The document summarizes the calculation of: 1) The volume of sand contained within a cylinder and cone of given dimensions is 6.78 cubic meters. 2) The weight of the sand is calculated to be 1.20 × 105 Newtons based on the volume and density. 3) An equation for stress as a function of radius is derived, with stress proportional to 13r + 40000 pascals. 4) The force on the cylinder is integrated and calculated to be 1.04 × 105 Newtons. 5) The fractional reduction in calculated force compared to measured weight is 13%.

1. 42. (a) The volume occupied by the sand within r ≤ 1 rm is that of a cylinder of height h plus a cone atop
2
that of height h. To find h, we consider
h 1.82 m
tan θ = 1 =⇒ h = tan 33◦ = 0.59 m .
2 rm
2
Therefore, since h = H − h, the volume V contained within that radius is
rm 2 π rm 2 rm 2 2
π (H − h) + h=π H− h
2 3 2 2 3
which yields V = 6.78 m3 .
(b) Since weight W is mg, and mass m is ρV , we have
W = ρV g = 1800 kg/m3 6.78 m3 9.8 m/s2 = 1.20 × 105 N .
(c) Since the slope is (σm − σo )/rm and the y-intercept is σo we have
σm − σo
σ= r + σo for r ≤ rm
rm
or (with numerical values, SI units assumed) σ ≈ 13r + 40000.
(d) The length of the circle is 2πr and it’s “thickness” is dr, so the infinitesimal area of the ring is
dA = 2πr dr.
(e) The force results from the product of stress and area (if both are well-defined). Thus, with SI units
understood,
σm − σo
dF = σ dA = r + σo (2πr dr) ≈ 83r2 dr + 2.5 × 105 rdr .
rm
(f) We integrate our expression (using the precise numerical values) for dF and find
rm /2 3 2
82.855 rm 251327 rm
F = 82.855r2 + 251327r dr = +
0 3 2 2 2
which yields F = 104083 ≈ 1.04 × 105 N for rm = 1.82 m.
(g) The fractional reduction is
F −W F 104083
= −1= − 1 = −0.13 .
W W 1.20 × 105