumen awam yg boleh diperiksa oleh
sesiapa sahaja yg hendak berurusan dgn syarikat di pejabat ROC, spihak ke3 tidak boleh
dikatakan mengetahui tentang fasal objek syarikat.
S.39- telah menghapuskan doctrine of constructive notice.
Q. Apakah yg dimaksudkan dgn doktrin notis konstruktif?
ANS: knowledge that the law presumes a person to hv even if he is actually ignorant of
the facts. Therefore, those dealing with registered companies hv constructive notice of
the contents of the documents open for public inspection at the Companies Registry.
S.39-pengecualian adalah terhadap dokumen cagaran.
Oleh itu, mereka yg berurusan dgn syarikat boleh menganggap yg syarikat mempunyai
keupayaan utk memasuki kontrak antaranya dgn syarikat
12. HAK AHLI/PEMEGANG DEBENTUR DLM
KONTRAK YG DILUAR OBJEK SYARIKAT
Ahli /pemegang debentur boleh
menggunakan s.346 – Remedi dlm Hal
Penindasan
13. HAK SYARIKAT DLM KONTRAK YG DILUAR
OBJEK SYARIKAT
S.213(1) –tugas pengarah utk menjalankan tugas bagi
maksud yg sepatutnya dan dgn suci hati demi kepentingan
syarikat.
S.213(2) – huraian tugas
S.213(3) – pengarah yg melanggar tugas ini adalah
melakukan suatu kesalahan
Oleh syarikat boleh menyaman pengarah yg terlibat dlm
transaksi ultra vires.