Urban water supply have been one of the major challenges facing residents of Jalingo Metropolis over the years. Taraba State Government in partnership with the African Development Bank (AfDB) has recently embarked on massive investment in urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The project is aimed at providing water to the citizenry and galvanizing commercial activities in the State. This study examines the various water resource potentials available to the town and the prospect of harnessing these resources and the challenges associated with each of the options. The study relied substantially on existing data sources, fieldwork and discussion with experts and consultants working on the projects. The collected data and information were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study shows that the existing Jalingo Water Supply System relied on open well field consisting of 14 boreholes out of which 4 boreholes are currently operational and 10 are non operational. The findings shows that the water supply to Jalingo town does not have any form of treatment and no provision is made at the moment to disinfect the borehole water which is distributed to the public at the moment. Storm water runoff from Jalingo township discharges into the borehole field (Jalingo Master Plan, 2000) thereby constituting potential hazard as aquifers are susceptible to contamination particularly during the rainy season. At the moment only 30% of the Jalingo town’s water requirements are met. The findings of the study shows that the water resource options in Jalingo Metropolis include the abstraction of ground water through drilling of boreholes, construction of infiltration gallery and construction of dam across River Lamurde. Although, urban water supply prospect in the town is high, none of the options can generate sufficient amount of water supply to the town in the nearest future. This study therefore recommends the need to consider the development of all these water resource options in the study area to complement each other.
Challenges of Water Supply and its Effect on Economic Production: A Case Stud...Premier Publishers
In recent years, Ussa has faced various challenges in water supply which has been a major concern to law makers and the government of Taraba state. This study therefore is aimed at examining the various problems and prospect of water supply in Ussa Local Government. The specific objectives were to identify the existing sources of water supply in Ussa Local Government of Taraba state, to examine the problems and prospect associated with each source in the study area, and to proffer alternative measure to appropriate quarters. Data were collected from 150 respondent of the study area. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage statistics. The results revealed that 87.1% of the respondents agreed that there is water shortage in the area which as a result has led to increase charges by the suppliers, 51.3% said the water was good. More than 60% of the respondent claimed that the population of the study area usually consumes the water directly without any method of purification, and that the water is mostly used for domestic purposes. The study also reveals that 68.1% problem of water supply problem is seasonality and distance to source. Finally, the research shows that there are 28 boreholes existing in the study area while only 15 of the boreholes are functioning at the time when the research was conducted. The study recommends government at all levels to increase investment in providing water to the residents of the study area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In post-conflict community rebuilding, the significance of reintegration exercise
for returning displaced persons and the manner of programs put in place will
determine whether they will be sustainable reintegrated or otherwise. However, there
is little empirical documentation regarding critical questions such as: Can restoration
of vandalized sources of water supply in their communities of origin guarantee
sustainable reintegration as they return home? How can regular water supply aid
their occupation to blossom so that earning a living is not difficult? What significant
relationships exist between the background characteristics of returning migrants and
water supply as an integral part of social reintegration strategy? Using a case study
of the returning displaced persons in North-East Nigeria, this paper addresses these
questions.
Impact of communities' livelihood resulting from ls2 dam resettlement projectNarith Por
Abstract: The demand of energy in Cambodia increased. There are potential natural resources in Mekong River for hydropower dam development that can generate energy to support Cambodia country. Lower Sesan San II project has been constructed and the people of the five villages have been relocated and have planned to be relocated to new sites. This was reason of the research was proposed with topic of “Impact of Communities' Livelihood Resulting from Lower Sesan 2 Hydropower Dam's Resettlement Project” with two objectives: (1) to compare the change of livelihood conditions between pre-resettlement and post-resettlement communities when considering the interrelations of water, food and energy and (2) to determine whether the community is satisfied with the relocation. The research was conducted in Sre Sranuk village with random sampling of 58 people for interview and 10 people for group discussion. The quantitative and qualitative data were used in the research. Table, diagram and t-tests tools were used in data analysis. Research findings were that the livelihood of relocated people changed in comparison of pre-resettlement and post-resettlement due to differences of community resources. The satisfaction of relocated people on community resources, incomes and expenses in pre-resettlement and post-resettlement was based on community resource types, sources of incomes and expenses. The recommendation include support more rice, skill, forest areas for CF establishment, location of budget for CF establishment, spiral areas, inclusion of local people in conflict resolution, well repairing, guarantee of houses for relocated people.
Challenges of Water Supply and its Effect on Economic Production: A Case Stud...Premier Publishers
In recent years, Ussa has faced various challenges in water supply which has been a major concern to law makers and the government of Taraba state. This study therefore is aimed at examining the various problems and prospect of water supply in Ussa Local Government. The specific objectives were to identify the existing sources of water supply in Ussa Local Government of Taraba state, to examine the problems and prospect associated with each source in the study area, and to proffer alternative measure to appropriate quarters. Data were collected from 150 respondent of the study area. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage statistics. The results revealed that 87.1% of the respondents agreed that there is water shortage in the area which as a result has led to increase charges by the suppliers, 51.3% said the water was good. More than 60% of the respondent claimed that the population of the study area usually consumes the water directly without any method of purification, and that the water is mostly used for domestic purposes. The study also reveals that 68.1% problem of water supply problem is seasonality and distance to source. Finally, the research shows that there are 28 boreholes existing in the study area while only 15 of the boreholes are functioning at the time when the research was conducted. The study recommends government at all levels to increase investment in providing water to the residents of the study area.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In post-conflict community rebuilding, the significance of reintegration exercise
for returning displaced persons and the manner of programs put in place will
determine whether they will be sustainable reintegrated or otherwise. However, there
is little empirical documentation regarding critical questions such as: Can restoration
of vandalized sources of water supply in their communities of origin guarantee
sustainable reintegration as they return home? How can regular water supply aid
their occupation to blossom so that earning a living is not difficult? What significant
relationships exist between the background characteristics of returning migrants and
water supply as an integral part of social reintegration strategy? Using a case study
of the returning displaced persons in North-East Nigeria, this paper addresses these
questions.
Impact of communities' livelihood resulting from ls2 dam resettlement projectNarith Por
Abstract: The demand of energy in Cambodia increased. There are potential natural resources in Mekong River for hydropower dam development that can generate energy to support Cambodia country. Lower Sesan San II project has been constructed and the people of the five villages have been relocated and have planned to be relocated to new sites. This was reason of the research was proposed with topic of “Impact of Communities' Livelihood Resulting from Lower Sesan 2 Hydropower Dam's Resettlement Project” with two objectives: (1) to compare the change of livelihood conditions between pre-resettlement and post-resettlement communities when considering the interrelations of water, food and energy and (2) to determine whether the community is satisfied with the relocation. The research was conducted in Sre Sranuk village with random sampling of 58 people for interview and 10 people for group discussion. The quantitative and qualitative data were used in the research. Table, diagram and t-tests tools were used in data analysis. Research findings were that the livelihood of relocated people changed in comparison of pre-resettlement and post-resettlement due to differences of community resources. The satisfaction of relocated people on community resources, incomes and expenses in pre-resettlement and post-resettlement was based on community resource types, sources of incomes and expenses. The recommendation include support more rice, skill, forest areas for CF establishment, location of budget for CF establishment, spiral areas, inclusion of local people in conflict resolution, well repairing, guarantee of houses for relocated people.
Information system of Limboto Lake potential managementTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Limboto Lake is one of the lakes in Gorontalo Province; its water supply is generated from
23 small and large rivers. The lake holds potential in several sectors, e.g., tourism, fisheries,
socio-economy and culture. However, such an advantage has no quality information system as it is found
that there are no particular services that manage the information regarding Limboto Lake accurately.
The objective of this research is to create an information system for the management of the potential area
of the lake to provide quality services to access the information accurately and completely. The provided
information is also updated timely. This research employed the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
method in the development of the information system. Furthermore, the data were collected from interview,
observation, and reviewing literature and document. This system is tested using white box and black box
where it generated the expected outcome and is web-based. The output of this research is a system that
eases the society to access the information regarding the management of the potential area
in Limboto Lake.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Urbanisation started in the early days along the river valleys where civilisation was first experienced. The rate of urbanisation at this time was slow; however, the rate of urbanisation in developing countries is so fast at the moment where it generates many problems like pollution, inadequate housing and clean water, flooding, high rate of waste disposal and insecurity. Many towns do not have plans and policies to govern the establishment of the infrastructures. Planning ensures proper establishment of infrastructures and thus adequate provision of social amenities. One of the major problems in Rongo Town is inadequate housing which is caused by high rate of population growth. Similarly, the provision of other social amenities like education, health and electricity has been stressed as the local authorities and central governments lack the capacity to cope up with the population increase. There is great need to expand the capacity of these facilities in Rongo Town. The need to put in place policies that govern waste management and environmental conservation cannot be downplayed. The government and the local authorities should establish town boundaries to check the movement of towns into the neighbourhood and hence protect the resources in the neighbourhood for economic growth. In a nutshell, everybody including government, local authorities, engineers, planners, town and local residents should be involved in planning and policy formulation so as to improve the living standards of the residents of Rongo Town.
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in...Premier Publishers
Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.
Defining Vernacular Architecture through Traditional Water Structures- Case S...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Water and architecture remain largly intertwined integrated and inter-connected. If Water is known as elixir of life, holding key to human living and ensuring quality of life on this planet, water is said to have added value to cities ,architecture and built environment. More than one billion people globally are facing water crisis. Situation remains alarming in the rain deficient areas. Inadequacy in meeting water demand and water resource management have emerged the as greatest ecological, economic, and social challenges of 21st century. Limited availability of potable water on this planet and its rampant misuse calls for evolving appropriate strategies to manage water resource becomes critical. Architecture has been used extensively in India in general and water stressed states of Rajasthan , Gujrat, Maharashtra etc. in particular, to preserve, protect and conserve water for human and animal consumption in both rural and urban areas. Traditional water management structures created in the water deficient areas are known to have contributed extensively to the growth of new vocabulary of architecture besides promoting effective conservation. Over the years these architectural marvels have been misused, abused and neglected by the communities which needs to be leveraged to ensure availability of adequate quantity of quality water for meeting the basic needs of the human beings/ communities/ settlements. Study and evaluation of the water management structures created in the water deficient city of Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) has revealed the different typologies of structures used in the city to conserve effectively and efficiently water through the involvement of communities. Perpetual neglect and misuse of these water structures, led by urbanization and alternate source of municipal water supply has marginalized these important water resources, which needs to be revived, rehabilitated and put to use to make cities self-reliant in water, based on the earlier wisdom.
Urban sprawl as a barrier to smart growthChandel Singh
About the understanding the basics of urban sprawl, their characteristic, causes, and their results on the growth of city with a example of Bangalore urban sprawl and few solutions also been given
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
Availability and trends of water supply Network in sub-Sahara BotswanaIJCMESJOURNAL
Water is an essential requirement for individuals and is one of the major keys of any financial improvement of the world social orders and a manageable utilization of this asset is of most extreme significance. Water shortage can have extraordinary effects with respect to the economy, advancement and national security of a nation and it is imperative to get a handle on the reason for the issue keeping in mind the end goal to explain it in the most productive way. By breaking down information time arrangement for temperature, precipitation and utilization and additionally playing out a spatial investigation over the catchment range it was conceivable to distinguish the progressions that have happened in the catchment territory, the atmosphere and the household utilization throughout the most recent decade. Poor information determination and an absence of factual noteworthiness imply that no solid conclusions can be drawn. The paper depends on various reports to demonstrate the accessibility patterns of water in the nation on the premise of interest and supply design.
Information system of Limboto Lake potential managementTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Limboto Lake is one of the lakes in Gorontalo Province; its water supply is generated from
23 small and large rivers. The lake holds potential in several sectors, e.g., tourism, fisheries,
socio-economy and culture. However, such an advantage has no quality information system as it is found
that there are no particular services that manage the information regarding Limboto Lake accurately.
The objective of this research is to create an information system for the management of the potential area
of the lake to provide quality services to access the information accurately and completely. The provided
information is also updated timely. This research employed the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
method in the development of the information system. Furthermore, the data were collected from interview,
observation, and reviewing literature and document. This system is tested using white box and black box
where it generated the expected outcome and is web-based. The output of this research is a system that
eases the society to access the information regarding the management of the potential area
in Limboto Lake.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Urbanisation started in the early days along the river valleys where civilisation was first experienced. The rate of urbanisation at this time was slow; however, the rate of urbanisation in developing countries is so fast at the moment where it generates many problems like pollution, inadequate housing and clean water, flooding, high rate of waste disposal and insecurity. Many towns do not have plans and policies to govern the establishment of the infrastructures. Planning ensures proper establishment of infrastructures and thus adequate provision of social amenities. One of the major problems in Rongo Town is inadequate housing which is caused by high rate of population growth. Similarly, the provision of other social amenities like education, health and electricity has been stressed as the local authorities and central governments lack the capacity to cope up with the population increase. There is great need to expand the capacity of these facilities in Rongo Town. The need to put in place policies that govern waste management and environmental conservation cannot be downplayed. The government and the local authorities should establish town boundaries to check the movement of towns into the neighbourhood and hence protect the resources in the neighbourhood for economic growth. In a nutshell, everybody including government, local authorities, engineers, planners, town and local residents should be involved in planning and policy formulation so as to improve the living standards of the residents of Rongo Town.
Assessment of Human Activities on River Kaduna and the Health Implications in...Premier Publishers
Sustainable utilization of rivers for domestic water needs in towns and cities requires continuous assessment of the effects of human activities on the quality of the rivers. The objectives of this study were to identify the sources of pollution in River Kaduna and to examine the implications of pollution in water quality of the river on human health. Data required for the study were land use types, Government documents and Hospital records. Data were obtained through field observation and administration of questionnaire. The study adopted the survey design while Purposive sampling technique was used in administration of questionnaire. Descriptive Statistics were shown in tables in unit of percentages. Likert scale data analysis was employed in measuring respondents’ perception on the effects of pollution in the water quality of River Kaduna. The major sources of pollution in River Kaduna are agricultural run-off, industrial effluents and discharges liquid wastes. Results showed that human activities have effects on the quality of River Kaduna. The results also showed that cases of water related diseases are high in the study area. The findings revealed that the variety and level of pollution in River Kaduna is related to the size of population and land use activities on the various parts of the Metropolis from where it receives run-off and pollutants. The research drew attention of the authorities on the urgent need to regulate human activities along the river and encourage low cost technology for the treatment of well water and polluted rivers in the metropolis. These actions will guarantee sustainable utilization of River Kaduna as a potable source of water supply.
Defining Vernacular Architecture through Traditional Water Structures- Case S...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Water and architecture remain largly intertwined integrated and inter-connected. If Water is known as elixir of life, holding key to human living and ensuring quality of life on this planet, water is said to have added value to cities ,architecture and built environment. More than one billion people globally are facing water crisis. Situation remains alarming in the rain deficient areas. Inadequacy in meeting water demand and water resource management have emerged the as greatest ecological, economic, and social challenges of 21st century. Limited availability of potable water on this planet and its rampant misuse calls for evolving appropriate strategies to manage water resource becomes critical. Architecture has been used extensively in India in general and water stressed states of Rajasthan , Gujrat, Maharashtra etc. in particular, to preserve, protect and conserve water for human and animal consumption in both rural and urban areas. Traditional water management structures created in the water deficient areas are known to have contributed extensively to the growth of new vocabulary of architecture besides promoting effective conservation. Over the years these architectural marvels have been misused, abused and neglected by the communities which needs to be leveraged to ensure availability of adequate quantity of quality water for meeting the basic needs of the human beings/ communities/ settlements. Study and evaluation of the water management structures created in the water deficient city of Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan) has revealed the different typologies of structures used in the city to conserve effectively and efficiently water through the involvement of communities. Perpetual neglect and misuse of these water structures, led by urbanization and alternate source of municipal water supply has marginalized these important water resources, which needs to be revived, rehabilitated and put to use to make cities self-reliant in water, based on the earlier wisdom.
Urban sprawl as a barrier to smart growthChandel Singh
About the understanding the basics of urban sprawl, their characteristic, causes, and their results on the growth of city with a example of Bangalore urban sprawl and few solutions also been given
Indigenous Customs Relating to Water Rights and Use Under Conditions of the S...AkashSharma618775
The aims of this study include gathering and documenting the indigenous traditional norms and
knowledge of Al-Ghyoul water resources shares and distributions in selected Yemeni Region. It also studies,
analyzes, identifies common and variable practices and problems under the conditions of different
communities/regions. It also attempts to formulate appropriate actions to remedy threatening obstacles. The field
data collection for the study covered selected governorates where such traditional irrigation systems prevail like
Taiz, Bib, Hadhramaut, Shabwah. It used a descriptive approach through literature review, like documents and
reports, field observations, survey questionnaire, individual interviews with key informant (KII), and discussion
meetings with specialists, local officials, local leaders, and farmers. The study identifies some prevailing norms and
mores that characterize traditional Al-Ghyoul irrigations systems including the rules of water shares distribution,
rehabilitation and maintenance as well as conflict resolution. However, it observed some slight variation from one
location to another. Some of the inherited local customs have been changing due to the introduction of modern
technologies and socio-political changes, draught and climatic change. This in turn has negatively affected the
common indigenous irrigation practices. The study concluded with some recommendations for future
consideration.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Flood Vulnerability Study in Parts of Oyo Township Using GIS and Remote Sensingpaperpublications3
Abstract: Flooding has been a major environmental disaster frequently occurring in the cities of Tropical African countries differing solutions because of human dimension difficulty to be modelled. The analysis of flood events, the resulting damage and its causes are basis for the development of risk prevention and mitigation measures. The aim of this research is to empirically investigate the vulnerability towards flood in parts of Oyo Township as one component of flood risk assessment with the integration of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing to investigate the contravention level of people in a rapidly urbanizing settlement of Oyo Township to building ethics and rules, which is a tool for rational decision making. It is therefore revealed that the methodology adopted produced and classified buildings in the study area according to their vulnerability levels to flood and the results are presented in maps. The generation of vulnerability maps representing the two different perspectives of local decision makers (experts) and affected households is discussed using the methodology.
Availability and trends of water supply Network in sub-Sahara BotswanaIJCMESJOURNAL
Water is an essential requirement for individuals and is one of the major keys of any financial improvement of the world social orders and a manageable utilization of this asset is of most extreme significance. Water shortage can have extraordinary effects with respect to the economy, advancement and national security of a nation and it is imperative to get a handle on the reason for the issue keeping in mind the end goal to explain it in the most productive way. By breaking down information time arrangement for temperature, precipitation and utilization and additionally playing out a spatial investigation over the catchment range it was conceivable to distinguish the progressions that have happened in the catchment territory, the atmosphere and the household utilization throughout the most recent decade. Poor information determination and an absence of factual noteworthiness imply that no solid conclusions can be drawn. The paper depends on various reports to demonstrate the accessibility patterns of water in the nation on the premise of interest and supply design.
Bridging the gap through participatory aquifer mappingv2biometrust
The greatest challenge of groundwater management is therefore the need to
embed management responses in the practices of this universe of dispersed actors. Yet our
understanding of Aquifers, the logical “unit” for groundwater management is very poor. While
administrative boundaries help us organize our governance on the surface, aquifers under our
feet don‟t necessarily follow any of these boundaries. How, then, do we evolve a way of
understanding our aquifers and enabling aquifer management responses based on this
understanding? This report details the process of participatory aquifer mapping in Yamalur watershed, in Bangalore.
Potential of Constructed Wetland In Jakarta, Indonesia to Reduce Seasonal Fl...Nadeem Kazmi
This paper examines the contribution that Constructed Wetlands can make to increase stromwater storage and
reduce the volume of runoff during rain events to the drainage system, streams and rivers in Depok, Indonesia.
A review of Constructed Wetlands (CW) projects are discussed and the examples are taken from Southeast
Asia and USA. Review of examples from Southeast Asia are discussed in details as they are closely related to
Indonesia’s geography and climate. Based on the reviews, the author analyzed the prospects of a CW in
Depok to reduce flooding especially during rain events.
A brief description of flood protection mechanisms in Jakarta Metro Area, Indonesia is discussed with focus
on the approaches to mitigation. This paper traced the causes of floods over the years and that how different
ecofriendly approaches such as CW can be implemented to mitigate/reduce flooding in the future.
Marketing water at the local household level involves significant trading in social
capital. A financially sustainable model of community water management that
builds on this neighbourhood social capital has been adopted in Angola. Water
selling is the largest sub-sector of Luanda’s extensive informal economy, involving
extractors, transporters and retailers. The majority of Angola’s peri-urban
population still rely on informal mechanisms for its water supply because the
State’s post-war reconstruction programmes to provide water to all remain
incomplete. Communities have used informal mechanisms to fill the gap. The
article is drawn from research using qualitative tools and tracking of the supplychain to analyze the scope of the informal water economy in Angola. The
community management model MoGeCA has been adopted by the government for
implementation across the country. The article is written from a practitioner point
of view based on more than a decade of experimentation in practice and support
from USAID in taking MoGeCA to the national scale.
Building Development Practice in Flood Prone Area: Case of Ogbaru Council Are...IJERA Editor
This study examined the practice of building development in flood prone areas and how it has contributed to the menace of flooding in Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State Nigeria. It was a survey research where questionnaires were distributed to heads of the selected households, in addition to physical observations on buildings within the selected households. Four towns out of sixteen towns that made up Ogbaru Council Area of Anambra State were purposefully selected. From these towns, 96 households each were randomly selected and a total of 384 questionnaires were administered to the head of each household or their representative, whereas 242 copies were completed, returned and found useful, thus, giving a response rate of 62.92%. The study found that siting of buildings on waterways, flood channels/plains, inadequate/lack of drains in the compounds, lack of planning restriction/developmental control, size of the building/area occupied by the building among others contribute greatly to the incessant flood menace in the study area. The study therefore deduced that some building practices such as those identified above have the ability of exacerbating the velocity and rate of flooding in the area which turned into natural disaster, and thus, recommended strict enforcement of building and urban development laws and control in the state to reduce indiscriminate erecting of building structures on waterways, including planlessness of our emerging urban centres.
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque Riv...YogeshIJTSRD
River provides essential various ecosystem goods and services that are essential for living organisms’ survival. As such, its quality must be maintained to ensure the healthy condition of the environment as well as the safety of the community. The study aimed to assess the biophysical characteristics and the anthropogenic activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar. It employed descriptive research combined with laboratory analysis and SPSS was employed to treat and analyze the data.The study revealed that the physico chemical characteristics of the water in San Roque River in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, and turbidity were within the DENR standards. However, the water of the river was highly contaminated with total coli forms and fecal coli forms. Likewise, the salinity was beyond from the standard that made the water of the river salty. T test revealed that the characteristics of water during high and low tides showed no significant differences. On the contrary. It has shown significant difference on water parameters in terms of temperature, pH, TSS, TDS, BOD, and DO between high tide and the standards. Likewise, pH, TSS, BOD, and DO have shown significant difference on low tide with the standards. It also revealed that there were anthropogenic activities and practices of the community living along the river that directly affect the water quality and condition of the river. Moreover, this also concludes that there were no significant relationships on the characteristics of the water and the anthropogenic activities. Lastly, the San Roque River was classified as Class D river at the time of the conduct of the study. This concludes that the river needed rehabilitation so that the potential uses of the river would be maximized which would redound to better benefits of the community. Elvin L. Jarito | Gerald T. Malabarbas "Biophysical Characteristics and the Anthropogenic Activities in San Roque River, Northern Samar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38775.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/38775/biophysical-characteristics-and-the-anthropogenic-activities-in-san-roque-river-northern-samar/elvin-l-jarito
Social Acceptance and Environmental Justice: Promoting Kashimbila Multipurpos...Premier Publishers
Dam project is said to be accompanied by many benefits for the affected communities but several dams face lots of challenges mostly during the constructions processes. To curtail these challenges, require people’s attention to be drawn to proposed projects. However, the rate of dam construction is in the increase. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess factors responsible for social acceptance of Kashimbila Multipurpose dam construction project by local communities in the study area. To this end, the study answered the following question: what factors contribute to social acceptability of the Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam? Mixed research method was adopted for the study and the instruments used for data collection are questionnaire, interview and observation. The respondents were drawn from communities within 2km, 4km and 6km from the dam. The estimated population of the area is 247, 657 and the sample size of the research is 269. The participants for interview were identified using a stratified sampling method while those whom questionnaire were administered on were identified using simple random sampling. The responses received suggests that public participation in decision/planning process of dam project, employment and location of dam can curtail dam construction challenges. These results indicated that public participation in decision/planning process of dam project, employment and location of dam does have influence in social acceptance of Kashimbila Multipurpose Dam project construction. On this basis it is recommended that project developers should always bear in mind the involvement of affected communities during decision and planning processes of the proposed projects.
Similar to Prospect of Urban Water Supply in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State Nigeria (20)
The study of spatial socio-economic development constitutes a significant field of analysis of innovation creation and diffusion. Understanding the spatial evolution of the different socio-economic systems in the age of globalization requires a synthesizing and integrated theoretical approach to how innovation is generated and replicated. This article aims to study three significant spatial socio-economic development theories –the growth poles, the clusters, and the business ecosystems. A literature review reveals that (a) the concept of growth poles concerns mostly the analysis of spatial polarization between specific territories and regions, (b) the clusters concept addresses the issue of developed inter-industrial competition and co-operation from a meso-level perspective, and (c) the analytical field of business ecosystems provides an evolutionary approach that can be valorized for all co-evolving spatial socio-economic organizations. In this context, an eclectically interventional mechanism to strengthen innovation is suggested. The Institutes of Local Development and Innovation (ILDI) policy is proposed for all firms and business ecosystems, of every size, level of spatial development, prior knowledge, specialization, and competitive ability. The ILDI is presented as an intermediate organization capable of diagnosing and enhancing the firm’s physiology in structural Stra.Tech.Man terms (strategy-technology-management synthesis).
The formulation and implementation of development plans serve as the benchmark for evaluating economic progress in different sectors of an economy. Since independence, successive administrations in Nigeria have paraded different economic development plans. At the continental level also, several development programmes have been articulated for driving development in the countries of Africa. Many times, supposed laudable economic programmes have failed to identify with the interest of citizens, largely due to poor communication of such programmes. This study investigated citizens’ participation in the implementation of Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020. Among others, the study asked the following questions: to what extent are Nigerian citizens aware goals of Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? What were the media used in popularising Nigeria’s Vision 20:2020 economic blueprint? The study was anchored on the Participatory Development theory. The survey research design was used to study a population of 84, 004, 084 from which a sample size of 384 respondents was drawn. The sample was based on Keyton’s sampling system. Findings of the study showed that many citizens of Nigeria do not understand the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also found out that many citizens of Nigeria cannot identify development projects executed in line with the goals of Vision 20:2020. Based on these findings, the study recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian government should partner with civil society organisations to popularise the goals of Vision 20:2020. It was also recommended that citizens of Nigeria should be encouraged to participate in the formulation and implementation of development programmes.
The central purpose of the study is to evaluate the programs, project planning and management in Ethiopian Red Cross society and its comparison with procedures of project planning and management system. The study found that Ethiopian Red Cross society has been working on a lot of community development projects in Ethiopia for several decades. Most projects were principally emphasized on disaster and risk reduction. Different organizations use diverse project procedures to achieve the anticipated objectives. This also true for the Ethiopian Red Cross society projects. The Ethiopian Red Cross society had integrated some unique style of project planning and management system in its project. Thus, there was no total departure in the whole system of project development phases. Every cycle of the project life spans are used beginning from the point of concept initiation to final implementation and closure phases.
Although Africa’s contribution to the world’s greenhouse gas emission is the smallest compared to other continents, yet they tend to be affected most by the variability in Climate. Malawi is not an exception to this climate change, as they are not just faced with rising temperatures and variable rainfall patterns, but with reoccurring droughts and severe flooding. Agriculture has been noted to contribute significantly to not only climate change but also has significant impacts on global warming through its greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, not all farming systems impact negatively on climate change. Conservation Agriculture is a farming system that encourages no or minimum soil disturbance, maintenance of a permanent soil cover, and diversification of crop species. These three interlinked principles combined with good agricultural practices promote biodiversity and normal biotic processes, both on and under the ground surface, thereby increasing the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of water, into a more resilient farming system which will help sustain and improve agricultural production. This review looks at Conservation Agriculture practices in the Machinga Agricultural Development Division of Malawi and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. This paper shows that Conservation Agriculture has played an active role in the adaptation and mitigation of climate change effect by reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions but suggested there is a need for the government to formulate a CA framework that is founded on the three interlinked principles and not just based on soil and water conservation principles which are currently being advocated and practised.
The study was conducted on issues affecting the academic achievement of female students in selected primary schools of Jimma Arjo woreda while its objective was to investigate the major factors that affect the academic achievements of female students in primary schools of four sampled primary schools/Arjo primary school, Andinnet, Arbi-gebeya and Wayu Warke primary schools. Female students academic achievements show an upgrading from time to time, but still the rise is delicate when contrast to males. The finding identified the five broad categories, Family related, school related, socio-economic related, cultural related were the major factors that affect the academic achievements of females’ education. The common issues household responsibilities, low awareness of parents towards females education, parents financial problems, parents education level, lack of school facilities, school distance, the nature of teacher student relationship, the study behavior female students implement, teaching method teachers use, early marriage, less avails of role models are the main reasons for squat academic achievements of female students on education. To alleviate these upward parents awareness to wards the benefit of educating females, motivating female students, providing financial supports for the poor female students, improving school facilities and protecting female from abduction and early marriage/from any harmful traditions were recommended.
The economic loss of timber caused by over stumps and defects is an essential issue in forest science but study regarding this is very limited in Nepal. Thus, this research was objectively conducted to assess the volume of timber loss and associated monetary loss caused by over stumps and defects in logs and reason behind this. Three community forests namely Deurali, Jay Durga and Raniphanta community forests were selected for this research. Total enumeration was done so 375 stumps and 224 defected logs were measured from15 March to 15 April, 2019. The height and diameter at the butt end were measured using simple tape and D-tape respectively. Additionally, the length and diameter of defects in log was recorded. Total thirty key informant interviews and three focus group discussions were organized to assess the major causes of over stumps and defects. The timber volume loss caused by over stumps was calculated using cylindrical volume formula and volume loss caused by defect was calculated using formula, i.e. gross volume - net volume. The price of wood was collected from community forest to calculate the monetary value of timber loss. The principal component analysis was applied to assess the major causes of over stumps and defect in log. The highest total volume loss was recorded around 15.217 m3 (28.49%) caused by over stumps and out of this, it was 53.41 m3 timber loss in Deurali community forest. The loss due to defects in tree was ranged from 128.57 to 284.21 m3 in the community forests. The monetary value of loss caused by over stump was US$ 6971.14 of Shorea robusta in Deurali community forest and it was US$ 8100.52 because of defect. The principal component analysis showed that use of saw and axe for felling the trees in the community forests was considered as highest factor of over stump and diseases and over mature trees were key factors of wood defect. The research will be useful for policy makers and scientific community to monitor the timber loss.
Background: The role of the pharmaceutical industry in a country such as Nigeria in the provision of safe, high quality and efficacious pharmaceutical products to meet the healthcare need of the populace, cannot be over-emphasized. This study was undertaken to critically look at the issues affecting Medicines’ Security in Nigeria. Methods: A self-completion questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to participants of an Industry event in September 2017. Data collected were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: A total number of 800 questionnaires were administered to the participants and 529 of the questionnaires were included for analysis. Male participants (58.6%) were more than female participants, all age groups were well represented and more than a third of the respondents had first degree as their minimum qualification. Majority of the respondents (91.3%) indicated that Ministry of Health and its agencies were key to protecting the pharmaceutical sector, while slightly less of that proportion (79.1%) indicated that they patronized Nigeria pharmaceutical products. Almost all the participants (91.7%) supported the need for the local pharmaceutical industry to have access to sustainable funding and other incentives. A similar proportion (89.6%) of the respondents indicated that the local pharmaceutical industry should be prioritized in policy making and implementation. A significant proportion of the study participants (82.3%) indicated that access to medicines in Nigeria is a security issue. Conclusion: To ensure Medicines’ Security and attain medicines self-sufficiency in Nigeria, radical policies must therefore be put in place, together with enabling good business and industrial environment by the government in order to protect, promote and grow the local pharmaceutical industry in Nigeria.
Agricultural Informatics is a valuable domain in the field of interdisciplinary sciences. This is responsible for the applications of Information Technology, Computing and similar technologies into the agricultural activities. This is the combination of Agricultural Science and Information Sciences. The field due to technological nature is much closed with the Agricultural Engineering or Agricultural Technology. There are many allied and similar nomenclature of the fields but all of these are primarily responsible for the same purpose. The field is rapidly increasing in recent past and most practiced in the developed nation. However, in developing countries as well Agricultural Informatics becomes an emerging field of practice and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics is growing both in pre and post agricultural activity. This branch is considered as branch of Information Sciences & Technology due to its technological applications in the field of agriculture and allied areas. Information Sciences are the broadest field within the allied branches and growing rapidly. Agricultural Informatics educational programs have started in recent past in different level and stream of education viz. science and technology. However within the broad periphery of Information Sciences it could be offered in other streams and under the wide variety of Information Sciences. This paper is broad and interdisciplinary in nature and deals with the aspects of the Information Sciences and Technology including features, nature, scope and also the potentialities in respect of Agricultural Informatics.
Agriculture has been the major source of livelihood in Nigeria, primarily because the environment is favorable for Agricultural practice. On the basis of climate, topography and vegetation the country is divided into five agricultural zones, namely Dry sub humid, Sub-humid, very humid and swamp/flood. Subsistence agriculture formed the major system of farming in the olden days which provide food crops for human consumption, while surplus are transported to the local markets for sale. Subsistence agriculture also forms the basis upon which all other system of farming are built. Hence, this paper examines the problems and prospects of subsistence agriculture in Ibarapa East local Government Area of Oyo State. Ten farming centres were used as samples in the area. Questionnaires were used to collect relevant data. Percentage and T-test distribution techniques were used to analyze the data. The findings show that there is low agricultural production in the study area as a result of problems such as shortage of fund, land tenure system, inadequate transportation system among others.
One of the most burning issues that have dominated the public sphere in Nigeria and other oil exporting countries is the covid-19 pandemic and its attendant challenges. This pandemic is a shock on real economic fundamentals and frictionless of the market. It introduces a barrier between the market forces with strong complementary feedbacks in the real economy. The absence of precise vaccine or medication for the virus has necessitated the adoption of several precautionary measures with the aim of containing its wide spread. Critical among which are the travel restrictions, lockdown measures as well as social and physical distancing. These measures have detrimental effect on the demand and price of oil in the international market. In view of that, this study evaluates the social and economic impact of covid-19 in Nigeria taking into cognisance the effect on certain critical macroeconomic indicators. The study adopted an analytical approach to supplement the much ongoing documentations on the subject matter. Result shows that virtually all essential macroeconomic indicators are grossly affected with tax, remittances and employment exhibiting severe consequences. Also, uncertainty, panics and lockdown measures are key to motivating higher decrease in world demand. The supply disruptions and huge death toll generates a heightened uncertainty and panic for household and business. This uncertainty and panic leads to drop in consumption and investment thereby causing a decrease in corporate cash flows and triggered firm’s bankruptcy. Also, lay-off and exiting firms produce higher unemployment while labour income decreased significantly. Since it entails a large amount of government expenditure especially in the health sector which is required to contain the spread of the virus, there is needs for government to diversify its revenue sources and thus drop over dependency on the oil remittance. Furthermore, there is a need to support the financial system to avoid the health crisis becoming a financial crisis in the long-run.
The outbreak and subsequent spread of COVID-19 to the West African sub-region have brought significant changes to the different aspects of our lives and grounded educational and socio-political and economic activities of ECOWAS member states. The pandemic has exposed the poor state of the health systems and shortage in medical supplies and protective gears to cope with the health emergency. In response, strict restrictions were put in place to curb the spread of the virus and these have drastically affected peoples’ lifestyles. However, there has been huge increase in the use of technology in business, education, religion and other activities as people adapt to the changing times in the sub-region. It is the argument of this paper that things cannot return to the way they were before the pandemic, but West African states must strategically plan for the Post COVID-19 era to survive the massive wave of unemployment, socio-economic meltdown and changes in lifestyle. The paper concluded that while the fight against the virus in the sub-region was not collective, post-pandemic recovery must be coordinated, strategically plannedamong member states. It was recommended that the governments should be flexible enough to retain the use of ICT and technology alongside the conventional ways of doing things in the post-pandemic era.
Undoubtedly, religion is one of the main factors that increasingly contribute to the shaping of international relations. As it was in the European middle ages, religion and geopolitics have always had ties of one sort or another. Imperialism and nationalist doctrines have found purpose and justification in religious differences and, religious zealotry was functioned to be both cause and consequence of the concentration of state power and the rivalries among existing competitors. The involvement of numerous religious groups and movements in the political scene led the situation to be extremely complicated. The purpose of this article is to see to what extent religion as a soft power has a role in forming international politics. Also, to discuss the role the superpowers and regional powers play in dealing with the question of religious issues. With an argument that these issues including religious conflicts are led by international and regional powers which function these groups in a proxy war to be part of their rivalry overpower, and to achieve their national interests through their foreign policies at the cost of considerable environmental degradation and a massive death toll of people.
This study examines and explicates the lexico-semantic parameters, which Joseph Edoki deploys to convey his themes in The Upward Path, his second novel. Edoki is a contemporary Nigerian novelist who is preoccupied with the socio-political problems in Africa with the hope of a brighter future. The novel is the story of Mr. Gaga, a Rhwandan American PhD student, on a fact finding mission in Savannah, an African country, for his Thesis entitled ‘’ Why Africa is Underdeveloped’’. For failing to portray Africa in line with the negative views about the continent in his proposal, Gaga’s supervisor recalls him back to America in anger. But in defense of his conviction and research findings about Africa, Gaga remains in Savannah to complete his Thesis. This study is of significance because as a linguistic study, it will serve as a springboard to future researches in the language of African literature. Moreover, the good governance, which Edoki presents in Savannah, the fictional country, in which the novel under study is set, is a blue print for the development of Africa.
The increasing involvement of women in the advancement of insurgency in Nigeria has become a thing of great worry. The question often asked is as to whether their involvement is induced or free-willed. The concept of consent is on different layers and one would imagine the extent of consent given before they become members of the sect or culprits. The different ways women have been used to perpetrate the activities of Boko Haram ranges from threats to abuse, Indoctrination to hypnotism and many others. Due to the subtle and unsuspecting nature of women, they form a good strategy for members of the sect. However, their involvement is not evidence against them as they face situations that almost deny them the opportunity to choose whether or not to subscribe to the forceful approach used by Boko Haram insurgents!.
The art of using language for public expression in order to persuade target audience to support development initiatives is a key reason for graphic communication. This requires communication actors particularly, the graphic encoder to know salient input and output variables of communication for effective mediation. However, the prevalence ignorance of these variables, often results in ineffective media production that is counter-productive to development. Therefore, this paper focused on production of practical rhetoric in graphic language for development programmes. The paper employed the critical-historical-analytic examination and content analysis methods. It introduced the reader to the need for practical rhetoric in visual communication. Furthermore, it highlighted the salient input and output variables that the graphic communication actor need be conversant with in order to produce visual rhetoric, using the McGuire’s Communication/persuasion Matrix. And it exemplified graphic media that result from application or neglect of the knowledge of the variables. The paper found that consideration of the variables afforded production of effective rhetoric in graphic language. The paper ended with the need for graphic encoders to internalize knowledge of the input and output variables and utilize it during the process of media production to generate visual rhetoric with desired effect.
The Niger delta of Nigeria has been besieged by a lot of crises, which have posed serious security risks to the region. This has adversely and seriously affected not only the region, but Nigeria in general. The processes of crude oil extraction in the Niger delta have resulted in ecological degradation and oil pollutions, thereby doing a lot of damages to the farmlands and fishing waters of the people, whose major occupations are farming and fishing. Petroleum, the main source of Nigeria’s revenue is obtained in the Niger delta. Yet, Deltans are confronted with a lot of problems; they are impoverished, exploited, neglected and marginalized despite the economic value of the region to the Nigerian economy. No serious or commensurate efforts are made by the government or the multinational oil companies operating in the region to compensate the people for the losses they suffer through oil pollutions. This has resulted in a lot of protests and violence, culminating in the social unrest in the region. To this effect, there have been reactions to the crises in diverse ways. Though such efforts have yielded little dividends, the crises have persisted. Niger delta deserves priority attention in terms of human and infrastructural developments. In the literary circle, some Nigerian literary artists have expressed concern over the issue with a view to creating awareness on the seriousness of the crises, and advancing suggestions that will proffer permanent solutions to the problems. This paper examines and expounds how Helon Habila deploys the mood system as a language tool in his novel, Oil on Water, to address the Niger Delta crises. He advances suggestions to put an end to the crises in order to restore peace, and enhance sustainable development in Nigeria.
The paper seeks to analyze the larger concept of multiculturalism and to further determine its role and importance in modern Georgia. The agenda of cultural diversity is often subject to criticism, accused for being responsible for endangering modern societies. Such statements will be critically analyzed within the context of the increasing far-right sentiments among Georgians, as reflected in a what can be described as a radical march which took place in Tbilisi on the 14th of July 2017, creating risks of further deteriorating of the situation in the country, given the general macro-economic instability of Georgia and undermining democracy. This paper concludes that it is very important to establish an innovative new model of Georgian citizenship, and one which will address all the accumulated misunderstandings now existing in society. It is expected that this will enable multiculturalism to be perceived more appropriately, i.e. as a unifying ideology rather than a dividing force.
The purpose of the research is to examine importance of Georgia’s current relations with its neighboring Russia and Azerbaijan and to estimate risks that deterioration of these relations can bring to Georgia’s economy. Of particular interest is to understand who stands behind the tensions happened in Georgia in the run-up to the tourist season of 2019 or at least to figure out possible motives behind the events. Interdependence of the states is analyzed through historical review of their relations and estimation of their current mutual interests. Considering risks and aspirations of the sides in the tensions, the motives behind are suggested. The data received depicts that none of these tensions were initiated by Georgia following its interests, on the contrary, its ruling party’s most visible achievement had been the ability to maintain positive and beneficial relations with both Russia and Azerbaijan. Thus, the Georgian government considered to be a victim in this case. The paper concludes that Georgian government is unable to react on provocations in a timely fashion due to absence of agreement in the ruling party and being quite fragile for outside forces that try to influence the country’s political processes. Unless Georgia manages to build more interdependent or less dependent relations with superpowers, it will be unable to avoid repetition of such manipulations.
This study explores a potential reposition of the triple helix model of university-industry-government relations in terms of micro-level analysis. In this direction, we evaluate the development of helix theory over time, by reviewing the relevant literature divided into three successive phases: the phase of theoretical foundation, the phase of conceptual expansion, and the phase of recent developments and systematic attempts of implementation. In this conceptual study, we estimate that a refocused triple helix model in terms of local development, by placing at the center of analysis the “living organization’s” dynamics in Stra.Tech.Man terms (synthesis of Strategy-Technology-Management), can be a possible direction of analytical enrichment.
Globalization and liberalization puts the emphasis on exports as a technique in which developing countries like the Kingdom of Eswatini should adopt to expand their markets beyond their domestic market. For the developing countries to be international competitive in the global markets they need to minimize their production cost particularly on the products that are being exported. The production of most of the exported commodities needs lot energy from oil; hence there has been tremendous increase of oil and its by-product worldwide. The current oil demand for most countries in the world is not met because of insufficient reserves for crude oil in most countries. The Kingdom of Eswatini does not have an oil reserves or oil-refining facilities hence they depends on imports from the neighbouring states in order to meet the consumption requirement. The oil price shocks in the global market normally have adversely effects on various macroeconomic variables such as exchange rate since the oil is traded in US dollars. Oil and exchange rate are considered to be essential factors for domestic economies for developing countries like the Kingdom of Eswatini. The purpose of the study is to investigate the causal relationship between Lilangeni-dollar exchange rate and crude oil price by using the Toda-Yamamota approach. The study used daily time series from January 01st, 2005 to April 30th, 2018 of nominal exchange rate of Lilangeni (Eswatini currency [SZL]) vis-à-vis United States dollar (USD) data as well as the global price of Brent crude oil data that was used as a proxy for the Global crude oil price. The results from the Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality test revealed that there is a unidirectional causality from the global oil price to the Eswatini’s nominal exchange rate (SZL/USD). Hence the study concluded that the global crude oil price influence the Eswatini’s nominal exchange rate. Therefore the study recommends that in the formulating of Eswatini’s exchange rate policy emphases should be on the global oil prices in order not to misalign the Eswatini’s currency.
More from International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies (20)
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
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Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
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Prospect of Urban Water Supply in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State Nigeria
1. International Journal of World Policy
and Development Studies
ISSN(e): 2415-2331, ISSN(p): 2415-5241
Vol. 2, No. 7, pp: 46-54, 2016
URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=11&info=aims
*Corresponding Author
46
Academic Research Publishing Group
Prospect of Urban Water Supply in Jalingo Metropolis,
Taraba State Nigeria
Oruonye E. D.* Department of Geography, Taraba State University, P.M.B. 1167, Jalingo, Taraba State,
Nigeria
Ahmed Y. M. Department of Geography, Taraba State University, P.M.B. 1167, Jalingo, Taraba State,
Nigeria
1. Introduction
Urban water supply have been one of the major challenges facing residents of Jalingo Metropolis over the years.
The town has witnessed unprecedented population increase in recent times owing to a number of factors. The town
has enjoyed relative peace over these years. The relative peace has led to influx of people into the town. Thus, the
town has grown from a city of less than 20,000 people in 1963 (Oyedele, 2012) to 140,000 during the 2006 National
population census. The population today is estimated to be 180,000. This has placed heavy demand and pressure on
available social amenities, water inclusive.
The existing water supply system and distribution network in Jalingo town before now using groundwater
source was the initially installed capacity of 6,500m3
per day. It was later reduced to about 2,735 m3
per day owing
to ageing of facilities and lack of maintenance (Musa, 2002). The present water supply obviously can no longer cope
with the present water demand of about 22,466m3
per day. According to Musa (2002) about 8.2million m3
of water
is required per year to meet the present water demand, which is expected to increase to about 19.3million m3
per year
at the end of the next decade to cater for an estimated population of 225,393 people. Presently, survey shows that 20
litres of water sells at N20.00 (UDS 0.04 exchange rate as at October 2016) or more in most parts of Jalingo town.
The proportion of total water requirement obtained from private supply by business firms in town is between 60 to
70%. In the peripheral rural communities, the situation is pathetic as most of the supply is either from hand dug
wells, or from streams whose quality is doubtful. In most of these peripheral rural communities, many man-days are
wasted each year in looking for water and hauling it over long distance.
Taraba State Government in partnership with the African Development Bank (AfDB) has recently embarked on
massive investment in urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The project is aimed at providing water to the
Abstract: Urban water supply have been one of the major challenges facing residents of Jalingo Metropolis
over the years. Taraba State Government in partnership with the African Development Bank (AfDB) has
recently embarked on massive investment in urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The project is aimed at
providing water to the citizenry and galvanizing commercial activities in the State. This study examines the
various water resource potentials available to the town and the prospect of harnessing these resources and the
challenges associated with each of the options. The study relied substantially on existing data sources,
fieldwork and discussion with experts and consultants working on the projects. The collected data and
information were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study shows that the existing
Jalingo Water Supply System relied on open well field consisting of 14 boreholes out of which 4 boreholes are
currently operational and 10 are non operational. The findings shows that the water supply to Jalingo town
does not have any form of treatment and no provision is made at the moment to disinfect the borehole water
which is distributed to the public at the moment. Storm water runoff from Jalingo township discharges into the
borehole field (Jalingo Master Plan, 2000) thereby constituting potential hazard as aquifers are susceptible to
contamination particularly during the rainy season. At the moment only 30% of the Jalingo town’s water
requirements are met. The findings of the study shows that the water resource options in Jalingo Metropolis
include the abstraction of ground water through drilling of boreholes, construction of infiltration gallery and
construction of dam across River Lamurde. Although, urban water supply prospect in the town is high, none of
the options can generate sufficient amount of water supply to the town in the nearest future. This study
therefore recommends the need to consider the development of all these water resource options in the study
area to complement each other.
Keywords: Jalingo; Lamurde; Prospect; Taraba state; Urban water supply.
2. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
47
citizenry and galvanizing commercial activities in the State. The project would increase water supply in Jalingo by
about 1,200m3
per hour which is equivalent to 26 million litres per day. The State government and its partners are
targeting improvement of water from 4,900m3
to 28,000m3
per day which is expected to increase to 47,273m3
per
day by 2035. The present expansion in the transmission and distribution network is meant to cover every part of
Jalingo Metropolis and beyond. There is a capacity to extend the water supply services to the undeveloped parts of
the Metropolis.
This study examines the various water resource potentials available to the town and the prospect of harnessing
these resources and the challenges associated with each of the options. The study also appraises the urban water
supply situation in the town since the state creation in 1991 and presently as well as in the next two decades. This
will help the state government and its development partners in drawing effective policy framework that will enhance
maximum harnessing of the water resources in the area with little or minimal impact on the physical environment.
2. Description of Study Area
Jalingo LGA is roughly located between latitudes 8o47’ to 9o01’N and longitudes 11o
09’ to 11o
30’E. It is
bounded to the North by Lau Local Government Area, to the East by Yorro Local Government Area, to the South
and West by Ardo Kola Local Government Area. Jalingo town was founded in 1893, as a convenient and suitable
site for the relocation of the administrative capital of the Muri emirate. The town developed as a war camp
established eight miles south of Kona village (Oruonye, 2014). It was a military base for the operation of the Emir of
Muri. Hamman (2007) observed that since its establishment in 1895, Jalingo has continued to witness phenomenal
growth as a result of its being the seat of the new Muri Emirate government and a trading centre. Following the
creation of Taraba State in 1991, it was made the state capital. It has a total land area of about 195km2
. Jalingo LGA
has a population of 139,845 people according to the 2006 population census, with a projected growth rate of 3%
(Shawulu et al., 2008).
Jalingo town lies on gently sloping land that leads to the great Muri plains. The town lies between 305m to
610m above sea level. The ground level rises to a peak of about 914 meters above sea level in the south-east (Jalingo
Town Master Plan, 2000). The Lamurde River and its tributaries drain the town into the Benue River forming
watershed from this peak. There are a number of hills and rock outcrops as high as 323meters in the northern part of
the town. Some of these hills include the Jauro Shadi Hill, Jalingo Hill, Jauro Ashe Hill, Hosere Waligo and
Danbature Hills. The topographical characteristics of Jalingo are well suited for effective storm water drainage. The
southern part of the town slopes southward and drains into River Lamurde. The northern part of the town drains into
River Mayogwoi, the tributary to River Lamurde and are intersected by many other natural drainage water courses.
The Jalingo hill is an important feature in the town and influences the surface run-off and storm water discharge
carried by the drainage system within the areas around the hill (Jalingo Town Master Plan, 2000).
3. Materials and Methods
The study relied substantially on existing data sources, fieldwork and discussion with experts and consultants
working on the projects. Many documents were consulted which include textbooks, articles and maps, journals
(online and printed), internet, Newspapers, photograph and baseline reports, memos of Ministries, Departments and
agencies, consultants, individuals and organizations. Other literatures reviewed include the Project Appraisal
Document (PAD), the general environmental management conditions for construction contracts, engineering and
technical designs. These documents reviewed provide comprehensive, relevant and reliable picture of the urban
water supply sources, challenges and prospects in the study area. Officials of Taraba State Water Supply Agency
(TSWSA) and staff of the constructing firms were interviewed on the ongoing water project and water supply
situation in the town. This discussion with experts, consultants and officials of water supply agency provide us the
opportunity to confirm or explain information from literatures used in the study. The discussion also gives clue about
relevant information in cases where some information in the literatures used were lacking or missing. Fieldwork was
carried out to verify and compliment the information gathered from the reviewed documents and discussion with
stakeholder. The collected data and information were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
3. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
48
Fig-1. Map of the study area
4. Result of Findings
4.1. Existing Socio-economic Condition of Water Supply in Jalingo Metropolis
The existing Jalingo Water Supply System consists of open well field consisting of 14 boreholes of which 4
boreholes are currently operational and 10 are non operational. The water supply depends on electrical power from
PHCN but this is erratic in view of the poor power supply to the state in general and hence power supply for water
supply operations is mainly from diesel generating sets. The Waterworks is equipped with 3 Nos Rolls Royce model
450KVA generating sets but all are broken down (Jalingo Town Master Plan, 2000). The breakdown of the
generating sets limits the number of boreholes that can be powered simultaneously and hence the quantity of water
that is pumped to consumers. The scarcity and high cost of diesel used in powering the functioning generating set
also inhibits the production capacity of the Taraba State Water Supply Agency (TSWSA). There is also the imminent
danger of total collapse of the only functioning generating set. The water supply to Jalingo town does not have any
form of treatment and no provision is made at the moment to disinfect the borehole water which is distributed to the
public. Storm water runoff from Jalingo township discharges into the borehole field (Jalingo Town Master Plan,
4. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
49
2000). This constitutes potential hazard as aquifers are susceptible to contamination particularly during the rainy
season.
The ground water is pumped through a 4km long 450mm diameter ductile iron pipe to a 500m3
capacity
overhead tank located near the Bureau for Land and Survey. There is 500m3
capacity underground tank at the foot of
mount Jalingo which is presently not in use. The existing distribution system which ranges from 200mm to 75mm
A/C pipes is about 25.25km total. The existing water supply is faced with a lot of problems which include hydraulic
and hydrogeologic, power supply and electro mechanical.
The imbalance in the pumping rate of the borehole pumps and the recharge capacity causes burnt out of
borehole pumps until the outflow (pumping rate) equal or less than the inflow rate. This problem is as a result of
improper study of aquifer capacity and the consequent improper pump selection (Jalingo Town Master Plan, 2000).
The practice of random replacement of pumps that are burnt out with any available pump without consideration of
the appropriate head-flow characteristics is a major factor in contributing to such imbalance. The unsuitability of
pump type in comparison to the discharge and pressure head has also contributed to the non optimal performance of
the water system.
Considering the increasing population of Jalingo town it has become necessary to expand the distribution system
to cover additional areas such as Mayogwoi, Magami, NTA village, SabonGari, SabonLayi, Mile 6, Nukkai,
University, College of Agriculture, Mayo Dasa and Garin Mallum among others. Also the existing elevated tank
capacity is inadequate and would need to be increased. The above expansion will require laying transmission line
from the existing 450mm diameter ductile iron pipe to the ground tank at the foot of Jalingo Hill to improve the
distribution coverage. There is need to install an elevated tank on Jalingo Hills to serve the G.R.A. and its immediate
surroundings that are not served at the moment due to inadequate pressure (Jalingo Town Master Plan, 2000). At the
moment only 30% of the Jalingo town’s water requirements are met. There are about 20,000 registered water
vendors pushing water truck in Jalingo Metropolis who relied on water from private commercial boreholes, wells
and streams. Oftentimes, the water from the boreholes is inadequate to meet the demands, thereby forcing the water
vendors to resort to stream water.
4.2. Projected Water Demand in the area
The projected water demand estimates of the town are based on population growth and urban development
projections as well as on the water pressure and storage volume required to ensure routine operation of the
distribution network. The growth of the present resident population in Jalingo town and environs is affected by
economic growth as State capital, in addition to the natural growth rate. People are migrating into the area due to
crisis caused by Boko Haram insurgency in the North east region. The forecasts are based on assumed growth rates
which vary for each 5 year period. The population growth in the next 20 years is estimated and presented in Table 1.
Table-1. Population projection in the study area
YEAR PROJECTED POPULATION
2015 227, 406
2020 266, 841
2025 322, 268
2030 367, 411
2035 429,548
Source: TSWSA, 2016.
These population estimates is used for computing the potable water requirements for Jalingo and the benefits
derived from domestic water supply. In assessing the total water demand, it is necessary to establish a reasonable
water consumption rate in the light of future development. Water demand as used in this study includes personal
household use and public use in hotels, schools and offices as well as industrial and municipal uses. An assessment
of water consumption per capita in successive phases of development may be predicted for future planning as
indicated in Table 2.
Table-2. Present and Projected Water Consumption
S/No. Projected Phases Ltrs/capita/day
1 Present water use for drinking, cooking and washing 24,160
2 Water use in 2025 35,449
3 Water use in 2035 47,273
Sources: TSWSA, 2016.
A baseline survey by CATECH Consultants reveals that the existing boreholes in Jalingo at the time of the state
creation if pumped for 24hours each day and improved at 85 percent efficiency, could provide 93m3
per day
(assuming 20 percent system loss). This was projected by the team to maximum anticipated demand of 5,920m3
per
day by the year 2015 (including non-domestic consumption) (Jalingo Town Master Plan, 2000). The survey
concludes the urgent need to explore alternative sources to meet future water needs of the town.
5. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
50
4.3. Water Storage Facilities
Before now, the capacity of the existing urban water storage facilities was inadequate and could at best contain
less than 30% of the average daily demand in the town. To meet the urban water supply improvement drive of the
Taraba State Government, more water storage structures with large capacity are presently been constructed. These
water storage structures of 16,750m3
capacity amount to 35% of the average daily demand of 47,756m3
.
The new Jalingo urban water development project takes advantage of the hills around Jalingo town for the
location of water reservoir tanks. This greatly reduced the cost of erecting towers for the tanks.
4.4. Prospects of Urban Water Supply in Jalingo Metropolis
Urban water supply development in Jalingo Metropolis has been constrained over the years by the physical
environment among other factors. The town is located in an area underlain by basement complex. Basement complex
region are known for poor aquifer development which constrain ground water development. The town also lies in the
tropical continental climate area characterized by well-marked wet and dry season. This affects the water availability
in the River Lamurde that drains the area. With increasing population in the town, it becomes imperative to explore
the available water resource options in the area so as to meet the increasing water demand now and in the future. The
water source options available to the town are discussed below;
Option 1: Drilling of Boreholes
The adoption of this option will imply the dependence on water abstracted from boreholes at the existing
Magami well field, the Karofi and Specialist Hospital well fields. The water from these boreholes will be disinfected
with chlorine and lifted to reservoirs from where it is distributed to consumers. About 40 boreholes will be drilled
with water yield of 27,054m3
in the first phase and 32,465m3
in the second phase as shown in Table 3.
Table-3. Borehole well fields and well yields
Well Field
Locations
No. of Boreholes Well Yield in first phase (2025)
(m3
/day)
Well Yield in first phase
(2034) (m3
/day)
Magami 15 17,550 21,060
Specialist Hospital 17 6,480 7,776
Karofi 8 3,024 3,629
Total 40 27,054 32,465
Source: Adapted from Enviplan (2014)
This water supply project design based on 40 boreholes with total yield of 32,465m3
/day will only meet 68.8%
of the year 2034 water demand (Enviplan, 2014).
Given the increasing rate of population growth and water demand in the town, the above quantity cannot meet
the daily average water demand of the populace. An envisaged water project improvement design estimated the daily
future water demands of 28,538m3
day and 47,273m3
day for the years 2025 and 2035 respectively. This will require
increasing the number of boreholes from 40 to 54boreholes with corresponding increase in total yields to
40,317m3
day and 47,756m3
day for the years 2025 and 2034 respectively as shown in Table 4.
Table-4. Borehole well fields and well yields
Well Field
Locations
No. of Boreholes Well Yield in first phase
(2025) (m3
/day)
Well Yield in first phase
(2034) (m3
/day)
Magami 19 22,950 27,540
Specialist Hospital 23 9,072 10,885
Karofi 20 8,295 9,331
Total 62 40,317 47,756
Source: Adapted from Enviplan (2014)
Option 2: Construction of dam
The other source of primary water supply in the area is the damming of River Lamurde. This will involve
construction of dyke (dam) across River Lamurde and impoundment of surface water that will be pumped to the
treatment plant. This has been attempted in the past but it failed. The construction of the required infrastructure for
this source of primary water would be too expensive. The area of the reservoir that will be created by the
impoundment would result in displacement of settlements and human population which is not environmentally
friendly. The seasonality of rainfall and the river regime in the area constitute a serious constraint to the
sustainability of the project. The adoption of this option will result in inundation of large expanse of arable land,
destruction of ecological habitat, loss of biodiversity and disruption of the socio-economic life of the people in the
area.
6. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
51
Option 3: – Abstraction of Underground Water Through Infiltration Gallery
Jalingo town is drained by River Lamurde and its tributary, River Mayogwoi. River Lamurde has 4m depth of
sand deposit. So when it seems as if there is no water flowing on the surface of the riverbed, beneath the surface,
water flows and drains into River Benue. This alternative involves the construction of infiltration gallery along River
Lamurde (the river draining through the town), a barrier, raw water pumping station and raw water supply
transmission pipeline. The project will involve excavation of sand on the floor of the river valley, construction of
barrier and infiltration channel underground to abstract the water. The transmission pipeline will be reasonably
straight. The problem with this is that it will be crossing road. However, since the pipeline is underground, there will
be little disturbance to the environment. The urban water supply requirement will be met through abstraction of
underground water which has low impact on the hydrological cycle and the environment. This is the chosen
alternative which will sustain increased raw water supply to the urban water supply scheme in the area.
The implementation of this alternative will not entail displacement and off course resettlement of any
community along the upstream /downstream stretch of River Lamurde. Consequently, there will be no submergence
of any existing public infrastructures in the communities and its environs. This project option will financially cost
less than the dam option. However, it will result in minimal disruption of economic activities along the river bank
where the project is sited, but alternative sites can be provided for the displaced activities.
The Lamurde River provides the most cost effective and reliable water supply source for augmenting and
expanding the long-term raw water supply to Jalingo town. There is considerable scope for optimizing use of this
water. Several options will be developed as part of the project. These include rainwater harvesting, recycling of
wastewater, storage of wet season river flow, rehabilitation of catchments, groundwater monitoring and licensing,
artificial recharge of groundwater, reduction of water losses in irrigation and water supply, and pollution control.
Aside from the ongoing AfDB funded Jalingo Urban water supply and sanitation there is also the Taraba state
government funded Jalingo Primary water supply project being executed by SCC Nigeria limited whose major
components include the construction of the following;
i. Infiltration gallery
ii. Raw Water supply system
iii. Treated water supply system.
iv. 3km length of rising mains.
v. Additional distribution network
7. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
52
Fig-2. Map of Jalingo Town showing four Urban Water Supply Zones.
Source: Ibadin (2016)
8. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
53
Fig-3. Map of Jalingo Town Showing Distribution of Water Storage Structures
Source: Ibadin (2016)
vi. Additional 5000m3
reservoir tank on central Jalingo hill.
Table-5. Companies Handling Urban Water Project in the Study Area
S/No Name of Company Project been handled
1 CGC Nigeria Limited Construction of Transmission Mains
2 China Zhonghao Construction of Distribution Mains
3 APEXHIEGT Construction of Borehole Water Source
4 GASALAZ Fencing Works
5 New Imagination Construction of VIP latrines
Source: The Taraba State Water Supply Agency (TSWSA) 2016.
9. International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies, 2016, 2(7): 46-54
54
5. Conclusion
This study has examined the prospect of urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis. The study also examines all
the water resource options available to the town and the challenges associated with the development of each of these
options. The study finding show that the town depend on only 4 functional boreholes out of the 14 boreholes used
for urban water supply in the area. Thus, only 30% of the town’s water requirements are met at the moment. This is
further made worse by the lack of provision to disinfect the borehole water. The discharge of storm water into the
borehole field constitute potential hazard as aquifers are susceptible to contamination particularly during the rainy
season. The study argues that the town has good prospect of urban water supply in the nearest future. Based on the
findings, this study recommends the need to consider the development of all the water resource options in the study
area to complement each other and ensure sustainable urban water supply in the study area.
Reference
Enviplan (2014). 'A draft final report submitted to Taraba State Water Supply Agency', (Jalingo).
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the Emirate of Muri. Ahmadu Bello University Press Ltd: Nigeria.
Ibadin, A. (2016). Spatial distribution of urban water supply in Jalingo Metropolis Using GIS and Remote Sensing
Techniques. Unpublished B.Sc. Essay of the Department of Geography, Taraba State University Jalingo,
Nigeria.
Jalingo Town Master Plan (2000). Bureau for Land and Survey, Taraba State Nigeria. 1-2.
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