This document discusses several types of fungal infections of the skin and nails including ringworm, tinea capitis (scalp ringworm), and onychomycosis (fungal nail infection). It describes the symptoms, most common causes, diagnostic methods like microscopy and culture, and some treatment options like antifungal medications, lasers, and non-drug therapies for these common dermatophyte infections.

1. Tinea corporis or ringworm of the body
Lesions appear as round, red,
scaly, patches with well-defined,
raised edges, often with a
central clearing and very itchy
(usually on trunk, limbs, and
also in other body parts).

2. causes tinea corporis
Trichophyton and Microsporum.
T. rubrum is the most common
causative agent of tinea
corporis worldwide
T. rubrum
Microsporum

3. Tinea faciei or facial ringworm
Round or ring shaped red
patches may occur on non-
bearded areas of the faceThis
type of dermatophytosis can
have a subtle appearance,
sometimes known as "tine
incognito".[

4. Trichophyton rubrum (T
rubrum). Infection often
comes from the feet (tinea
pedis) or nails (tinea unguium)
originally.

5. Zoophilic (animal) fungi such
as Microsporum canis (M
canis), from cats and dogs,
and T verrucosum, from farm
cattle, are also common.
Microsporum canis
T verrucosum

6. Tinea capitis is
a fungal infection of the scalp,
involving both the skin
and hair. It is also known as
scalp ringworm..

7. Symptoms of tinea capitis
include hair loss,
dry scaly areas, redness, and
itch. Tinea barbae is
essentially the same condition
involving the beard area

8. Tinea capitis or scalp ("black dot") ringworm
Children from ages 3-7 are most
commonly infected with tinea
capitis

10. Trichophyton tonsurans is an
the most common cause of
tinea capitis in the United
States
T. violaceum
Tinea capitis: Wood lamp
fluorescence

11. Specimens are wet-mounted
in potassium hydroxide and
examined under a
light microscope for the
presence of hyphae and
spores.

12. Culture
Fungal culture allows
identification of the causative
agent, and hence the possible
source of infection. However,
it is slow, taking up to 4 weeks

13. Tinea manuum or ringworm of the hands
In most cases of tinea manuum,
only one hand is involved.
Frequently both feet are
involved concurrently, thus the
saying "one hand, two feet

15. Onychomycosis, tinea unguium, or ringworm of the nail
Onychomycosis, also known as tinea
unguium is a fungal infection of the nail
Symptoms may include white or yellow nail
discoloration, thickening of the nail,
and separation of the nail from the nail bed
fungal nail infections

17. Onychomycosis can be due to:
•Dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum (T.
rubrum), T. interdigitale (tinea unguium)
•Yeasts such as Candida albicans and rarely, non-
albicans Candida species
•Moulds such as Scopulariopsis
brevicaulis and Fusarium species.

18. •Lateral onychomycosis — a white or yellow opaque
streak appears at one side of the nail.
•Subungual hyperkeratosis — scaling occurs under
the nail.
•Distal onycholysis— the end of the nail lifts. The
free edge often crumbles.

19. •Superficial white
onychomycosis
•flaky white patches and pits
appear on the top of the nail
plate.
•.

20. •Proximal onychomycosis
yellow spots appear in the
half-moon (lunula).

21. dermatophytoma thick localised area of
infection in the nail plate

22. •Destruction of the nail

23. Fingernail infections are usually cured more quickly
and effectively than toenail infections.
Mild infections affecting less than 50% of one or two
nails may respond to topical antifungal medications,

24. Recently, non-drug treatment
has been developed to treat
onychomycosis thus avoiding
the side effects and risks of
oral antifungal drugs.

25. Lasers emitting infrared
radiation are thought to kill
fungi by the production of
heat within the infected
tissue. Laser treatment is
reported to safely eradicate
nail fungi

26. the diagnosis of onychomycosis
The clippings and scrapings
are sent to a mycology
laboratory for microscopy and
culture.

27. Identification of
dermatophytes
colony appearance
microscopic feature

28. Trichophyton rubrum
White granular fluffy
red to brown
Tear shaped

29. White wooly
reverse yellow to brown
Conidia
spherical
Hyphae spiral

30. Microsporum canis
White to yellow
reverse deep yellow
Macroconidia pointed
superficial projection