This document outlines an electrical science course covering principles of electricity. It discusses different sources of electromotive force including magnetic, chemical, and thermal. It also describes the effects of an electric current. The document reviews SI units for various electrical quantities and shows how to transpose basic formulas for current, potential, resistance, power, resistivity, period, frequency, magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, mass, weight, force, distance, and energy. Examples are provided for different formulas and materials. A consolidation section and formative assessment are mentioned for the next session.
1) This experiment aims to study pendulums of different lengths arranged in a series to understand their combined motion and determine if their periods match calculations.
2) Eight weights were attached to strings of varying lengths and suspended from a wooden dowel. The pendulums were set in motion and their periods were measured and calculated.
3) The results found less than a 5% difference between measured and calculated periods, indicating the calculations were proven. Deviations are likely due to air resistance and minor errors in string lengths. The experiment supports that weight does not impact a pendulum's motion when length and gravity remain constant.
Physics is the study of matter and energy. The goal is to describe the physical world using basic concepts, equations, and assumptions. These principles can then be used to make predictions and have unexpected practical applications. The main branches are mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, vibrations and waves, and modern physics. The scientific method involves making observations and developing hypotheses that can be tested. The International System of Units (SI) provides standard units for measurements like length, mass, and time that are used in physics. Common prefixes are used to modify the scale of these units.
This document contains a summary of the first lecture in an introductory physics course. The lecture covered the following key points:
- Physics aims to study and express the fundamental laws of nature mathematically through equations. Most physical quantities have standardized units.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines the base units of the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time). Other units are derived from these base units.
- Vectors represent quantities that have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Problem solving in physics involves identifying relevant equations and checking solutions.
This document covers angular motion concepts including angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships to linear motion quantities. Key topics include:
- Definitions and equations for angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships to tangential linear quantities
- Equations for uniformly accelerated angular motion that are analogous to linear motion equations
- Centripetal acceleration directed towards the center of a circular path
- Centripetal force required to provide the centripetal acceleration
- Examples applying the concepts to problems involving rotating wheels, spools, and orbital motion
This document summarizes key concepts about motion and energy from a physics textbook. It defines motion, reference points, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, work, kinetic energy, potential energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, mechanical energy, and the law of conservation of energy. Graphs are used to illustrate concepts like speed, velocity, and acceleration over time. Formulas are provided for calculating kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and mechanical energy.
This document provides an overview of gravitational and circular motion concepts for an AP Physics exam preparation series. It defines key terms like gravitational force, centripetal force, and centripetal acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating gravitational force between objects, linear speed in circular motion, and centripetal force for an object moving in a circular path. The document emphasizes that an inward, centripetal force is required to cause uniform circular motion rather than straight-line motion.
1) A mass attached to a vertical spring can be modeled as a simple harmonic oscillator, with the net force equal to Fnet = -ky.
2) If a 2kg mass is pulled down 20m and released from a spring with k=1, its velocity will be 8m/s at a displacement of 16.49m above the resting point as it moves up.
3) At this point, the kinetic energy is 64J, potential energy is 135.96J, and total energy is 199.96J, consistent with the total energy of 1/2kx^2 = 200J for this simple harmonic motion system.
This document outlines an electrical science course covering principles of electricity. It discusses different sources of electromotive force including magnetic, chemical, and thermal. It also describes the effects of an electric current. The document reviews SI units for various electrical quantities and shows how to transpose basic formulas for current, potential, resistance, power, resistivity, period, frequency, magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, mass, weight, force, distance, and energy. Examples are provided for different formulas and materials. A consolidation section and formative assessment are mentioned for the next session.
1) This experiment aims to study pendulums of different lengths arranged in a series to understand their combined motion and determine if their periods match calculations.
2) Eight weights were attached to strings of varying lengths and suspended from a wooden dowel. The pendulums were set in motion and their periods were measured and calculated.
3) The results found less than a 5% difference between measured and calculated periods, indicating the calculations were proven. Deviations are likely due to air resistance and minor errors in string lengths. The experiment supports that weight does not impact a pendulum's motion when length and gravity remain constant.
Physics is the study of matter and energy. The goal is to describe the physical world using basic concepts, equations, and assumptions. These principles can then be used to make predictions and have unexpected practical applications. The main branches are mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, vibrations and waves, and modern physics. The scientific method involves making observations and developing hypotheses that can be tested. The International System of Units (SI) provides standard units for measurements like length, mass, and time that are used in physics. Common prefixes are used to modify the scale of these units.
This document contains a summary of the first lecture in an introductory physics course. The lecture covered the following key points:
- Physics aims to study and express the fundamental laws of nature mathematically through equations. Most physical quantities have standardized units.
- The International System of Units (SI) defines the base units of the meter (length), kilogram (mass), and second (time). Other units are derived from these base units.
- Vectors represent quantities that have both magnitude and direction, while scalars only have magnitude. Problem solving in physics involves identifying relevant equations and checking solutions.
This document covers angular motion concepts including angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships to linear motion quantities. Key topics include:
- Definitions and equations for angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, and their relationships to tangential linear quantities
- Equations for uniformly accelerated angular motion that are analogous to linear motion equations
- Centripetal acceleration directed towards the center of a circular path
- Centripetal force required to provide the centripetal acceleration
- Examples applying the concepts to problems involving rotating wheels, spools, and orbital motion
This document summarizes key concepts about motion and energy from a physics textbook. It defines motion, reference points, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, acceleration, work, kinetic energy, potential energy, gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, mechanical energy, and the law of conservation of energy. Graphs are used to illustrate concepts like speed, velocity, and acceleration over time. Formulas are provided for calculating kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and mechanical energy.
This document provides an overview of gravitational and circular motion concepts for an AP Physics exam preparation series. It defines key terms like gravitational force, centripetal force, and centripetal acceleration. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating gravitational force between objects, linear speed in circular motion, and centripetal force for an object moving in a circular path. The document emphasizes that an inward, centripetal force is required to cause uniform circular motion rather than straight-line motion.
1) A mass attached to a vertical spring can be modeled as a simple harmonic oscillator, with the net force equal to Fnet = -ky.
2) If a 2kg mass is pulled down 20m and released from a spring with k=1, its velocity will be 8m/s at a displacement of 16.49m above the resting point as it moves up.
3) At this point, the kinetic energy is 64J, potential energy is 135.96J, and total energy is 199.96J, consistent with the total energy of 1/2kx^2 = 200J for this simple harmonic motion system.
1) The document discusses the work-energy principle, which states that the work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy.
2) It provides various examples of calculating work done by different types of forces like inclined, gravitational, frictional, and spring forces.
3) Key concepts covered include the definitions of work and work done, sign conventions for different forces, and using the work-energy principle to solve problems by setting the work equal to the change in kinetic energy.
This document summarizes lessons on rigid body rotation, including the parallel-axis theorem, combined translation and rotation, and angular momentum. Key concepts are the moment of inertia of objects about different axes using the parallel-axis theorem, and that the kinetic energy of a rolling object equals the sum of its rotational kinetic energy and translational kinetic energy. Several examples are worked through, such as finding the acceleration of a rotating wheel and the angular speed when disks with different moments of inertia combine rotation.
This document covers the concepts of linear momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It defines linear momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and defines impulse as the product of force and time. It states that impulse causes a change in momentum, and that the total momentum in a system is conserved if the net external force is zero. Examples of elastic and inelastic collisions are provided, as well as examples calculating momentum, impulse, and the center of mass of objects.
This document covers angular motion in a plane, including centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and Newton's law of gravitation. It defines centripetal acceleration as the acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path, gives its formula in terms of speed and radius, and explains that a centripetal force is required to provide this acceleration to maintain a circular motion. It also presents Newton's law of gravitation and gives the formula for the gravitational force between two masses. Several example problems are worked through applying these concepts.
This document discusses linear momentum and its conservation. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The document then provides examples of calculating momentum for various objects and collisions. It introduces impulse as the product of force and time of interaction. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant during elastic collisions, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is calculated as K = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy, and tripling speed multiplies it by nine. The SI unit for kinetic, potential, and all other types of energy is the Joule. Potential energy depends on mass, gravitational field strength, and height. The total energy before and after an energy transformation will be equal according to the law of conservation of energy. Work is the product of force and displacement and can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the direction of force relative to motion.
1. Impact testing involves fracturing materials at high strain rates to measure their toughness. This gives a better indication of a material's ability to withstand sharp impacts compared to tensile testing.
2. The impact testing machine works by using a pendulum that is released and gains kinetic energy, which it transfers to a test specimen on impact, fracturing it. The difference in the pendulum's potential energy before and after fracturing the specimen indicates the energy absorbed during fracture.
3. Analysis of impact test results on different materials showed that mild steel absorbed the most energy before fracturing, indicating it is the most tough material out of those tested including aluminum, copper, HDPE and PVC.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for momentum and collisions in AP Physics - Core. It defines important terms like vector, force, momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It also distinguishes between elastic and inelastic collisions. Example problems and solutions are given to demonstrate how to apply the conservation of momentum formula to calculate changes in velocity or force from information about an object's mass, initial velocity, time of impact, and final velocity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a physics chapter on circular motion, gravity, and simple machines. It includes objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and sample problems for key topics like centripetal acceleration and force, Newton's law of universal gravitation, orbital motion, torque, and simple machines. It also provides multiple choice questions for standardized test preparation.
426 45 conservation of mechanical energySAI RAMANA
The document discusses the laws of conservation of mechanical energy and work and energy. It provides formulas and an example problem. The key points are:
1) The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that when gravity is the only external force, the total mechanical energy of an object remains constant. The energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
2) The principle of work and energy states that the work done on an object by a force is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy and potential energy.
3) An example problem calculates the velocity of a ball immediately before impact after being dropped from a height, by applying the principle that the total mechanical energy remains constant as the potential energy decreases
Power is the ability to do work over time. Work is a force applied over a distance. To calculate power, you take the work done (in joules) and divide it by the time taken (in seconds). Calculating work involves multiplying the force applied (in newtons) by the distance over which it was applied (in meters). Determining if something uses power involves asking if it has a force acting on it, if the object is moving over some distance, and if the movement can be timed. Time and work are directly related to power calculations.
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
This document discusses the concepts of physical quantities, units, and dimensions in physics. It defines physical quantities as those that can be measured using physical means or apparatus, giving examples like mass, length, and time. Units are defined as standards used to measure physical quantities. Dimensions are used to determine the units of derived quantities by relating them to fundamental quantities and their units using exponents. The document also discusses the S.I. system of units and provides examples of using dimensional analysis to check equations and determine conversion factors between different units.
The document summarizes key concepts in physical science related to motion, forces, energy, and waves. It explains that motion involves an object's position and displacement over time, and defines related terms like speed, velocity, and acceleration. It also summarizes Newton's three laws of motion and friction. Additionally, it defines concepts such as work, power, energy, and heat transfer. Finally, it describes the characteristics of mechanical and electromagnetic waves, including wavelength, frequency, speed, and interactions like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
032616 week3 conservation of mechanical energySubas Nandy
The document discusses the law of conservation of energy and conservation of mechanical energy. It defines the different types of energy and states that the total energy of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on it. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating changes in kinetic and potential energy and applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to problems involving objects moving under the influence of gravity.
A force meter measures force in Newtons. It works by using a rubber band of known length that stretches when a force is applied. The amount the rubber band stretches corresponds to the amount of force applied, allowing the force to be measured in Newtons on a scale.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it. Applications include collisions between objects like cars and the jet propulsion of airplanes, where hot gases ejected from the back provide an equal and opposite momentum to push the plane forward.
1) This lab report summarizes an experiment investigating elastic and inelastic collisions between pucks. For an elastic collision, momentum and kinetic energy were conserved to within experimental uncertainty.
2) For an inelastic collision, momentum changed by 15% and kinetic energy decreased by 32%, indicating the collision was inelastic.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as marker placement during video analysis. Overall, the goals of determining momentum and energy conservation for elastic and inelastic collisions were met, despite some unexpected results for the inelastic case likely due to experimental errors.
The document discusses the range of magnitudes of various physical quantities that exist in the universe. It provides examples of distances that range from subnuclear particles at 10-15 meters to the extent of the visible universe at 1026 meters. Masses range from the electron mass at 10-30 kg to the mass of the universe at 1050 kg. Times range from 10-23 seconds for light crossing an atom to 1018 seconds for the age of the universe. The document emphasizes learning to express ratios of quantities as differences in orders of magnitude, and provides examples of calculating ratios between various physical quantities.
This document provides an overview of topics related to general physics concepts for the Cambridge iGCSE syllabus. It includes definitions, explanations, examples, and sample questions related to key concepts like length, time, speed, acceleration, distance-time graphs, speed-time graphs, density, forces, Newton's laws of motion, and moments. The document is intended to be a study guide and reference for students preparing for the Cambridge iGCSE physics exam. It covers the essential information about these foundational physics concepts in a concise yet comprehensive manner.
The document discusses key physics concepts related to motion, forces, energy, and electricity. It defines terms like speed, velocity, acceleration, force, work, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, current, voltage, and resistance. Formulas are provided for calculating these values along with example problems and explanations of physics principles.
This document discusses measurement and the International System of Units (SI). It provides definitions for the seven base units of the SI system - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. It also discusses derived units such as area, volume, acceleration, force, and pressure which are calculated from combinations of the base units. Finally, it provides examples of unit conversions between the SI units and other common units.
1) The document discusses the work-energy principle, which states that the work done on an object equals its change in kinetic energy.
2) It provides various examples of calculating work done by different types of forces like inclined, gravitational, frictional, and spring forces.
3) Key concepts covered include the definitions of work and work done, sign conventions for different forces, and using the work-energy principle to solve problems by setting the work equal to the change in kinetic energy.
This document summarizes lessons on rigid body rotation, including the parallel-axis theorem, combined translation and rotation, and angular momentum. Key concepts are the moment of inertia of objects about different axes using the parallel-axis theorem, and that the kinetic energy of a rolling object equals the sum of its rotational kinetic energy and translational kinetic energy. Several examples are worked through, such as finding the acceleration of a rotating wheel and the angular speed when disks with different moments of inertia combine rotation.
This document covers the concepts of linear momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It defines linear momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity, and defines impulse as the product of force and time. It states that impulse causes a change in momentum, and that the total momentum in a system is conserved if the net external force is zero. Examples of elastic and inelastic collisions are provided, as well as examples calculating momentum, impulse, and the center of mass of objects.
This document covers angular motion in a plane, including centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and Newton's law of gravitation. It defines centripetal acceleration as the acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path, gives its formula in terms of speed and radius, and explains that a centripetal force is required to provide this acceleration to maintain a circular motion. It also presents Newton's law of gravitation and gives the formula for the gravitational force between two masses. Several example problems are worked through applying these concepts.
This document discusses linear momentum and its conservation. It begins by defining momentum as the product of an object's mass and velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity with both magnitude and direction. The document then provides examples of calculating momentum for various objects and collisions. It introduces impulse as the product of force and time of interaction. The law of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant during elastic collisions, where both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion and is calculated as K = 1/2 mv^2, where m is mass and v is velocity. Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy, and tripling speed multiplies it by nine. The SI unit for kinetic, potential, and all other types of energy is the Joule. Potential energy depends on mass, gravitational field strength, and height. The total energy before and after an energy transformation will be equal according to the law of conservation of energy. Work is the product of force and displacement and can be positive, negative, or zero depending on the direction of force relative to motion.
1. Impact testing involves fracturing materials at high strain rates to measure their toughness. This gives a better indication of a material's ability to withstand sharp impacts compared to tensile testing.
2. The impact testing machine works by using a pendulum that is released and gains kinetic energy, which it transfers to a test specimen on impact, fracturing it. The difference in the pendulum's potential energy before and after fracturing the specimen indicates the energy absorbed during fracture.
3. Analysis of impact test results on different materials showed that mild steel absorbed the most energy before fracturing, indicating it is the most tough material out of those tested including aluminum, copper, HDPE and PVC.
This document provides an overview of key concepts and formulas for momentum and collisions in AP Physics - Core. It defines important terms like vector, force, momentum, impulse, and conservation of momentum. It also distinguishes between elastic and inelastic collisions. Example problems and solutions are given to demonstrate how to apply the conservation of momentum formula to calculate changes in velocity or force from information about an object's mass, initial velocity, time of impact, and final velocity.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from a physics chapter on circular motion, gravity, and simple machines. It includes objectives, definitions, equations, examples, and sample problems for key topics like centripetal acceleration and force, Newton's law of universal gravitation, orbital motion, torque, and simple machines. It also provides multiple choice questions for standardized test preparation.
426 45 conservation of mechanical energySAI RAMANA
The document discusses the laws of conservation of mechanical energy and work and energy. It provides formulas and an example problem. The key points are:
1) The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that when gravity is the only external force, the total mechanical energy of an object remains constant. The energy is the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
2) The principle of work and energy states that the work done on an object by a force is equal to the change in the object's kinetic energy and potential energy.
3) An example problem calculates the velocity of a ball immediately before impact after being dropped from a height, by applying the principle that the total mechanical energy remains constant as the potential energy decreases
Power is the ability to do work over time. Work is a force applied over a distance. To calculate power, you take the work done (in joules) and divide it by the time taken (in seconds). Calculating work involves multiplying the force applied (in newtons) by the distance over which it was applied (in meters). Determining if something uses power involves asking if it has a force acting on it, if the object is moving over some distance, and if the movement can be timed. Time and work are directly related to power calculations.
Physics Measurements Notes for JEE Main 2015 Ednexa
This document discusses the concepts of physical quantities, units, and dimensions in physics. It defines physical quantities as those that can be measured using physical means or apparatus, giving examples like mass, length, and time. Units are defined as standards used to measure physical quantities. Dimensions are used to determine the units of derived quantities by relating them to fundamental quantities and their units using exponents. The document also discusses the S.I. system of units and provides examples of using dimensional analysis to check equations and determine conversion factors between different units.
The document summarizes key concepts in physical science related to motion, forces, energy, and waves. It explains that motion involves an object's position and displacement over time, and defines related terms like speed, velocity, and acceleration. It also summarizes Newton's three laws of motion and friction. Additionally, it defines concepts such as work, power, energy, and heat transfer. Finally, it describes the characteristics of mechanical and electromagnetic waves, including wavelength, frequency, speed, and interactions like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.
032616 week3 conservation of mechanical energySubas Nandy
The document discusses the law of conservation of energy and conservation of mechanical energy. It defines the different types of energy and states that the total energy of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on it. Mechanical energy is the sum of kinetic energy and potential energy. Several examples are provided to demonstrate calculating changes in kinetic and potential energy and applying the principle of conservation of mechanical energy to problems involving objects moving under the influence of gravity.
A force meter measures force in Newtons. It works by using a rubber band of known length that stretches when a force is applied. The amount the rubber band stretches corresponds to the amount of force applied, allowing the force to be measured in Newtons on a scale.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. The principle of conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external forces act on it. Applications include collisions between objects like cars and the jet propulsion of airplanes, where hot gases ejected from the back provide an equal and opposite momentum to push the plane forward.
1) This lab report summarizes an experiment investigating elastic and inelastic collisions between pucks. For an elastic collision, momentum and kinetic energy were conserved to within experimental uncertainty.
2) For an inelastic collision, momentum changed by 15% and kinetic energy decreased by 32%, indicating the collision was inelastic.
3) Sources of error are discussed, such as marker placement during video analysis. Overall, the goals of determining momentum and energy conservation for elastic and inelastic collisions were met, despite some unexpected results for the inelastic case likely due to experimental errors.
The document discusses the range of magnitudes of various physical quantities that exist in the universe. It provides examples of distances that range from subnuclear particles at 10-15 meters to the extent of the visible universe at 1026 meters. Masses range from the electron mass at 10-30 kg to the mass of the universe at 1050 kg. Times range from 10-23 seconds for light crossing an atom to 1018 seconds for the age of the universe. The document emphasizes learning to express ratios of quantities as differences in orders of magnitude, and provides examples of calculating ratios between various physical quantities.
This document provides an overview of topics related to general physics concepts for the Cambridge iGCSE syllabus. It includes definitions, explanations, examples, and sample questions related to key concepts like length, time, speed, acceleration, distance-time graphs, speed-time graphs, density, forces, Newton's laws of motion, and moments. The document is intended to be a study guide and reference for students preparing for the Cambridge iGCSE physics exam. It covers the essential information about these foundational physics concepts in a concise yet comprehensive manner.
The document discusses key physics concepts related to motion, forces, energy, and electricity. It defines terms like speed, velocity, acceleration, force, work, power, kinetic energy, potential energy, current, voltage, and resistance. Formulas are provided for calculating these values along with example problems and explanations of physics principles.
Similar to Outcome 2.1 & 2.2 identify and use internationally recognised (si) units of measurement for general and specifically to electrical variables
This document discusses measurement and the International System of Units (SI). It provides definitions for the seven base units of the SI system - meter, kilogram, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. It also discusses derived units such as area, volume, acceleration, force, and pressure which are calculated from combinations of the base units. Finally, it provides examples of unit conversions between the SI units and other common units.
This document provides an introduction to SI units and dimensions. It discusses:
- The basic SI units of length, mass, and time and common prefixes used.
- The concept of significant figures and implied accuracy in measurements.
- Scalar and vector quantities and definitions of common units like Newton.
- Dimensional homogeneity, where equations and terms must have the same dimensions.
- Examples of determining units of quantities from given equations and checking dimensional homogeneity.
The document provides a list of physics formulas across various topics in mechanics, electricity, thermodynamics, and more. It begins with an introduction on studying physics and understanding concepts through visualization of problems. The bulk of the document then lists key formulas in different areas of physics, providing the formulas and brief explanations. It encourages readers to derive the formulas themselves and find the joy in solving problems independently.
1_PHYSICAL Quantities to define the laws of physicsdhruvpalan123
This document discusses physical quantities and units in the International System of Units (SI). It defines a physical quantity as a property that can be measured, such as length, time, or temperature. All physical quantities have a numerical value and a unit. Quantities are either base quantities, such as length, mass, and time, which are defined by the SI, or derived quantities, which are combinations of base quantities. The document lists the seven base quantities in SI and provides examples of derived quantities and their units. It also discusses using base units to check the homogeneity of equations and expresses derived units as products or quotions of base units.
This document outlines the course topics for a Physics for Engineers course. The topics include measurements, motion, forces, momentum, energy, rotation, gravitation, and fluids. Measurements are discussed in detail, including physical quantities, standards and units like the International System of Units (SI). The base SI units for common physical quantities like time, length, mass, temperature and more are defined. Prefixes for metric units and examples of measured values for various physical quantities are provided. Proper representation of measurements and significant figures is also covered.
1. The document discusses the fundamentals of remote sensing, including the electromagnetic spectrum and Planck's law which describes the spectral radiance of a blackbody.
2. It explains key terms used to describe radiant energy, such as flux, irradiance, radiance, and brightness temperature. Brightness temperature is determined by inverting Planck's law.
3. The temperature sensitivity of radiance at different wavelengths is examined, showing greater sensitivity at shorter wavelengths in the infrared portion of the spectrum. The relationship between radiance and temperature follows a power law as radiance is proportional to temperature raised to the power of alpha.
This document provides information about homework help resources and an online physics study guide. It begins with links to websites for research paper help, online tutoring, and freelance tutoring sites. It then provides a preface and overview of the physics study guide which is intended to supplement an introductory college physics course. The guide is organized into three sections covering various physics concepts and includes appendices with physics constants and other reference information.
This document defines many fundamental physical quantities used across various domains of physics including mechanics, rotational mechanics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. It provides the name, definition, formula, units, and dimensions for quantities such as length, time, mass, velocity, acceleration, force, energy, charge, current, voltage, and others. It also notes that mass, energy, momentum, angular momentum, and charge are conserved in isolated systems according to physics conventions.
The document discusses dimensions and units in physics. It introduces the International System of Units (SI) which defines seven base units - meter, kilogram, second, Kelvin, ampere, mole, and candela. It describes how derived units like newtons are defined in terms of the base units. It also discusses standards for defining units of length, time, and mass and conventions for expressing very large and small numbers using scientific notation and prefixes. Dimensional analysis is introduced as a way to check the consistency of physical equations.
Quantities, Units, Order of Magnitude, Estimations.pptxAizereSeitjan
1. The document discusses physical quantities and units in the International System of Units (SI), including base units like meters, kilograms, and seconds.
2. It describes scientific notation and prefixes like milli, centi, and kilo that are used to indicate multiples or fractions of units.
3. Examples are provided for estimating quantities by their order of magnitude rather than precise values, such as distances in the solar system or ages of astronomical objects.
1. This document discusses measurement units and dimensions. It explains that all measurements have a numerical value and unit, and discusses different systems of units like SI, CGS, MKS, and FPS.
2. The SI system is now the international standard and defines fundamental units for length, mass, time, electric current, temperature, light intensity, and substance amount. Derived units are obtained by combining fundamental units.
3. Dimensional analysis can be used to verify equations and convert between units by examining the powers of fundamental units in an equation. The document provides numerous unit conversions and physical constants.
The document discusses different forms of energy including kinetic energy, heat, electricity, electromagnetic waves, and mass. It explains that energy can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. Mass is described as a form of energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts such as kinetic energy, electromagnetic frequency, and how a small amount of mass contains a huge amount of potential energy.
Diploma sem 2 applied science physics-unit 1-chap 1 measurementsRai University
This document provides an overview of measurements and units in physics. It defines fundamental concepts like physical quantities, units, and dimensions. The three fundamental SI units are outlined as the meter, kilogram, and second. Derived units are defined based on combinations of the fundamental units, such as meters/second for velocity. Several systems of units are described including the MKS, CGS, and FPS systems, with SI (metric) noted as the international standard. Conversions between units are demonstrated through examples. Dimensional analysis is introduced as a tool for checking equations and deducing relationships between physical phenomena.
This document discusses units and measurements in physics. It begins by explaining that physics involves quantitatively measuring various physical quantities during experiments, like size, volume, weight, temperature and length, which require standard units. The document then discusses the International System of Units (SI System) and its fundamental and derived units. It also covers supplementary units like plane angle and solid angle. The document provides guidelines for using SI units and concludes by discussing methods for measuring various physical quantities like length, distance, mass and time with varying precision from large to small scales.
This document outlines the course Applied Physics for Computer Science students. It includes the following topics: electric field, Gauss's law, Hall effect, Biot-Savart law, Faraday's law of induction, Lenz's law, and motional EMF. Assessment includes assignments, quizzes, tests, and exams. The goals are to understand fundamental physics laws relevant to computer science and apply physics to solve problems. Physics and computer science are complementary fields that can be combined to solve complex problems. Applied physics deals with practical applications of physics principles.
1. This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of engineering mechanics including basic quantities like length, mass, time and force. It describes Newton's laws of motion and gravitation.
2. The chapter outlines the standard procedures for applying the International System of Units (SI) and performing numerical calculations in mechanics. It emphasizes dimensional homogeneity and significant figures.
3. A general problem-solving procedure is presented, involving defining the problem, making assumptions, establishing a theoretical model, solving the governing equations, and interpreting the results.
The document discusses physical quantities and measurements in the International System of Units (SI). It provides definitions and histories of the seven base SI units - the kilogram, meter, second, ampere, kelvin, mole, and candela. It also lists 22 derived units and their relationships to the base units. The document explains scientific notation, unit prefixes, and rules for writing SI units. It gives examples of converting between units.
Atmospheric flows are governed by the equations of fluid dynamics. These equations are nonlinear. But because atmospheric flows are inhomogeneous and anisotropic, the nonlinearity may manifest itself only weakly through interactions of non-trivial mean flows with disturbances or eddies. In such situations, the quasi-linear (QL) approximation, that retains eddy-mean flow interactions but neglect eddy-eddy interactions, hold promise in resolving large-scale atmospheric dynamics. The statistics of the QL system corresponds to closing the hierarchy of statistical moments at the second order.
Hence, exploring QL dynamics paves the way for the development of direct statistical simulations of geophysical flows.
Using a hierarchy of idealized general circulation models, we identify when the QL approximation captures large-scale dynamics. We show that the QL dynamics fails to capture the flow when the dissipation of large-scale eddies occurs through strongly nonlinear eddy-eddy interactions in upper tropospheric surf zones, as it is often the case on Earth. But we demonstrate that the QL approximation captures eddy absorption when it arises from the shearing by the mean flow, for example when the eddy amplitude is small enough or the planetary rotation rate is large enough.
These results illustrate different classes of nonlinear processes that can control wave dissipation in the upper troposphere and show that in some parameter regimes the QL approximation is accurate to resolve large-scale dynamics.
Similar to Outcome 2.1 & 2.2 identify and use internationally recognised (si) units of measurement for general and specifically to electrical variables (20)
3. outcome 3.2 apply feming's right hand rulesanewton
This document discusses the principles of operation for a simple alternator. It begins with a review of electromagnetic concepts like magnetic fields and flux. It then explains that an alternator uses a coil rotating in a fixed magnetic field to generate an alternating current. Fleming's right hand rule is applied to determine the direction of induced current. The magnitude of the generated electromotive force (EMF) is calculated using a formula that depends on magnetic flux density, conductor length, and conductor velocity. Examples are worked through to demonstrate calculating EMF values. The next session will cover producing a sinusoidal waveform output and calculating sinusoidal quantities.
2. outcome 3.1 describe the magnetic flux patterns of electromagnetssanewton
This document describes the magnetic flux patterns of electromagnets. It discusses how a magnetic field is created around a current-carrying conductor or solenoid. The strength of the magnetic field depends on the number of turns of wire and the size of the current. Adding an iron core inside the solenoid dramatically increases the magnetic field. Solenoids are used in applications like door entry systems, gas valves, and door bells. Relays use an electromagnet to switch circuits on and off. Students will draw circuits using relays to control lights.
This document discusses the key principles of electromagnetism. It explains that magnetism is difficult to understand but is essential for electrical work. Without magnetism, technologies like motors and generators would not function. The document then describes magnetic flux lines and how they behave depending on whether magnetic poles are like or unlike. It also discusses how magnetic fields are generated by electric currents based on the direction of current flow.
This document discusses how various electrical measurement instruments are connected into circuits. It explains that a voltmeter is connected in parallel to measure voltage, an ammeter is connected in series to measure current, and a wattmeter uses both series and parallel connections to measure power by determining both current and voltage. An ohmmeter is also discussed, which measures impedance by connecting at each end of a circuit or load. Different types of analog meters like moving iron and moving coil meters are described along with their advantages and disadvantages. Digital meters and how they work are also covered.
3. calculate power in a basic electrical circuitsanewton
This document discusses calculating power in basic electrical circuits. It covers power being measured in watts as joules per second, power being dissipated when current flows through a resistor and is converted to heat or light. Formulas for power are provided using voltage, current and resistance. Examples are given of calculating power dissipated in series and parallel circuits. The effects of changing current, voltage and resistance on power are explored.
This document discusses electrical circuits and Ohm's law. It covers calculating the total resistance of resistors connected in series and parallel. For series resistors, the total resistance is calculated by adding the individual resistances. For parallel resistors, the total resistance is calculated by taking the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual resistances. More resistors in parallel means lower total resistance, while more resistors in series means higher total resistance. The document provides examples of calculating total resistance, current, and voltage in series and parallel circuits.
This document discusses calculating resistance of conductors in electrical circuits. It explains that the resistance (R) of a conductor depends on its resistivity (ρ), length (L), and area (A), according to the formula R = ρL/A. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating resistance given the material, length, and area. Common materials like copper, aluminum, silver, gold and brass are identified along with their typical resistivities. The document also provides practice calculating resistance for example circuits.
This document discusses the fundamentals of electricity, including:
- Atoms are made up of protons, electrons, and neutrons, with protons being positively charged and electrons being negatively charged.
- In conductors like copper and aluminum, electrons are loosely bound and can easily move between atoms when a source of electromotive force is applied, creating an electric current.
- An electric current is the regulated flow of electrons, with one coulomb equaling approximately 6.24 quintillion electrons flowing for one second, which is defined as one amp.
This document outlines a unit on electrical science principles. It identifies three main sources of electromotive force: magnetic, chemical, and thermal. Magnetic force is generated by rotating a coil in a magnetic field, producing alternating current. Chemical sources include batteries and cells, where two dissimilar metals and an electrolyte produce direct current. Thermal sources use the Seebeck effect where applying heat to connected dissimilar metals produces voltage. Effects of electric current include heating, chemical changes through electrolysis, and generating magnetic fields around conductors.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
Outcome 2.1 & 2.2 identify and use internationally recognised (si) units of measurement for general and specifically to electrical variables
1.
08/2 – Understand standard units of
measurement used in electrical
installation, maintenance and design
work.
Outcome 2.1/2.2 – Standard form (SI)
and formula transposition
Unit 08 Principles of electrical science
3. 2.1 - Identify and use internationally recognised (SI)
units of measurement for general variables.
2.2 - Identify and determine values of basic SI units
which apply specifically to electrical variables.
Current, potential, resistance, resistivity, temperature,
force, magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, period,
frequency, power, energy, time, length, area, mass,
weight.
1.1 - Transpose basic formulae. (reminder)
This session
15.
magnetic flux, magnetic flux density and
area
Magnetic flux is how strong a magnet is.
Magnetic flux is given the symbol Φ and is
measured in units called Webers (Wb).
16.
magnetic flux, magnetic flux density and
area
Magnetic flux density is how much
magnetism there is in an area
Magnetic flux density is given the symbol B
and is measured in units called Telsas (T).
17.
magnetic flux, magnetic flux density and
area
Formula
Flux (Φ) = Flux density (B) x area (A)
Φ = BA
Transpose
18.
Mass and weight
What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass = 80 kg Mass = 80 kg
Weight = 0 Weight = 80 × gravity
21.
Mass and weight
Earth Moon Mercury Venus Mars Pluto
Surface Gravity
(compared to Earth)
1 0.17 0.38 0.90 0.38 0.06
How much
you can lift
10 kg 60 kg 30 kg 10 kg 30 kg 170 kg
How high
you can jump
20
cm
120 cm 53 cm 22 cm 53 cm 340 cm
How long it takes to fall
back to the ground
0.4 s 2.4 s 1.1 s 0.4 s 1.1 s 6.8 s
How far you
can kick a ball
20 m 120 m 53 m 22m 53 m 340 m
22.
Force
Measured in Newtons (N)
Distance
Measured in metres (M)
Energy
Same as work done measured in Joules(J)
symbol W
Force, distance and energy
24.
2.1 - Identify and use internationally recognised (SI) units
of measurement for general variables.
2.2 - Identify and determine values of basic SI units which
apply specifically to electrical variables.
Current, potential, resistance, resistivity, temperature, force,
magnetic flux, magnetic flux density, period, frequency,
power, energy, time, length, area, mass, weight.
1.1 - Transpose basic formulae. (reminder)
Consolidation
Speaker notes
Remind the learners that, as well as maths, they also need to understand some scientific and mechanical concepts, e.g. the difference between weight (a force) and mass.
Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It is measured in kilograms. The confusing thing is that in everyday language we use kilograms to talk about weight.
All bodies on Earth (and on any planet) are subjected to a pull, as proven by the fact that if you let go of an object above a surface, it will fall and not float where you left it. This pull is called gravity, and weight is the result of the application of that pull on a mass. The gravitational pull acts on a mass downwards, so you can say that weight is the force that you need to apply in order to lift a mass. Weight is actually measured in newtons (N).
Ask: What is gravity as a figure? (We generally use 9.81 m/s2.)
Ask: How much do you actually weigh? (Learners’ weight (if willing to say))
Speaker notes
Remind the learners that, as well as maths, they also need to understand some scientific and mechanical concepts, e.g. the difference between weight (a force) and mass.
Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It is measured in kilograms. The confusing thing is that in everyday language we use kilograms to talk about weight.
All bodies on Earth (and on any planet) are subjected to a pull, as proven by the fact that if you let go of an object above a surface, it will fall and not float where you left it. This pull is called gravity, and weight is the result of the application of that pull on a mass. The gravitational pull acts on a mass downwards, so you can say that weight is the force that you need to apply in order to lift a mass. Weight is actually measured in newtons (N).
Ask: What is gravity as a figure? (We generally use 9.81 m/s2.)
Ask: How much do you actually weigh? (Learners’ weight (if willing to say))
Speaker notes
Remind the learners that, as well as maths, they also need to understand some scientific and mechanical concepts, e.g. the difference between weight (a force) and mass.
Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It is measured in kilograms. The confusing thing is that in everyday language we use kilograms to talk about weight.
All bodies on Earth (and on any planet) are subjected to a pull, as proven by the fact that if you let go of an object above a surface, it will fall and not float where you left it. This pull is called gravity, and weight is the result of the application of that pull on a mass. The gravitational pull acts on a mass downwards, so you can say that weight is the force that you need to apply in order to lift a mass. Weight is actually measured in newtons (N).
Ask: What is gravity as a figure? (We generally use 9.81 m/s2.)
Ask: How much do you actually weigh? (Learners’ weight (if willing to say))
Speaker notes
Remind the learners that, as well as maths, they also need to understand some scientific and mechanical concepts, e.g. the difference between weight (a force) and mass.
Mass is the amount of matter in a body. It is measured in kilograms. The confusing thing is that in everyday language we use kilograms to talk about weight.
All bodies on Earth (and on any planet) are subjected to a pull, as proven by the fact that if you let go of an object above a surface, it will fall and not float where you left it. This pull is called gravity, and weight is the result of the application of that pull on a mass. The gravitational pull acts on a mass downwards, so you can say that weight is the force that you need to apply in order to lift a mass. Weight is actually measured in newtons (N).
Ask: What is gravity as a figure? (We generally use 9.81 m/s2.)
Ask: How much do you actually weigh? (Learners’ weight (if willing to say))