The document discusses several topics related to embedded systems and operating systems. It defines an embedded system as a computer system dedicated to performing specific tasks and embedded into larger machinery. It provides examples of embedded systems like a washing machine or thermostat. It also discusses the characteristics of embedded systems like dedicated functions, real-time operations, and multi-rate operations. The document then discusses operating systems and defines their key functions like memory management, processor management, and device management. It also describes different types of operating systems such as batch, time-sharing, distributed, and real-time operating systems.
a simple traffic lights controller and simulator implemented in VHDL
Complete project hosted at Github: https://github.com/abhishekjiitr/traffic-light-controller
Presentation On Embedded System,
Presentation on 8051 microcontrollers,
Presentation on INTEL 8051 Microcontroller,
Topic Covered
What is the embedded system
Components
characteristics
Application Areas
Application
Microcontroller
The 8051 Microcontroller
features of 8051
Embedded Software Development Tools
Challenges
Future Trends
Conclusion
Presentation is Simple and Accurate.
a simple traffic lights controller and simulator implemented in VHDL
Complete project hosted at Github: https://github.com/abhishekjiitr/traffic-light-controller
Presentation On Embedded System,
Presentation on 8051 microcontrollers,
Presentation on INTEL 8051 Microcontroller,
Topic Covered
What is the embedded system
Components
characteristics
Application Areas
Application
Microcontroller
The 8051 Microcontroller
features of 8051
Embedded Software Development Tools
Challenges
Future Trends
Conclusion
Presentation is Simple and Accurate.
An encoder in digital electronics is a one-hot to binary converter. That is if there are 2ⁿ input lines, and at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of this 'hot' line is produced on the n-bit output lines. A binary encoder is the dual of a binary decoder.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
z-Transform is for the analysis and synthesis of discrete-time control systems.The z transform in discrete-time systems play a similar role as the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems
Embedded systems and their applications in our daily routineAsad Qayyum Babar
Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have micro-controller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This presentation on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries and in automation systems. So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples.
Few of these Examples of Embedded Systems were discussed in this presentation, if you learn embedded systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let’s get started with these Examples of Embedded Systems.
Very long instruction word or VLIW refers to a processor architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism
This type of processor architecture is intended to allow higher performance without the inherent complexity of some other approaches.
An encoder in digital electronics is a one-hot to binary converter. That is if there are 2ⁿ input lines, and at most only one of them will ever be high, the binary code of this 'hot' line is produced on the n-bit output lines. A binary encoder is the dual of a binary decoder.
INTRODUCTION
We know that a microprocessor is the CPU of a computer. A microprocessor can perform some operation on a data and give the output. But to perform the operation we need an input to enter the data and an output to display the results of the operation. So we are using a keyboard and monitor as Input and output along with the processor. Microprocessors engineering involves a lot of other concepts and we also interface memory elements like ROM, EPROM to access the memory.
Types of Interfacing
There are two types of interfacing in context of the 8085 processor.
Memory Interfacing.
I/O Interfacing.
Memory Interfacing:
While executing an instruction, there is a necessity for the microprocessor to access memory frequently for reading various instruction codes and data stored in the memory. The interfacing circuit aids in accessing the memory.
Memory requires some signals to read from and write to registers. Similarly the microprocessor transmits some signals for reading or writing a data.
But what is the purpose of interfacing circuit here?
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
The interfacing process involves matching the memory requirements with the microprocessor signals. The interfacing circuit therefore should be designed in such a way that it matches the memory signal requirements with the signals of the microprocessor. For example for carrying out a READ process, the microprocessor should initiate a read signal which the memory requires to read a data. In simple words, the primary function of a memory interfacing circuit is to aid the microprocessor in reading and writing a data to the given register of a memory chip.
I/O Interfacing:
We know that keyboard and Displays are used as communication channel with outside world. So it is necessary that we interface keyboard and displays with the microprocessor. This is called I/O interfacing. In this type of interfacing we use latches and buffers for interfacing the keyboards and displays with the microprocessor.
But the main disadvantage with this interfacing is that the microprocessor can perform only one function. It functions as an input device if it is connected to buffer and as an output device if it is connected to latch. Thus the capability is very limited in this type of interfacing.
z-Transform is for the analysis and synthesis of discrete-time control systems.The z transform in discrete-time systems play a similar role as the Laplace transform in continuous-time systems
Embedded systems and their applications in our daily routineAsad Qayyum Babar
Embedded systems perform specific tasks. They have micro-controller as the main part which controls all the operations required through them. This presentation on examples of embedded systems can help you to get an idea of common systems which we use in our daily lives. These systems are smart and more efficient, which is increasing their use day by day. Almost every device that we use today is an example of embedded systems. Embedded systems examples can be seen at our homes, at offices, in industries and in automation systems. So, in simple words, most of the daily routine appliances, devices or automated equipment lies in the circle of Embedded Systems Examples.
Few of these Examples of Embedded Systems were discussed in this presentation, if you learn embedded systems then you can also create something, helpful to society. So, let’s get started with these Examples of Embedded Systems.
Very long instruction word or VLIW refers to a processor architecture designed to take advantage of instruction level parallelism
This type of processor architecture is intended to allow higher performance without the inherent complexity of some other approaches.
It is a presentation for the Embedded System Basics. It will be very useful for the engineering students who need to know the basics of Embedded System.
Finite state machine based vending machine IEEE PaperPratik Patil
Nowadays, Vending Machines are well known among Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. The quantity of
machines in these countries is on the top worldwide. This is due to the modern lifestyles which require fast
food processing with high quality. This paper describes the designing of multi select machine using Finite
State Machine Model with Auto-Billing Features. Finite State Machine (FSM) modelling is the most crucial
part in developing proposed model as this reduces the hardware. In this paper the process of four state
(user Selection, Waiting for money insertion, product delivery and servicing) has been modelled using
MEALY Machine Model. The proposed model is tested using Spartan 3 development board and its
performance is compared with CMOS based machine.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILESAdrija Chowdhury
This presentation is simply based on final year embedded systems based project entitled "ACCIDENT PREVENTION AND SECURITY SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOBILES". This project represents an automobile which has a security system of its own to prevent and detect accidents using GPS Module, GSM module and Alcohol sensor as well.
Data Acquisition System
Topics:Need of Data Acquisition System, DAQ Module, Sensors, Signal conditioning, DAQ hardware, DAQ software, DAQ processors, Advantages & Disadvantages.
Sofcon NSDC approved plc training in Noida and plc scada training in delhi. We are one of the leading industrial automation training provider all over india and 100% placement assistance. Sofcon training institute providing plc, scada, embedded, vlsi, ibms and autocad training provider.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. System Definition
A way of working, organizing or performing one or
many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, program or
plan.
Also an arrangement in which all units assemble and
work together according to a program or plan.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
3. Examples of Systems
Time display system – A watch
Automatic cloth washing system – A washing
machine
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
4. Embedded system definitions
An embedded system is a system that has software
embedded into computer-hardware, which makes a system
dedicated for an application (s) or specific part of an
application or product or part of a larger system
An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose
software embedded in a computer hardware.
It is a dedicated computer based system for an
application(s) or product. It may be an independent system
or a part of large system. Its software usually embeds into a
ROM (Read Only Memory) or flash.
It is any device that includes a programmable computer but
is not itself intended to be a general purpose computer.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
5. Continue…
Embedded Systems are the electronic systems that
contain a microprocessor or a microcontroller, but we
do not think of them as computers– the computer is
hidden or embedded in the system.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
6. Characteristics of embedded
system
1. Dedicated functions
2. Dedicated complex algorithm
3. Dedicated (GUIs) and other user interfaces for the
application
4. Real time operations— Defines the ways in which the
system works, reacts to the events and interrupts,
schedules the system functioning in real time and
executes by following a plan to control the latencies and
to meet the deadlines. [Latency — Waiting interval
between the instance at which a need to run the codes
arises for task (or interrupt service routine) following an
event and instance of start executing the codes]
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
7. Continue…
5. Multi-rate operations — Different operations may
take place at distinct rates. For example, the audio,
video, network data or stream and events have the
different rates and time constraints to finish
associated processes.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
10. ACVM
Coin insertion slot
Keypad on the top of the machine.
LCD display unit on the top of the machine. It displays
menus, text entered into the ACVM and pictograms,
welcome, thank and other messages.
Graphic interactions with the machine.
Displays time and date.
Delivery slot so that child can collect the chocolate and
coins, if refunded.
Internet connection port so that owner can know status of
the ACVM sales from remote.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
11. ACVM Hardware units
Microcontroller or ASIP (Application Specific Instruction Set
Processor) .
RAM for storing temporary variables and stack
ROM for application codes and RTOS codes for scheduling the
tasks.
Flash memory for storing user preferences, contact data, user
address, user date of birth, user identification code, answers of
FAQs.
Timer and Interrupt controller
A TCP/IP port (Internet broadband connection) to the ACVM
for remote control and for getting ACVM status reports by
owner.
ACVM specific hardware
Power supply
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
12. ACVM Software components
Keypad input read
Display
Read coins
Deliver chocolate
TCP/IP stack processing
TCP/IP stack communication
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
14. Hardware Specification Digital inputs and outputs: These are simple external pins whose logic state
can be controlled by the processor to either be a logic 1 or a logic 0. They can
also be used as input pins so that the processor can receive binary inputs from
the external world. They can be used individually or grouped together to create
parallel ports.
Serial interfaces: These are interfaces that send or receive data using one or
two pins in a serial mode. They are less complex to connect but are more
complicated to program because the data may also be augmented with
additional information as required by the data transfer protocol.
Analog to digital converters: While processors operate on the digital data,
the surrounding world is analog in nature. Therefore, interfaces between the
system and the external world requires analog to digital conversions and vice
versa.
Displays: Displays are used by the processor to display the status information,
error messages, and output results. They could be simple LEDs, seven segment
displays, or character LCD panels.
Keypads: Keypads are used by the end user to provide inputs to the embedded
system. The inputs could be anything such as entering the password, changing
functional settings, switching between menu items, etc.
Thermostat Circuit: It is temperature sensor circuit which senses the
temperature of surrounding and gives the voltage which is equivalent of
surrounding temperature.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
15. Functioning
The surrounding temperature is sensed by the thermostat (a
temperature sensor) and is converted to a proportional analog
voltage. The processor cannot manipulate this signal directly, so
it is converted to an equivalent digital number through a process
called analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). The processor then
compares this temperature reading with the high and low
temperatures settings defined by the user, and turns the
heater/AC on or off if required. The user uses Keypad to enter
the temperature settings, which are saved into the memory. The
processor displays the temperature settings and the current
temperature on the LCD screen. The software to perform the
entire function of monitoring and controlling the temperature is
stored in the memory. The processor reads instructions from the
memory and executes them.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
17. Inputs
User push button: These are various buttons used for
the interaction with user.
Water Temperature: The temperature sensor senses
the current temperature of the water and give this
temperature as an input to the controller.
Drum Speed: Current speed of drum is sensed and this
input is also given to the controller.
Water Level Sensor: this input gives current
temperature of the water.
Door close switch: it is used to sense whether the door
is closed or not.Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
18. Outputs
Drum Motor: It is connected with the washing machine
drum and it is used for rotating drum.
Water Heater: This signal is the output from controller and
input for water heater which is used to switch on or off the
heater.
Water Pump: This signal is used to control the water pump
of the washing machine.
Water Valves: This signal is used to open or close the water
valve of washing machine.
User Display: It indicate the current ongoing activity and
other signals related to washing machine.
Door Release: It is the signal for releasing the door for
washing machine.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
24. Continue…
Problem Definition: In this stage of development
first we have to define a definition for washing
machine which is used to identify various requirement
of problems and also we can understand the whole
problem related to washing machine.
Economic appraisal and decision to go ahead:
Once the problem definition is completed then the
next step is whether the definition is economically
appraise of not. If it is appraise, then they took
decision to go ahead for same definition.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
25. Continue…
System Analysis: Next step for development cycle is to analyze
whole the system and indentify requirement of various hardware
and software.
Software and Hardware Development: Once identification of
various software and hardware is done, next step to develop
software and then develop hardware according to that software.
Error Correction(Debugging): Once software and hardware is
developed, then next step is to test both. If there is error during
testing then it is solved by testing hardware and software.
Final Documentation: Once all the error is solved then next
step is to create the final product and prepare the final
documentation.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
27. Overview
An operating System (OS) is an intermediary between
users and computer hardware. It provides users an
environment in which a user can execute programs
conveniently and efficiently.
In technical terms, it is software which manages
hardware. An operating System controls the allocation
of resources and services such as memory, processors,
devices and information.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
28. Definition
An operating system is a program that acts as an
interface between the user and the computer hardware
and controls the execution of all kinds of programs.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
30. Following are some of important functions of an operating
System.
Memory Management
Memory management refers to management of Primary
Memory or Main Memory. Main memory is a large array of words or
bytes where each word or byte has its own address. Main memory
provides a fast storage that can be access directly by the CPU. So for a
program to be executed, it must in the main memory.
Processor Management
In multiprogramming environment, OS decides which process
gets the processor when and how much time. This function is called
process scheduling.
Device Management
Operating System does the following activities for device management.
1. Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for this task is known
as the I/O controller.
2. Decides which process gets the device when and for how much time.
3. Allocates the device in the efficient way.
4. De-allocates devices.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
31. Continue…
File Management
A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions. Operating System does the following
activities for file management.
1. Keeps track of information, location, uses, status etc. The collective facilities are often
known as file system.
2. Decides who gets the resources.
3. Allocates the resources.
4. De-allocates the resources.
Security
By means of password and similar other techniques, preventing unauthorized access to
programs and data.
Control over system performance
Recording delays between request for a service and response from the system.
Job accounting
Keeping track of time and resources used by various jobs and users
Error detecting aids
Production of dumps, traces, error messages and other debugging and error detecting
aids.
Coordination between other software and users
Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, assemblers and other software
to the various users of the computer systems
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
33. 1. Batch operating system
The users of batch operating system do not interact
with the computer directly. Each user prepares his job
on an off-line device like punch cards and submits it to
the computer operator. To speed up processing, jobs
with similar needs are batched together and run as a
group. Thus, the programmers left their programs with
the operator. The operator then sorts programs into
batches with similar requirements.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
34. Continue…
The problems with Batch Systems are following.
1. Lack of interaction between the user and job.
2. CPU is often idle, because the speeds of the
mechanical I/O devices are slower than CPU.
3. Difficult to provide the desired priority.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
35. 2. Time-sharing operating systems
Time sharing is a technique which enables many people, located at
various terminals, to use a particular computer system at the same
time. Time-sharing or multitasking is a logical extension of
multiprogramming. Processor's time which is shared among multiple
users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing. The main difference
between Multiprogrammed Batch Systems and Time-Sharing Systems
is that in case of multiprogrammed batch systems, objective is to
maximize processor use, whereas in Time-Sharing Systems objective is
to minimize response time.
Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching between them, but
the switches occur so frequently. Thus, the user can receive an
immediate response. For example, in a transaction processing,
processor execute each user program in a short burst or quantum of
computation. That is if n users are present, each user can get time
quantum. When the user submits the command, the response time is
in few seconds at most.
Operating system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to
provide each user with a small portion of a time. Computer systems
that were designed primarily as batch systems have been modified to
time-sharing systems.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
36. Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are
following
1. Provide advantage of quick response.
2. Avoids duplication of software.
3. Reduces CPU idle time.
Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems are
following.
1. Problem of reliability.
2. Question of security and integrity of user programs
and data.
3. Problem of data communication.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
37. Distributed operating System
Distributed systems use multiple central processors to
serve multiple real time application and multiple users.
Data processing jobs are distributed among the processors
accordingly to which one can perform each job most
efficiently.
The processors communicate with one another through
various communication lines (such as high-speed buses or
telephone lines). These are referred as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems. Processors in a distributed
system may vary in size and function. These processors are
referred as sites, nodes, and computers and so on.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
38. Continue…
The advantages of distributed systems are following.
1. With resource sharing facility user at one site may be
able to use the resources available at another.
2. Speedup the exchange of data with one another via
electronic mail.
3. If one site fails in a distributed system, the remaining
sites can potentially continue operating.
4. Better service to the customers.
5. Reduction of the load on the host computer.
6. Reduction of delays in data processing.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
39. Network operating System
Network Operating System runs on a server and and
provides server the capability to manage data, users,
groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. The primary purpose of the network
operating system is to allow shared file and printer
access among multiple computers in a network,
typically a local area network (LAN), a private network
or to other networks. Examples of network operating
systems are Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft
Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
40. The advantages of network operating systems are
following.
1. Centralized servers are highly stable.
2. Security is server managed.
3. Upgrades to new technologies and hardware can be easily
integrated into the system.
4. Remote access to servers is possible from different
locations and types of systems.
The disadvantages of network operating systems are
following.
1. High cost of buying and running a server.
2. Dependency on a central location for most operations.
3. Regular maintenance and updates are required.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
41. Real Time operating System
Real time system is defines as a data processing system in which
the time interval required to process and respond to inputs is so
small that it controls the environment. Real time processing is
always on line whereas on line system need not be real time. The
time taken by the system to respond to an input and display of
required updated information is termed as response time. So in
this method response time is very less as compared to the online
processing.
Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time
requirements on the operation of a processor or the flow of data
and real-time systems can be used as a control device in a
dedicated application. Real-time operating system has well-
defined, fixed time constraints otherwise system will fail. For
example Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, and home-
appliance controllers, Air traffic control system etc.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
42. There are two types of real-time operating systems.
Hard real-time systems
Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical
tasks complete on time. In hard real-time systems
secondary storage is limited or missing with data
stored in ROM. In these systems virtual memory is
almost never found.
Soft real-time systems
Soft real time systems are less restrictive. Critical
real-time task gets priority over other tasks and retains
the priority until it completes. Soft real-time systems
have limited utility than hard real-time systems. For
example, Multimedia, virtual reality, Advanced
Scientific Projects like undersea exploration etc.
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44. Introduction
Design and capabilities of a Mobile OS (Operating System)
is very different than a general purpose OS running on
desktop machines:
mobile devices have constraints and restrictions on their
physical characteristic such as screen size, memory,
processing power and etc.
Scarce availability of battery power
Limited amount of computing and communication
capabilities
Thus, they need different types of operating systems
depending on the capabilities they support. e.g. a PDA OS
is different from a Smartphone OS.
Operating System is a piece of software responsible for
management of operations, control, coordinate the use of
the hardware among the various application programs, and
sharing the resources of a device.
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45. Mobile OS Structure
A mobile OS is a software platform on top of which
other programs called application programs, can run
on mobile devices such as PDA, cellular phones,
smartphone and etc.
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Low-Level Hardware, Manufacturer Device Drivers
Device Operating System Base, Kernel
OS Libraries
Applications
46. Different Types of Mobile OS
1. IOS (iPhone)
2. Android (Google)
3. Symbian (Nokia)
4. Blackberry OS (Blackberry)
5. Windows Phone OS (Microsoft)
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47. 1. IOS (iPhone)
iOS (previously iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system developed and
distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod
Touch, it has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad
and Apple TV. Unlike Microsoft's Windows CE (Windows Phone) and Google's
Android, Apple does not license iOS for installation on non-Apple hardware.
As of 2012 Apple's App Store contained more than 700,000 iOS applications,
which have collectively been downloaded more than 30 billion times .
The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using
multi-touch gestures.
Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The
response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction
with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all
of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating
system and its multi-touch interface.
Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking
the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three
dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape
mode).
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48. Continue…
iOS is derived from OS X, with which it shares
the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix
operating system. iOS is Apple's mobile version of
the OS X operating system used on Apple
computers. In iOS, there are four abstraction
layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer,
the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The
current version of the operating system (iOS 5.1.1)
dedicates 1-1.5 GB of the device's flash memory for
the system partition, using roughly 800 MB of that
partition (varying by model) for iOS itself.
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49. IOS feature
Mac OS X has a preemptive multitasking environment.
Preempting is the act of taking the control of
operating system from one task and giving it to
another task.
It supports real-time behavior.
In Mac OS X, each application has access to its own 4
GB address space.
Not any application can directly modify the memory of the
kernel. It has a strong mechanism for memory protection.
Prepared By: D. Y. Vankawala
50. 2. Android(Google)
Android is a Linux-based operating system designed primarily for touchscreen
mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, developed by
Google in conjunction with the Open Handset Alliance. Initially developed by
Android Inc, whom Google financially backed and later purchased in 2005,
Android was unveiled in 2007 along with the founding of the Open Handset
Alliance, a consortium of 86 hardware, software, and telecommunication
companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices. Google
releases the Android code as open-source, under the Apache License. The
Android Open Source Project (AOSP), lead by Google, is tasked with the
maintenance and further development of Android. Additionally, Android has a
large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the
functionality of devices. Developers write primarily in a customized version of
Java. and apps can be downloaded from online stores such as Google Play
(formerly Android Market), the app store run by Google, or third-party sites. In
June 2012, there were more than 600,000 apps available for Android, and the
estimated number of applications downloaded from Google Play was 20
billion. The first Android-powered phone was sold in October 2008, and by the
end of 2010 Android had become the world's leading smartphone platform. It
had a worldwide smartphone market share of 59% at the beginning of 2012 .
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51. Android Feature
Android is a powerful Operating System supporting a large
number of applications in Smart Phones. These
applications make life more comfortable and advanced for
the users. Hardwares that support Android are mainly
based on ARM architecture platform.
Android comes with an Android market which is an online
software store. It was developed by Google. It allows
Android users to select, and download applications
developed by third party developers and use them. There
are around 2.0 lack+ games, application and widgets
available on the market for users.
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52. Continue…
Android applications are written in java programming
language. Android is available as open source for
developers to develop applications which can be
further used for selling in android market. There are
around 200000 applications developed for android
with over 3 billion+ downloads. Android relies on
Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as
security, memory management, process management,
network stack, and driver model. For software
development, Android provides Android
SDK (Software development kit).
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53. 3. Symbian(Nokia)
Symbian is a mobile operating system designed for smartphones
originally developed by Symbian Ltd. but currently maintained by
Accenture.[18] The Symbian platform is the successor to Symbian OS
and Nokia Series 60. The latest version, Symbian ver.3, was officially
released in Q4 2010 and first used in the Nokia N8 [19]. The first
Symbian phone the touchscreen Ericsson R380 Smartphone was
released in 2000 [20] and was the first device to be marketed as a
'smartphone' [21]. It combined a PDA with a mobile phone [22]. Later
in 2000, the Nokia 9210 communicator was released, also with
Symbian. The later 9500 was Nokia's first camera phone and first Wi-Fi
phone. The 9300 was smaller, and the E90 Communicator included
GPS. In 2007, Nokia launched the Nokia N95 which integrated various
multimedia features: GPS, a 5 megapixel camera with autofocus and
LED flash, 3G and Wi-Fi connectivity and TV-out. In the next few years
these features would become standard on high-end smartphones. The
Nokia 6110 Navigator was a Symbian based dedicated GPS phone
introduced in June 2007.
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54. Symbian Feature
Symbian OS is 32 bit.
It is a multitasking operating system and very less dependence on peripherals.
Kernel runs in the privileged mode and exports its service to user applications
via user libraries.
Real-time: it has a real-time, multithreaded kernel.
Data Caging : it allows applications to have their own private data partition.
This feature allows for applications to guarantee a secure data store. It can be
used for e-commerce applications, location aware applications and etc.
Multimedia: it supports audio, video recording, playback and streaming, and
Image conversion.
Platform Security : Symbian provides a security mechanism against malware.
It allows sensitive operations can be accessed by applications which have been
certified by a signing authority. In addition, it supports full encryption and
certificate management, secure protocols ( HTTPS, TLS and SSL) and WIM
framework.
Internationalization support: it supports Unicode standard.
Fully object-oriented and component- based
Optimized memory management.
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55. 4. Windows phone OS
Windows Mobile OS is a proprietary and not open source OS originally
created to be a mobile version of Windows with a user interface
compliant to the current Windows version. It is based on the Windows
CE v5.2 kernel, which most hardware specific components are offered
as open source. Windows CE is a minimalistic real-time multi-tasking
OS that can run in less than a megabyte of memory. Windows Mobile
was updated to version 6.5 in October 2009 and the analysis is based
on this update. With this update a new user interface inspired by
trends from smartphones user interfaces. The update also included
access to the new application store from Microsoft called Windows
Marketplace. The amount of applications available is limited and the
functionality is not creative and fancy like iPhone and Android. The
Microsoft application store is not the only one for the Windows Mobile.
Due to the many years on the market existing web sites contains a lot of
applications available to the device. Most of them lack the creative
layout and innovative steps known from the iPhone.
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56. 5. Blackberry OS
BlackBerry is a line of phone devices developed and
designed by Research In Motion (RIM). The first
BlackBerry smartphone was released in 1999. The latest
BlackBerry 7 devices were announced in the Summer of
2011. BlackBerry devices are smartphones, which are
designed to function as personal digital assistants, portable
media players, internet browsers, gaming devices, cameras
and much more. They are primarily known for their ability
to send and receive push email and instant messages while
maintaining a high level of security through on-device
message encryption. BlackBerry devices support a large
variety of instant messaging features, with the most
popular being the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger
service.
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57. Continue…
The operating system is implemented supporting true
multi-tasking without noticeable performance lack
and due to the implementation of the OS; the
applications load fast and perform really well on slow
devices. The general layout and browsing through
menus feels classic but it works smoothly. Multi-touch
is supported in the newer versions of the OS.
Blackberry OS does not support any Flash versions and
the use of the internet seems to be intended for
surfing, e-mail and traditional client server calendar
synchronisation.
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59. Characteristics of real time system
Large and complex — vary from a few hundred lines
of assembler or C to 20 million lines of estimated code
for the Space Station Freedom.
Concurrent control of separate system
components— devices operate in parallel in the real-
world; better to model this parallelism by concurrent
entities in the program
Facilities to interact with special purpose
hardware — need to be able to program devices in a
reliable and abstract way.
Mixture of Hardware/Software: some modules
implemented in hardware, even whole systems, SoC
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60. Continue…
Extreme reliability and safety — embedded systems typically control
the environment in which they operate; failure to control can result in
loss of life, damage to environment or economic loss.
Guaranteed response times — we need to be able to predict with
confidence the worst case response times for systems; efficiency is
important but predictability is essential.
Stability --- Under overload conditions, real-time systems need to
continue to meet the deadlines of the most critical tasks, though the
deadlines of non-critical tasks may not be met. This is in contrast to
the requirement of fairness for traditional systems even under overload
conditions.
Time constraints --- Every real-time task is associated with some time
constraints. One form of time constraints that is very common is
deadlines associated with tasks. A task deadline specifies the time
before which the task must complete and produce the results. It is the
responsibility of the real-time operating system (RTOS) to ensure that
all tasks meet their respective time constraints
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