What is a Heart Attack
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UCSI University Pharmacy students executed their 9th Public Health Campaign in Mambau, Negeri Sembilan. Here are just some of the materials that was part of their exhibition.
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Heart attack
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, preventing the heart from receiving oxygen. This is usually due to a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries over many years. Eventually, plaque can rupture inside an artery and cause a blood clot that blocks blood flow. If the blockage is not quickly treated, the portion of heart muscle begins to die. Risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and family history. Diagnostic tests include ECGs, blood tests, and coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through clot-busting drugs or angioplasty to open the blocked artery.
Warning signs of a heart attack
The document provides warning signs and symptoms of heart attacks. It notes that up to 60% of heart attacks are "silent" with no noticeable symptoms. Common symptoms include chest pain and discomfort in the left arm, but heart attacks can occur without chest pains. Less common warning signs include abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea and cold sweats. The document recommends calling emergency services immediately if a heart attack is suspected and provides tips on first aid measures and equipment that can help prevent death from a heart attack.
Heart Attack
A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the heart muscle. Over time, fatty deposits can build up in the arteries and eventually rupture, forming a clot that causes a complete blockage. Common symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort that may spread to the arms, shoulders, neck or jaw. Treatment focuses on quickly restoring blood flow through clot-busting drugs, angioplasty, stents or bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation are important for recovery.
Heart attack ppt
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is suddenly blocked, reducing oxygen levels and causing the heart to stop working normally. It is the leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1.5 million Americans experiencing heart attacks each year. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and fainting. Major risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and heavy alcohol use. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and oxygen to the heart through medications and fluids administered intravenously while monitoring the patient in the hospital.
Heart Attack
The document discusses heart attacks, including what they are, their causes, symptoms, and how to manage someone having a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, starving part of the heart of oxygen. Common symptoms include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, and pale or sweaty skin. If someone is having a heart attack, it is important to call emergency services, keep the person comfortable, and provide first aid such as oxygen until help arrives.
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The document discusses the heart and cardiovascular disease. It describes the heart as a muscle the size of a fist that pumps blood over 100,000 times per day. Coronary artery disease occurs when these arteries become blocked, causing angina or heart attack. Risk factors include age, family history, hypertension, cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity. Treatment may involve medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, not smoking, and managing conditions can help prevent cardiovascular disease.
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Heart attack
A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, preventing the heart from receiving oxygen. This is usually due to a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries over many years. Eventually, plaque can rupture inside an artery and cause a blood clot that blocks blood flow. If the blockage is not quickly treated, the portion of heart muscle begins to die. Risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and family history. Diagnostic tests include ECGs, blood tests, and coronary angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow through clot-busting drugs or angioplasty to open the blocked artery.
Warning signs of a heart attack
The document provides warning signs and symptoms of heart attacks. It notes that up to 60% of heart attacks are "silent" with no noticeable symptoms. Common symptoms include chest pain and discomfort in the left arm, but heart attacks can occur without chest pains. Less common warning signs include abdominal pain, fatigue, nausea and cold sweats. The document recommends calling emergency services immediately if a heart attack is suspected and provides tips on first aid measures and equipment that can help prevent death from a heart attack.
Heart Attack
A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, preventing blood and oxygen from reaching the heart muscle. Over time, fatty deposits can build up in the arteries and eventually rupture, forming a clot that causes a complete blockage. Common symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort that may spread to the arms, shoulders, neck or jaw. Treatment focuses on quickly restoring blood flow through clot-busting drugs, angioplasty, stents or bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes and cardiac rehabilitation are important for recovery.
Heart attack ppt
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is suddenly blocked, reducing oxygen levels and causing the heart to stop working normally. It is the leading cause of death in the United States, with over 1.5 million Americans experiencing heart attacks each year. Common symptoms include chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and fainting. Major risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and heavy alcohol use. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and oxygen to the heart through medications and fluids administered intravenously while monitoring the patient in the hospital.
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The document discusses heart attacks, including what they are, their causes, symptoms, and how to manage someone having a heart attack. A heart attack occurs when a coronary artery becomes blocked, starving part of the heart of oxygen. Common symptoms include chest pain or tightness, shortness of breath, and pale or sweaty skin. If someone is having a heart attack, it is important to call emergency services, keep the person comfortable, and provide first aid such as oxygen until help arrives.
Prevention and treatment of heart disease
Shanikrupaheartcare is the best hospital to cure all types of heart disease. Shanikrupaheartcare also helps to Avoid bypass surgery in India we are proving this treatments in Pune, India.
Our AIM is non surgical cardiac treatment where we use 3 Dimentional Cardiovascular Cartography for diagnosis of disease & Arterial Clearance Therapy / chelation therapy & EECP therapy for the treatment of the heart disease.
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The document discusses the heart and cardiovascular disease. It describes the heart as a muscle the size of a fist that pumps blood over 100,000 times per day. Coronary artery disease occurs when these arteries become blocked, causing angina or heart attack. Risk factors include age, family history, hypertension, cholesterol levels, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity. Treatment may involve medications, angioplasty, or bypass surgery. Lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, not smoking, and managing conditions can help prevent cardiovascular disease.
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1) High blood pressure, also known as the "silent killer", affects 1 in 3 adults and often has no noticeable symptoms.
2) There are two main types of high blood pressure - primary (cause unknown) and secondary (caused by another health issue or medication).
3) While most people with high blood pressure experience no symptoms, possible symptoms can include recurring headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and nausea.
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1) Heart disease is the number one killer worldwide caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.
2) Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3) To prevent heart disease, one should eat a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, quit smoking, and limit alcohol intake. Regular screening is important to modify risks and catch issues early.
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Heart disease is a global epidemic that is the number one killer worldwide. Some key points made in the document include:
- Coronary artery disease, caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries, is the most common type of heart disease.
- Risk factors include high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and heredity.
- Symptoms can include chest pain and shortness of breath.
- Taking preventative measures like exercising, eating healthy, and managing stress can help reduce risks.
- Heart disease poses a huge economic burden through healthcare costs globally and lost productivity. Many countries and organizations are working to implement initiatives and policies to address prevention and management of heart disease on national and global scales
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The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, prevalence, risk factors, categories, and guidelines for assessment and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as BP ≥140/90 mmHg. It affects over 1 billion people globally with a prevalence of 30-45% in adults.
- Common risk factors include diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and chronic kidney disease.
- Categories range from normal BP to grade 3 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic BP levels.
- Risk assessment uses the SCORE system to estimate 10-year fatal CVD risk based on factors like age and cholesterol.
- Out-of-office BP measurements via home monitoring or amb
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2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
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1. Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and in countries like India, China, and the US. It affects around 20% of adults.
2. There are two main types - primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by other underlying medical conditions.
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Cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease and stroke are leading causes of death in the US. The main underlying cause is atherosclerosis, where arteries become thickened and narrowed due to plaque buildup over time. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and related conditions like hypertension include age, family history, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and diet. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet, increasing physical activity, weight control, and managing conditions through medications and medical care when needed.
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Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is defined as an average systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg or an average diastolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg based on multiple readings. There are three main types of hypertension: essential or primary hypertension which has no known cause, secondary hypertension caused by other conditions, and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Blood pressure is regulated by both rapid-acting mechanisms like the sympathetic nervous system and baroreceptors, and slower-acting mechanisms like the kidneys and renin-angiotensin system. Uncontrolled hypertension increases the risks of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other health issues.
High blood pressure symptoms
1) High blood pressure, also known as the "silent killer", affects 1 in 3 adults and often has no noticeable symptoms.
2) There are two main types of high blood pressure - primary (cause unknown) and secondary (caused by another health issue or medication).
3) While most people with high blood pressure experience no symptoms, possible symptoms can include recurring headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, and nausea.
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1) Heart disease is the number one killer worldwide caused by a buildup of fatty plaques in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart.
2) Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3) To prevent heart disease, one should eat a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, quit smoking, and limit alcohol intake. Regular screening is important to modify risks and catch issues early.
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Diabetes is a disease where blood glucose levels are too high due to either not enough insulin production or cells not properly responding to insulin. There are two main types: type 1 is usually diagnosed in childhood and type 2 in adulthood. Symptoms include frequent urination, thirst, hunger and fatigue. Complications affect the eyes, heart, kidneys, nerves and risk of infection if blood sugar is not controlled through lifestyle changes like diet, exercise and medication if needed.
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Heart disease is a global epidemic that is the number one killer worldwide. Some key points made in the document include:
- Coronary artery disease, caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries, is the most common type of heart disease.
- Risk factors include high cholesterol, obesity, smoking, diabetes, and heredity.
- Symptoms can include chest pain and shortness of breath.
- Taking preventative measures like exercising, eating healthy, and managing stress can help reduce risks.
- Heart disease poses a huge economic burden through healthcare costs globally and lost productivity. Many countries and organizations are working to implement initiatives and policies to address prevention and management of heart disease on national and global scales
Hypertension
The document discusses hypertension, including its definition, prevalence, risk factors, categories, and guidelines for assessment and treatment. Some key points:
- Hypertension is defined as BP ≥140/90 mmHg. It affects over 1 billion people globally with a prevalence of 30-45% in adults.
- Common risk factors include diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and chronic kidney disease.
- Categories range from normal BP to grade 3 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic BP levels.
- Risk assessment uses the SCORE system to estimate 10-year fatal CVD risk based on factors like age and cholesterol.
- Out-of-office BP measurements via home monitoring or amb
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What is Hypertension?
Causes, Risk Factors and Types of Hypertension
Medical Nutrition therapy for Hypertension
Home Remedies
Hypertension 2019
1) Hypertension is defined as blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg and affects about one third of US adults.
2) Primary or essential hypertension, which accounts for 85-95% of cases, has no identifiable cause but is influenced by genetic and environmental factors like obesity, smoking, and stress.
3) Hypertension usually does not cause symptoms until end organ damage occurs, and it increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney disease and other complications if not treated.
Heart attack
This presentation is about heart disease. Heart attack is the most dangerous non-communicable disease in this time. Here you can know what are the symptoms and how to prevent heart attack.
Hypertension
This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its prevalence, types, risk factors, complications, prevention, and historical aspects. Some key points:
1. Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide and in countries like India, China, and the US. It affects around 20% of adults.
2. There are two main types - primary (essential) hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90% of cases, and secondary hypertension, which is caused by other underlying medical conditions.
3. Risk factors include age, genetics, obesity, diet high in salt and saturated fat/low in fiber, smoking, excessive alcohol, physical inactivity, and stress. Having diabetes also increases
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Heart disease is the number one cause of death worldwide. It is caused by a buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart. This buildup is known as atherosclerosis and can lead to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, and physical inactivity. To prevent heart disease, one should eat a healthy diet low in fat and cholesterol, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, not smoke, control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and see a doctor to monitor risk factors. Making lifestyle changes can significantly reduce risk and help live a longer, healthier life.
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Coronary heart disease is a major cause of death in the United States, claiming over 370,000 lives annually. It is caused by plaque buildup in the arteries that supply the heart with blood and oxygen. This buildup narrows the arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart. Risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise, stress, and smoking. Symptoms may include chest pain and shortness of breath. Prevention strategies involve lifestyle changes like a healthy diet, exercise, weight management, and not smoking. Seeking medical help is recommended if symptoms occur.
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Myocardial infarction, or a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked, usually by a clot, damaging heart muscle. It can cause chest pain and is diagnosed through electrocardiograms, cardiac enzyme levels, and other tests. Over time, the damaged heart muscle is replaced with scar tissue through a healing process. Complications can include arrhythmias, heart failure, blood clots, or rupture of the heart muscle. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medications, or procedures like stenting or bypass surgery to restore blood flow.
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The document discusses risk factors and symptoms of heart attacks in women. It notes that a heart attack occurs when blood flow to the heart is reduced or cut off, depriving the heart muscle of oxygen. Key risk factors include diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, physical inactivity, smoking, and stress. Women with diabetes have a 2-4 times higher risk of heart disease than men with diabetes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through diet, exercise, managing stress, and not smoking can help reduce women's risk.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION-MANAGEMENT
Myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, results from a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand in the heart muscle. The primary cause is coronary artery occlusion due to atherosclerosis, vasospasm, or embolism. Symptoms may include chest pain, dyspnea, sweating, and anxiety. Diagnosis is made based on elevated cardiac enzyme levels and ECG changes. Initial treatment focuses on pain relief, oxygen, fluids, and aspirin while long-term prevention includes medications like beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, antiplatelets, and statins to reduce risk of future heart attacks and heart failure.
THE HEART PPT
The heart is located slightly left of center in the chest and is about the size of a fist. It pumps blood through arteries and veins called blood vessels throughout the body. The blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and chemicals to tissues and removes waste. Coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and heart failure can occur if the heart does not circulate blood properly. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through diet and exercise can help prevent heart disease.
Heart disease
This document provides information about heart disease including:
1. It defines heart disease and lists the common types such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure.
2. It identifies major risk factors for heart disease such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and obesity.
3. The signs and symptoms of common heart conditions like hypertension, heart attack, and heart failure are described.
4. Common diagnostic tests and treatments for heart disease are outlined.
5. Lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, weight management and reducing alcohol/tobacco are discussed as ways to prevent heart disease.
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Cholesterol
This document discusses cholesterol and provides information about understanding and managing cholesterol levels. It defines cholesterol and explains that while the body needs some cholesterol, too much can increase the risk of heart disease. It recommends getting cholesterol levels tested through a blood test. Both high cholesterol and high homocysteine levels can contribute to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits and cholesterol levels through diet and supplements can help reduce the risk of heart disease.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and cellular waste within the inner lining of arteries. Over time, this buildup narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis include increasing age, male gender, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. The disease process begins with endothelial injury to blood vessels, which allows cholesterol and immune cells like macrophages to accumulate in the artery wall and form fatty streaks. These can progress to raised atherosclerotic plaques made of cells, connective tissue, and lipids that further restrict blood flow. Advanced plaques can rupture or erode, potentially causing heart attacks or strokes if cl
Cardio1
The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood throughout the body via the arteries and returns oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs and heart via the veins. Some key facts about the cardiovascular system are that the adult heart pumps nearly 4,000 gallons of blood per day and beats about 30 million times per year. Common medical tests used to diagnose heart conditions include exercise stress tests, Holter monitors, electrocardiograms, and cardiac catheterizations. Major cardiovascular diseases include atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and stroke. Preventing cardiovascular disease involves controlling risk factors like smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, lack of physical activity, and obesity.
Heart Disease Factsheet
The document discusses cardiovascular disease (CVD), which includes heart disease and stroke. CVD is the UK's number one killer. It occurs when fatty deposits build up in the arteries, restricting blood flow and oxygen to the heart and brain. A plant-based diet can help prevent and treat CVD in several ways. It is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol than the standard Western diet, and higher in nutrients that support heart health. Factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, obesity, and smoking increase CVD risk, but following a plant-based diet can help regulate these risk factors.
Cad
Coronary artery disease, also known as atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death in the United States. It occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries and decreases blood flow to the heart, which can lead to chest pain, heart attack, or heart failure. Some major risk factors include smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Nurses play an important role in educating patients on modifying risks like diet, exercise, and medication adherence to help prevent cardiovascular events.
IHD ema_2020.pdf
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle due to narrowed coronary arteries. The most common cause is atherosclerosis which develops over many years and is worsened by risk factors like smoking, high cholesterol, and hypertension. Symptoms include chest pain and shortness of breath during physical exertion. Diagnosis involves tests like electrocardiograms, stress tests, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment aims to improve symptoms, prevent heart attacks, and includes risk factor modification, medications like nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, and revascularization procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery.
6. nursing management patient with coronary artherosclerosis
The document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD) in India. It notes that atherosclerosis, an abnormal accumulation of fatty substances in artery walls, is the most common heart disease. Studies show CAD increasing over the last 60 years in India. Risk factors include conditions like high cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes. The pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and CAD involves injury to arteries leading to inflammation and plaque buildup over many years. Prevention focuses on controlling risk factors through diet, exercise, medication and surgery like angioplasty when needed.
Pathology of CVD
Cardiovascular disease is caused by conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels such as coronary heart disease, thrombosis, heart attacks, and strokes. The main causes are atherosclerosis, where plaque builds up in the arteries, and hypertension, or high blood pressure. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include unhealthy eating, smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
Coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease
Cardiovascular disease are becoming a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries and they are also emerging as prominent national health problem in developing countries.
Coronary artery disease has become the major cause of early death and disability in the population.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) can also be used interchangeably with the terms atherosclerotic heart disease or ischemic heart disease.
All of these terms imply insufficient perfusion of the coronary arteries from an abnormal narrowing of the vessels, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery to the myocardial tissue.
The term coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease or Ischemic heart disease, is a condition refers to diseases of the heart that result from a decrease in blood supply to the heart muscle.
Non modifiable risk factors
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This document discusses several metabolic disorders including hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. It provides information on their causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Specifically, it notes that hypertension is high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia is excess lipids in the bloodstream like cholesterol and triglycerides, and atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in the arteries. The document outlines lifestyle factors that contribute to these conditions like diet, smoking, lack of exercise, and outlines medical treatments like medications and surgery to manage the diseases.
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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, claiming an estimated 17.9 million lives each year. Nutraceuticals have shown promising results in preventing and managing cardiovascular disease and its risk factors like dyslipidemia and high LDL cholesterol. Fish protein hydrolysates and compounds from the ocean like EPA, DHA, and bioactive peptides have demonstrated beneficial effects on cardiovascular health. Sterols/stanols from plant foods are associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease when consumed.The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) refers to conditions that involve narrowed or blocked blood vessels that can lead to reduced blood flow. CVD includes numerous conditions such as coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, and others. Risk factors for CVD include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and family history of early heart disease. CVD can be prevented by treating risk factors and maintaining a healthy lifestyle through diet, exercise, not smoking, and managing conditions like diabetes.
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The document discusses cholesterol, including that it is produced by the body and consumed through fats, and too much can deposit in arteries and increase heart disease risk. It explains that cholesterol must be transported by lipoproteins, focusing on LDL ("bad") and HDL ("good") cholesterol. High LDL and low HDL increase heart disease risk, while low LDL and high HDL decrease it. Diet, exercise, weight, and avoiding tobacco can help manage cholesterol levels.
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This document discusses cardiovascular disorders, specifically hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. It covers the pathophysiology of lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, conditions that can cause angina, distinguishing characteristics of chronic stable angina versus unstable angina, and treatments including lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The goal of treatment is to prevent acute coronary events and death, alleviate acute ischemic symptoms, prevent recurrent ischemia, and minimize adverse effects of treatment.
CoronaryArteryDisease.ppt
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD), including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and prevention. Some key points:
- CAD is caused by atherosclerosis and is the leading cause of death worldwide. It can affect the coronary, cerebral, and peripheral vasculature.
- Risk factors include age, male sex, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history. Multiple risk factors act synergistically to greatly increase risk.
- Pathogenesis involves lipid accumulation in arteries, inflammation, and plaque formation over many years. Ruptured plaques can cause complete blockages leading to heart attacks.
- Clinical manifestations range from stable angina to acute coronary
CoronaryArteryDisease.ppt
This document discusses coronary artery disease (CAD), including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and prevention. Some key points:
- CAD is the leading cause of death worldwide. Risk factors include age, male sex, dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and family history.
- Atherosclerosis is caused by the accumulation of lipids and immune cells in the artery wall over many years. It can lead to stenosis or aneurysm formation.
- Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic ischemia to chronic stable angina to acute coronary syndromes like myocardial infarction and unstable angina.
- Prevention focuses on controlling modifiable risk factors like smoking, diet, exercise, and treating
Causes of high blood pressure and cholesterol
High blood pressure and high cholesterol can both increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. High blood pressure occurs when the force of blood pushing against vessel walls is too high. It has no symptoms but can be detected through a blood pressure reading. High cholesterol occurs when there are abnormal levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is carried in the blood by lipoproteins and too much LDL or low HDL can increase risk. Both conditions are diagnosed through blood tests and may be caused by factors like genetics, diet, weight, and lifestyle habits. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and may include medications to control levels.
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Cardiovascular disorders, also known as heart disease, are the leading cause of death worldwide. Some key points covered in the document include:
- The cardiovascular system includes the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries. Common cardiovascular disorders include hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, angina, heart attack and stroke.
- Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a major risk factor for heart disease. In Pakistan, it is estimated that 18% of adults have hypertension, but only 12.5% have it adequately controlled.
- Other risk factors for heart disease include smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet, obesity and high cholesterol. Managing risk factors can help prevent heart disease.
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What is a Heart Attack
- 2. Over time, plaque builds up on the injured inside walls of coronary arteries. Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) will associate with the plaque and form atherosclerotic plaque . The atherosclerotic plaque will then rupture, causing blood clot on its surface. The blood clot enlarges to partially or completely block the blood vessels
- 3. B lood flow is interrupted. Picture courtesy of: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17004.htm H eart cells die due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Heart Attack
- 5. When a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot or ruptures. Picture courtesy of: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17133.htm Brain cells die due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Blood flowing to that part of the brain is interrupted .
- 10. Atherosclerosis [9] Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the heart , brain and other parts of the body. Atherosclerotic plaque is composed of cholesterol, fats, cellular debris and other substances. Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up on the insides of your arteries.
- 11. Atherosclerosis [9] Passage for blood flow along the artery walls narrows or becomes completely blocked HEART ATTACK / STROKE Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. Heart muscles or brain tissues do not get enough oxygenated blood and nutrients . Picture courtesy of: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19314.htm
- 14. Healthy Lifestyle Maintain a Healthy Blood Pressure: Source: Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Hypertension, 3 rd Ed. 2008 February;MOH/P/PAK/156.08(GU) Blood Pressure Classification Systolic BP (mm Hg) Diastolic BP (mm Hg) Normal < 120 < 80 Prehypertension 120 – 139 80 – 89 Stage 1 Hypertension 140 – 159 90 – 99 Stage 2 Hypertension 160 – 179 100 – 109 Stage 3 Hypertension ≥ 180 ≥ 110
- 15. High blood pressure (hypertension) means that your blood is pumping with more force than normal through your arteries . Healthy Lifestyle Maintain a Healthy Blood Pressure: [12,13,14]
- 17. The narrowed artery blocks the flow of blood to the heart muscles or brain tissues. Picture courtesy of: http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Cardiovascular/HeartAttack.htm Healthy Lifestyle Maintain a Healthy Blood Pressure: [12,13,14] Depriv ed of oxygen and nutrients HEART ATTACK / STROKE
- 19. Healthy Lifestyle Insulin deficiency causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, rather than being transported to the cells and converted into energy. High sugar level in the blood will damage the blood vessels. Damaged blood vessels will increase the deposition of fatty materials in the artery walls. Atherosclerosis HEART ATTACK / STROKE Good Control of Diabetes Mellitus : [15,16,17]
- 21. Table 1: Targets for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [19] Levels Glycaemic Control Fasting 4.4 – 6.1 mmol/L Non- fasting 4.4 – 8.0 mmol/L HbA1c < 6.5% Lipids Triglycerides ≤ 1.7 mmol/L HDL cholesterol ≥ 1.1 mmol/L LDL cholesterol ≤ 2.6 mmol/L Exercise 150 minutes/week Blood Pressure Normal Renal Function ≤ 130/80 mmHg Renal Impairment/ Gross Proteinuria ≤ 125/75 mmHg
Editor's Notes
- Picture courtesy of: