One of the major long term consequences of chronic non extreme sun exposures is the development of photoaging. The recent definition of a standard daily ultraviolet radiation (DUVR) spectrum has allowed us to reproduce non-zenithal sun exposure conditions. Exposure to simulated DUVR induces biological damage in human skin, suggesting the need for an appropriate daily photoprotection. The reconstructed human skin in vitro, including a living dermal equivalent and a fully differentiated epidermis represents a predictive tool to study the effects of UV. In the present study, sunscreen products were evaluated after topical application on human reconstructed skin in vitro. Two commercial sunscreens (A and B) having similar SPF value (~15) but different profile of transmission over the UVA range were tested on skin models exposed to increasing doses of DUVR. Another pair of sunscreens was also tested. Product C had a SPF ~18 with a well-balanced UVB/UVA absorption profile and product D, with SPF ~27 and low UVA absorption. Biological parameters were assessed by (i) histology, (ii) immunostaining of dermal fibroblasts and (iii) MMP-1 production. Products A and C gave a better protection from DUVR with regard to fibroblast alterations and MMP-1 release compared to products B and D respectively. These results support that a well balanced profile of absorption and the level of UVA protection is of higher relevance than the SPF value to ensure an efficient daily photoprotection from DUVR with regard to end points evaluated in this study, especially the photoaging related biological markers.
Sun protection a simple procedure to safeguard our body from the adverse effects of sunlight.
Sun light consists of visible light and Ultra Violet (UV) radiation which are of three types – A,B,C of which UVA and UVB have harmfull effects on the skin on repeated exposure.
To prevent ourself from sunlight effect, daily usage of sunscreen with normal SPF value cream is highly recommend by Dermatologist
Know more about sunscreen usage and sun protection from a Doctor's article --> https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/sunprotection-and-sunscreens-all-you-need-to-know-about-this
A simple and rapid method developed to determine the Sun protection factor (S...iosrjce
The new and an innovative method was developed to quantify the sun protection factor (SPF) in
sunscreen formulations. This method developed based on the MED equation for UVB sunscreen substances, the
method validated as per ICH guidelines and found robust, accurate and linear. Method optimized by using UVVIS
spectrophotometry concentration level of 2 mg/ml for clear formulations/solutions. The proposed
spectrophotometric method is simple and rapid.
Sun protection a simple procedure to safeguard our body from the adverse effects of sunlight.
Sun light consists of visible light and Ultra Violet (UV) radiation which are of three types – A,B,C of which UVA and UVB have harmfull effects on the skin on repeated exposure.
To prevent ourself from sunlight effect, daily usage of sunscreen with normal SPF value cream is highly recommend by Dermatologist
Know more about sunscreen usage and sun protection from a Doctor's article --> https://www.icliniq.com/articles/skin-care/sunprotection-and-sunscreens-all-you-need-to-know-about-this
A simple and rapid method developed to determine the Sun protection factor (S...iosrjce
The new and an innovative method was developed to quantify the sun protection factor (SPF) in
sunscreen formulations. This method developed based on the MED equation for UVB sunscreen substances, the
method validated as per ICH guidelines and found robust, accurate and linear. Method optimized by using UVVIS
spectrophotometry concentration level of 2 mg/ml for clear formulations/solutions. The proposed
spectrophotometric method is simple and rapid.
Sun Protection Factor and its SignificanceDerma Essentia
All you need to know about Sun protection factor. The significance of sun protection factor and why is it used in every sunscreen? When to re-apply the sunscreen? Levels of protection of sunscreens with different sun protection factor.
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form
of radiation. They can penetrate your skin and damage your skin cells. Sunburns
are a sign of skin damage. Suntans aren't healthy, either. They appear after
the sun's rays have already killed some cells and damaged others. UV rays can
cause skin damage during any season or at any temperature. They can also cause
eye problems, wrinkles, skin spots, and skin cancer.
To protect yourself:
-- Stay out of the sun when it is strongest
(between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.)
-- Use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher
-- Wear protective clothing
-- Wear wraparound sunglasses that provide 100
percent UV ray protection
-- Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds
Check your skin regularly for changes in
the size, shape, color or feel of birthmarks, moles and spots. Such changes are
a sign of skin cancer.
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Some recent scientific studies show the unexpectedly complex medical effects of using sun screen. Carcinogenic ingredients are just one reason to study these products carefully.
Sun Protection Factor and its SignificanceDerma Essentia
All you need to know about Sun protection factor. The significance of sun protection factor and why is it used in every sunscreen? When to re-apply the sunscreen? Levels of protection of sunscreens with different sun protection factor.
Ultraviolet (UV) rays are an invisible form
of radiation. They can penetrate your skin and damage your skin cells. Sunburns
are a sign of skin damage. Suntans aren't healthy, either. They appear after
the sun's rays have already killed some cells and damaged others. UV rays can
cause skin damage during any season or at any temperature. They can also cause
eye problems, wrinkles, skin spots, and skin cancer.
To protect yourself:
-- Stay out of the sun when it is strongest
(between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m.)
-- Use sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher
-- Wear protective clothing
-- Wear wraparound sunglasses that provide 100
percent UV ray protection
-- Avoid sunlamps and tanning beds
Check your skin regularly for changes in
the size, shape, color or feel of birthmarks, moles and spots. Such changes are
a sign of skin cancer.
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Some recent scientific studies show the unexpectedly complex medical effects of using sun screen. Carcinogenic ingredients are just one reason to study these products carefully.
Sunscreen, SPF value ,definition of sunscreen, classification of sunscreen, mechanism of sunscreen, organic sunscreens, inorganic sunscreens, formulation of sunscreen, UV radiation, effects of UV radiation, spectrum UV radiation, analysis of final product, persistent pigment darkening(PPD)
The Analysis of SunscreenActive Ingredients and Parabens in Lotions and Lip B...PerkinElmer, Inc.
Individuals typically use 5-20 cosmetics per day, many of which contain sunscreen to prevent skin damage from the sun’s radiation, and antimicrobial preservatives called parabens. Although sunscreen-active ingredients are designed to block UV radiation, some cell damage may be caused when these ingredients are illuminated by sunlight after absorption into the skin. For example, oxybenzone, an ingredient considered safe by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), is believed to contribute to the recent rise in melanoma cases by increasing the production of DNA-attacking free radicals upon UV exposure. Additionally, studies have shown oxybenzone to behave similarly to the hormone estrogen, suggesting that it may also contribute to the development of breast cancer. Parabens are absorbed through the skin via cosmetic applications and can be found in nearly all adult urine samples, with the highest concentrations observed in adult females and adolescents. Furthermore, parabens are thought to have estrogenic activity, which affects the expression of genes regulated by the natural form of estrogen, leading to early puberty in girls and an increased risk for the development of breast cancer.
Science builds on itself, and the enormous scientific progress of the last several centuries has been due largely to the trust that scientists place in one another and the trust the public places in scientists. I explore the responsibility that researchers have toward one another and to the world at large.
The need to improve solar simulators and defining standards.François Christiaens
Standards should require solar simulators to be more like sunlight.
It is possible to re-filter solar simulators to be more like sunlight.
Reasonable solar spectra should pass these standards.
Variation of sunscreen efficacy using solar spectrum and solar simulators.François Christiaens
Sunscreen SPF can vary with the UV source spectrum: SPF tends to increase when more short UVB and/or less long UVA radiation is present in the source spectrum. Higher UVA protection in sunscreen products leads to lower SPF variation due to the source spectrum. With increasing labelled SPF values, there is a need for more realistic simulated UV spectra and tightened compliance limits.
La cosmétique est un métier situé à l’interface de la biologie, la physico-chimie et l’art de la beauté. Au coeur de la cosmétique, il y a l’apparence : il faut la transformer, la modifier, la protéger, la préserver, l’améliorer… Or l’apparence est jugée visuellement. L’oeil critique apprécie la couleur d’un visage, sa carnation, l’éclat du teint, le relief cutané, la brillance d’une chevelure… L’optique a donc une place naturellement objective dans la cosmétique.
L’optique est associée étroitement à la chimie et à la physique pour la découverte et la caractérisation de molécules et de matériaux. Dans le domaine des Sciences du Vivant, l’optique se trouve dans les trois axes de la création d’un produit : la sécurité (innocuité), l’efficacité et la recherche.
Choosing a solar ultraviolet simulator with an appropriate spectrumFrançois Christiaens
The goal of solar ultraviolet (UV) simulation is to reproduce the natural solar UV spectrum. However, this spectrum changes continuously depending on parameters, such as latitude, season, time, cloudiness, etc. From spectra recorded worldwide throughout the year, a realistic ("standard") solar UV spectrum at Earth level was defined by the Deutsches Institut f|r Normung e.V. (DIN) to represent a "worst" case situation. Exposure of human skin to such a spectrum is likely to result in intense biological effects. Simulated solar UV spectra should match the standard spectrum as closely as possible. Here, we present a method to assess the match between a laboratory spectrum and the standard spectrum. Representative UV sources such as xenon arcs, metal halide lamps and fluorescent tubes, along with various filters, have been measured. Differences between the relative irradiance of UV candidate spectra and the standard are calculated for each wavelength. These differences are squared and summed. The lower the sum, the better the match of the source spectrum to the standard sun. This method may be used with or without biological weighting by an action spectrum. We have selected the erythema action spectrum to assess and rank candidate sources. Our analysis shows that filtered ultraviolet B fluorescent tubes are the worst way of simulating solar radiation, with and without weighting by the erythema action spectrum. UV spectra from solaria equipped with combinations of ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B fluorescent tubes are also far from satisfactory. In general, metal halide lamps rank slightly better than the fluorescent UVB tubes. The choice of UV filter plays a significant role in the compliance of candidate UV source. In conclusion, the suggested method allows the determination of the most appropriate UV source to simulate real solar exposure for any targeted biological damage.
Importancia del conocimiento de las lamparas solares para evaluar los protoco...François Christiaens
Las fuentes de rayos UV más adecuadas fueron los simuladores de xenón. Además, para guarantizar la exactitud de los datos regístrados, aconsejamos determinar las irradiancias espectrales con un espectroradiómetro apropriado.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Are There Any Natural Remedies To Treat Syphilis.pdf
EVALUATION OF DAILY PHOTOPROTECTION USING RECONSTRUCTED SKIN MODEL : Relevance of UVA absorption profile and SPF value
1. EVALUATION OF DAILY
PHOTOPROTECTION USING
RECONSTRUCTED SKIN MODEL :
Relevance of UVA absorption profile
and SPF value
F Lejeune, F Christiaens and F Bernerd
L’Oré al Research & Innovation, Clichy, Chevilly-Larue, France
2. ABSTRACT
One of the major long term consequences of chronic non extreme sun exposures is the development
of photoaging. The recent definition of a standard daily ultraviolet radiation (DUVR) spectrum has
allowed us to reproduce non-zenithal sun exposure conditions.
Exposure to simulated DUVR induces biological damage in human skin, suggesting the need for an
appropriate daily photoprotection. The reconstructed human skin in vitro, including a living dermal
equivalent and a fully differentiated epidermis represents a predictive tool to study the effects of UV.
In the present study, sunscreen products were evaluated after topical application on human
reconstructed skin in vitro. Two commercial sunscreens (A and B) having similar SPF value (~15) but
different profile of transmission over the UVA range were tested on skin models exposed to increasing
doses of DUVR. Another pair of sunscreens was also tested. Product C had a SPF ~18 with a well-
balanced UVB-UVA absorption profile and product D, with SPF ~27 and low UVA absorption.
Biological parameters were assessed by (i) histology, (ii) immunostaining of dermal fibroblasts and (iii)
MMP-1 production.
Products A and C gave a better protection from DUVR with regard to fibroblast alterations and MMP-1
release compared to products B and D respectively. These results support that a well balanced profile
of absorption and the level of UVA protection is of higher relevance than the SPF value to ensure an
efficient daily photoprotection from DUVR with regard to end points evaluated in this study, especially
the photoaging related biological markers.
3. INTRODUCTION
One of the major long term consequences of chronic sun exposure is the development of photoaging clinical signs
including wrinkles and sagging. These deleterious events mostly result from alterations of extracellular matrix and
fibroblasts in the dermal compartment. It is now well recognized that UVA wavelengths play a major role in
photoaging process indicating a predominant involvement of sub-erythemal sun exposures. It is therefore of
importance to design the most efficient photoprotection for all kinds of solar exposure.
The reconstructed human skin in vitro which includes a living dermal equivalent and a fully differentiated epidermis
represents a highly reliable predictive model to characterize wavelength and cell type specific biological damage
together with tissue distribution. Using this 3D skin model, we previously showed that while UVB directly affected
epidermis with sunburn related biological damage (1), UVA radiation directly impacted the dermal compartment
through fibroblast impairment and extracellular matrix modifications, including MMP-1 production (2).
Based on the identification of these biological end-points, evaluation of sunscreen efficiency could be assessed.
Test products can be topically applied to the skin model alike in vivo due to the presence of horny layers (3).
OBJECTIVE
Here we studied the efficiency of two pairs of sunscreen products (A/B, and C/D) having different
characteristics.
o The pair A/B was composed of two commercial sunscreen products. They have the
same labeled SPF of 15 but different UVA absorption profile.
o The pair C/D was composed as follow: Suncreen C had a SPF of 15 and a UVA-PF of
10 as measured by the PPD method. Suncreen D had a SPF of 30 and a UVA-PF of 4.
Test product was applied to the surface of reconstructed skin which was then exposed to increasing doses
of daily UV radiation (DUVR).
4. MATERIAL AND METHODS
1 Cells : Human fibroblasts and keratinocytes were obtained from normal human breast skin
2 Reconstructed human skin in vitro
Dermal equivalents were prepared with 106 dermal fibroblasts and bovine type I collagen.
Epidermal keratinocytes were seeded at 33000/cm². The culture was performed during 7 days in submerged
conditions, then raised on a grid at the air liquid interface for subsequent 7 days of culture. Culture medium
was changed every 2 days.
KERATINOCYTES
3 days
7days 7d
Collagen, Fibroblasts Dermal equivalent Seeding of Normal human skin
« Monolayered Epidermis » Air-liquid interface
Medium Keratinocytes Epidermal differentiation
Human skin in vitro
0,5
SSR
0,4 Daily UV (DUVR)
Experimental source for Daily UV (ref 4)
0,3
3 UV source 0,2
SSR (Solar Simulated Radiation)
( UVA/UVB = 12 ) Erythemal exposure
DUVR (Daily UV) UVA/UVB = 27. Non erythemal
0,1
exposure
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
Wavelength (nm)
5. MATERIAL AND METHODS
4 Sunscreen products and treatment :
Products C and D were prepared in the same vehicle (oil in water emulsion).
Sunscreen products or vehicle were applied topically at ~ 2mg/cm² 10 minutes prior UV exposure. Samples
were then rinsed and analyzed 48 hours after UV exposure for classical histology. Culture medium were
collected and MMP1 protein level was assessed using ELISA (Amersham).
Product A Product B Product A
0.5
Product B
Avobenzone : 2% Octinoxate : 6% 0.4
Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid : 2% Zinc Oxide : 3%
Absorbance
(Mexoryl SX ™) 0.3
(AU)
Octrocrylene 10 % 0.2
Drometrizole Trisiloxane 1%
0.1
0
300 320 340 360 380
Wavelength (nm) 400
1
Product C Product D Product C
0,8
Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane: 3% Octocrylene : 2,5% Product D
Absorbance
Terephthalylidene Dicamphor Sulfonic Acid : 3% Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate 0,6
Octrocrylene 5% : 7,5%
Drometrizole Trisiloxane 1% Ethylhexyl Salicylate: 2,5% 0,4
Zinc Oxide : 6%
0,2
SPF 18 ± 2 27 ± 2
0
290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
UVA PF (PPD) 10 ± 2 4±1
Wavelength (nm)
6. RESULTS
1 Effects of DUVR exposure
Histology Control 12 J/cm² DUVR 30 J/cm² DUVR
A B C
Vimentin
D E F
Visualization of DUVR induced damage in human reconstructed skin
Histological section and vimentin immunostaining allowed to revealed that DUVR exposure induced
the disappearance of dermal fibroblasts and alterations of epidermal granular layers at 48 h.
7. RESULTS
2 Evaluation of products A and B
Histology of reconstructed skins treated Vimentin staining of reconstructed
with sunscreen products A and B skins treated with sunscreen
products A and B
48 hours post exposure to DUVR, topical application of sunscreen product A could prevent morphological
alterations induced by exposure to increasing doses of DUVR, i.e. disappearance of dermal fibroblasts and
modifications of epidermal granular layers, while this protection was not afforded by sunscreen product B.
8. RESULTS
3 Evaluation of products A and B
50
40
MMP1 ng/ml
30
20
10
0
0J/cm² 12J/cm² 0J/cm² 30J/cm² 50J/cm² 0J/cm² 30J/cm² 50J/cm²
No product Sunscreen A Sunscreen B
MMP1 production
9. RESULTS
4 Evaluation of products C and D
Histology of reconstructed skins treated with sunscreen
products C and D
48 hours post exposure to DUVR, topical application of sunscreen product C could prevent morphological
alterations induced by exposure to increasing doses of DUVR, i.e. disappearance of dermal fibroblasts and
modifications of epidermal granular layers, while this protection was not afforded by sunscreen product D.
10. RESULTS
5 Evaluation of products C and D
MMP1 ng/ml
MMP1 ng/ml
40 40
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0
0
0J/cm² 30J/cm² 0J/cm² 30J/cm² 0J/cm² 30J/cm² 0J/cm² 30J/cm²
Vehicle Product C Vehicle Product D
MMP1 production
11. CONCLUSIONS
Our results showed that product A afforded a better protection against biological damage
mostly located within the dermal equivalent and previously identified after UVA exposure
compared to product B.
These results indicate that the SPF value is not sufficient for evaluation of
daily UV protection and emphasize the need for a high UVA absorption with
regard to the prevention of photoaging-related biological end-points.
Our results showed that product C afforded a better protection against biological
damage mostly located within the dermal equivalent compared to product D.
These results indicate that absorption profile (well balanced UVB/UVA level
of protection) is of higher relevance than SPF value for daily UV
photoprotection as regards the prevention of UV-induced photodamage.
REFERENCE LIST
1- Bernerd F. and Asselineau D. Successive alteration and recovery of epidermal differentiation and morphogenesis after specific UVB
damages in skin reconstructed in vitro. Dev. Biol., 1997, 183:123-138
2- Bernerd F. and Asselineau D. UVA exposure of human skin reconstructed in vitro induces apoptosis of dermal fibroblasts: subsequent
connective tissue repair and implications in photoaging. Cell Death Diff., 1998, 5:792-802
3- Bernerd F, Vioux C, Lejeune F. and Asselineau D. The sun protection factor (SPF) inadequately defines broad spectrum
photoprotection : demonstration using skin reconstructed in vitro exposed to UVA, UVB or UV-solar simulated radiation. Eur. J.
Dermatol. 2003, 13: 242-249
4- Christiaens F, Chardon A, Fourtanier A, Frederick JE. Standard ultraviolet daylight for non-extreme exposure conditions. Photochem
Photobiol. 2005, 81(4):874-8.