The document discusses osteomyelitis, an infection of bone marrow and bone. It begins with a case study of a 7-year-old boy presenting with pain and swelling in his thigh. It then provides details on the classification, causes, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, treatment including antibiotics and possible surgery, and complications of osteomyelitis. The metaphysis is identified as the most common site of infection due to factors like increased vascularity and immature cells. Staphylococcus aureus is usually the causative organism in developed countries. Appropriate treatment involves antibiotics, splinting, and surgical drainage if the infection does not improve with antibiotics alone.
Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Infections can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs.
Smokers and people with chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney failure, are more at risk of developing osteomyelitis. People who have diabetes may develop osteomyelitis in their feet if they have foot ulcers.
Although once considered incurable, osteomyelitis can now be successfully treated. Most people need surgery to remove areas of the bone that have died. After surgery, strong intravenous antibiotics are typically needed.
Presentation on osteomyelitis for physiotherapy students
It includes the explanation along with the treatment for osteomyelitis which may be benefitial for the physiotherapy students
Thank You for watching
Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Infections can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs.
Smokers and people with chronic health conditions, such as diabetes or kidney failure, are more at risk of developing osteomyelitis. People who have diabetes may develop osteomyelitis in their feet if they have foot ulcers.
Although once considered incurable, osteomyelitis can now be successfully treated. Most people need surgery to remove areas of the bone that have died. After surgery, strong intravenous antibiotics are typically needed.
Presentation on osteomyelitis for physiotherapy students
It includes the explanation along with the treatment for osteomyelitis which may be benefitial for the physiotherapy students
Thank You for watching
inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organisms. spread through bone to involve marrow, cortex, periosteum and soft tissues surrounding the bone.
covers common causes of low back pain, indications and techniques of epidural steroid injections- interlaminar, caudal, transforaminal approaches, both surface landmark and guided methods.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
2. Case I
• A 7 year young boy came to Emergency with
sudden onset of pain and swelling of right
distal thigh.He has high grade of fever for 24
hours and is unable to bear weight. His knee
movement is relatively preserved.
Provisional diagnosis : Acute Osteomyelitis
7/18/2019 2
3. Introduction:
• Nelaton coined Osteomyelitis in 1834.
It includes three words
– Osteon = bone
– Myelo = marrow
– Itits = inflammation
– The clinical state in which bone is infected with
microorganisms
7/18/2019 3
5. Reasons:
• Hairpin loop appearance of blood
vessel
• Increase vascularity to metaphysis
causing pooling of blood.
• Immature cells of metaphysis due to
high turnover.
• Presence of degenerating cartilge cells
which act as a good culture media.
7/18/2019 5
6. • Presence of end arteries in metaphysis.
• Relative lack of phagocytosis.
• More prone to trauma
• Presence of single endothelial linning in
metaphyseal arteries
7/18/2019 6
8. Etiology :
Staphylococcus aureus Most common/developed countries
Haemophilus influenzae In developing countries
pseudomonas Aids /iv drug abuse/DM
Salmonella Sickle cell disease
pasteurella Animal bite
Eikinella Human bite
Staphylococcus Epidermidis Hip replacement
7/18/2019 8
•Streptococcus pyogenes
•Streptococcus pneumoniae
•Group B streptococcus
•Gram negative organisms (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Proteus mirabilis)
•Bacteroids fragilis(anaerobes)
9. Pathogenesis:
• Most common route : Hematogenous route
• Most Common site: femur(27 %) and tibia
(26%)
7/18/2019 9
10. 1.Pre existing focus
/exogenous infection
2.Infective embolus
enters nutrient artery
3.Trapped in vessel of
metaphysis and block it
4.Active hyperemia +
PMN cells exudate
causes decalcification
5.Proteolytic
enzymes destroy
bacteria and
medullary elements
6.Debris increas and
intramedullary pressure
increases
7.Follows the path of
least resistance
8.Passes through
volksmann canal and into
subperiosteal space
9.Strips periosteum
and perforate it
10.Drains out
PATHOGENESIS
7/18/2019 10
11. Sequestrum:
• Piece of dead bone surrounded
by infected granulation tissue
• Lighter than normal bone and
normal pattern of bone is lost
• Appears pale and has smooth inner and rough
outer surface
7/18/2019 11
12. • Act as a nidus and cause of nonhealing sinus
in chronic osteomyelitis
• X ray : appear dense than surrounding bone
because demineralization doesn't take place
7/18/2019 12
13. Involucrum
• Dense sclerotic new bone
overlying a sequestrum
• Appears by the end of 2nd
week.
• If infection persist, pus may
continue to discharge through
a hole in involucrum which is
known as cloacae
• Cloacae are lined by infected
granulation tissue
7/18/2019 13
15. Clinical feature
Infant Children
Failure to thrive Severe pain, malaise & fever
Drowsy & irritable Toxaemia
Pseudoparalysis Pseudoparalysis ‘Refusal to use a limb, or
even touch’
Metaphyseal tenderness Regional lymphadenopathy
History of birth difficulties, umbilical
artery catheterization, site of infection
such as inflamed IV infusion site, heel
puncture
Recent history of infection
7/18/2019 15
16. Investigation
• Plain x ray :
7/18/2019 16
1st week No abnormality of
bone
2nd week Faint extra cortical
outline due to
periosteal new
bone formation
Later periosteal thickening becomes more obvious and there is patchy
rarefraction of the metaphysis
Late sign: combination of regional osteoporosis with localized segment of
apparently increased density
17. ESR within 24-48 hrs after the onset of
symptom.
CRP elevated within 12 – 24 hrs
Wbc count rises
Antistaphylococcal antibody titres Rises
Aspiration of pus or fluid from
metaphyseal area
Gram stain help to identify type of
infection and assist with initial choice of
antibiotics
Blood culture Positive in less than half the cases of
proven infection.
7/18/2019 17
18. USG may detect subperiosteal collection of
fluid in early stage
MRI extremely sensitive and help in
differentiating soft tissue infection and
osteomyelitis
7/18/2019 18
•Bone scan
•CT
•Radionuclide scanning
20. Treatment
• If suspected on clinical grounds treatment
must be started immediately without waiting
for final confirmation of diagnosis
7/18/2019 20
21. • 4 important aspect:
o Supportive treatment for pain and
dehydration: septicemia and fever can cause
severe dehydration.
o Splintage of affected part: for comfort and to
prevent joint contracture
o Appropriate antimicrobial therapy(duration 6
week)
o Surgical drainage
7/18/2019 21
22. Nade’s principles for treatment of
acute hematogenous osteomyelitis
1. Appropriate antibiotic is effective before pus
formation
2. Antibiotics do not sterilize avascular tissues or
abscesses, and such areas require surgical
removal
3. If such removal is effective, antibiotics should
prevent their reformation and primary wound
closure should be safe
7/18/2019 22
23. 4. Surgery should not damage further already
ischaemic bone and soft tissue
5. Antibiotics should be continued after surgery
7/18/2019 23
24. Neonate and infant upto 6 month patient
with sickle
Flucloxacillin +3rd generation
cephalosporin
6 month to 6 year Flucloxacillin + 2nd or 3rd generation
cephalosporin
Older children and previously fit adults Flucloxacillin plus fusidic acid/2nd or 3rd
generation cephalosporin
Elderly and previous unfit patient Flucloxacillin plus 2nd or 3rd generation
cephalosporin
Patient with sickle cell disease 3rd generation cephalosporin or a
fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin
Heroin addicts and immunocompromised
patients
3rd generation cephalosporins or a
fluoroquinolone
MRSA Vancomycin with a 3rd generation
cephalosporin; Linezolid
7/18/2019 24
25. Surgical drainage
• If antibiotics are given early: drainage is often
unnecessary
• Indication:
– do not improve within 36 hrs of starting treatment
– abscess is formed
– Severely ill and moribund child
7/18/2019 25