OSI Draft
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The document describes the seven layers of the OSI model from highest to lowest: 1) The application layer provides interfaces between applications and the network. Common protocols include HTTP, FTP, and DNS. 2) The presentation layer serves as a data translator and handles encryption/decryption. 3) The session layer establishes and terminates communication sessions between applications and provides services like dialog management. 4) The transport layer ensures reliable data transmission through error checking, data recovery, and message segmentation/reassembly. 5) The network layer handles addressing, routing, encapsulation, and de-encapsulation of data packets. 6) The data link layer moves data across a physical link through frames
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The document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
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Computer Networks Notes Complete Syllabus
Points Covered
UNIT 1:
1. The Internet Architecture
2. Networking Devices
3. OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Model
5. Topologies
6. Types of Networks with diagrams.
7.
UNIT 2:
1. X.25
2. Frame Relay
3. FDDI
4. Token Ring
5. Bluetooth
6. RFID
7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
UNIT 3:
1. Data Link Layer
2. Error Control
3. Flow Control
4. Types of services provided to the network layer
UNIT 4:
1. Classful IP Addressing
2. Difference between IPV4 and IPV6
3. Piggybacking
4. Methods to improve QoS
5. Subnet, subnet mask, Private IP, Public IP and NAT
6. Congestion Control and how it works in TCP
7. TCP and UDP
8. Explain TCP with its header format
9. Socket
UNIT 5:
1. Application Layer
2. DNS
3. SMTP
4. POP3
5. HTTP
6. URL
7. FTP
8. Basic functions of e-mail system
9. HTTP,FTP Difference
UNIT 6:
1. Network Security Goals
2. Public key Encryption/Decryption
3. Public and Private key Encryption
4. What is a firewall? Mention the types of firewalls
5. Steps followed in creating digital signature
6. Differentiate between digital signature and digital certificate
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model describes seven layers that computer systems use to communicate over a network. It was the first standard model for network communications, adopted by all major computer and telecommunication companies in the early 1980s.
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M1
The document provides recommendations for promoting an e-commerce system, including:
1) Optimizing search engine optimization through keywords, meta tags, and links to increase website visibility.
2) Using newsgroups and forums to generate discussion and exposure of the website.
3) Implementing banners and pop-ups on other popular websites to advertise.
4) Ensuring the website has an intuitive user interface and establishes customer loyalty through rewards to encourage return visits and purchases.
Communication devices
This document defines and describes several key terms related to computer networking and telecommunications:
- Modems are devices that control data flow between a computer and other devices like modems, allowing for data transfer.
- 3G and 4G are mobile phone standards that allow for increasingly faster internet access on mobile networks through improvements like LTE.
- Mobile phones can make calls, send texts, and access the internet via mobile networks or Bluetooth to communicate.
- Tablets and laptops are portable computers that can access wireless networks to transfer data to other devices. Tablets differ in lacking a built-in keyboard.
Interconnecting devices
Interconnecting devices allow computers to communicate over networks. Routers connect wireless devices to networks without cables, and find the fastest data path. Switches create networks and use CAM tables to route data to devices via MAC addresses, while hubs broadcast data to all devices. Bridges connect multiple LANs by recording data sources and destinations. Wireless access points connect devices to LANs but lack IP addressing and firewalls unlike routers.
Managed s.
This document discusses port configuration and security features on a network. It allows the user to control the speed, priority, and enable/disable status of each individual port. It also describes half duplex, full duplex, and auto negotiation settings. Additional features covered include double VLAN, private VLAN, DHCP snooping, BPDU messages, and spanning tree root guard.
P5 ram instillation
The document provides instructions for installing RAM and a wireless network interface card (NIC) in a computer tower. It advises checking the existing RAM amount before installation. When opening the tower, take anti-static precautions and carefully locate slots to insert the new RAM and place the wireless NIC. After closing up, check that the NIC is functioning and that the RAM amount increased as expected. It also provides brief directions for connecting to a wireless network by selecting the network name and entering the chosen password.
P2 computer systems
This document summarizes several types of computer systems:
Laptops are portable computers with built-in keyboards and batteries that can be used for work on the go. Tablets are touchscreen mobile devices larger than phones with long battery life and virtual keyboards. Servers are computer hardware that run network services to meet the needs of connected computers. Desktop computers are non-portable personal computers used in a single location with keyboards, mice, and towers.
P1 computer components
The document defines and describes common computer components including RAM, ROM, CPU, hard drive, video card, power supply, computer fan, BIOS, and motherboard. RAM stores temporary information, ROM stores permanent information, the CPU performs calculations, the hard drive stores data, the video card generates images, the power supply converts AC to DC power, the fan prevents overheating, the BIOS starts the operating system, and the motherboard powers and connects other components.
Ipod presentation
The document provides information about the iPod touch. It discusses the generations of the iPod touch that were released between 2007 and 2010. It notes that over 6 million iPod touch units have been sold worldwide. The iPod touch allows users to download and listen to music, watch videos, download and play games, take photos, and access the internet via Wi-Fi. Storage sizes ranged from 18GB and the iPod touch had a camera that could take high-definition photos.
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OSI Draft
- 1. By James Bennett, Joe Barton, Liam Edwards and Harbinjit Salh
- 2. The OSI Model has seven different layers. This presentation will describe and explain each one of the layers, Starting with highest in the hierarchy (The Application Layer) proceeding to the lowest (The Physical Layer). This is how the layers look: Layers 7 – 4 focus on end to end communication of data source and destination Layers 3 – 1 provide consistent communication between the network devices.
- 3. The application layer is the closest to the end user. It is the layer that provides the interface between the applications we use to communicate and the underlying network over which our messages are transmitted. The application layer protocols are used to exchange data between programs running on the source and destination hosts. There are many application layer protocols including HTTP, FTP, TFTP, IMAP, DNS protocol.
- 4. Layer 6 - Presentation The presentation layer or sometimes referred to as the syntax layer, serves as a data translator for the network. It is responsible for the delivery and formatting of information to the application layer for further processing display. Encryption is typically done at this layer too, although it can be done at the application, session and transport layers. Decryption is also handled at this layer. For example when logging on to bank account sites the presentation layer will decrypt the data as it is received.
- 5. Allows to applications to establish and terminate communicate to each other, known as a session. Provides services like: Dialog management- what decides which end point talks at what time
- 6. Ensures data sent does no receive errors, like duplication, lost or corruption. It Provides: Message segmentation- what splits messages into smaller pieces, for fewer losses, and then passes to the network layer. The receiving transport layer reassembles the segments into the full data. Error checking and data recovery
- 7. This layer forwards PDUs between hosts It uses four process to do this: 1. Addressing end devices- this process configures end devices with a unique IP address 2. Encapsulation – this layer receives the data from the transport layer and then adds an IP header to the data, what includes the source and destination IP address.
- 8. 3. Routing - a router selects paths to direct the packet towards to the destination. 4. De-encapsulation – when receiving a packet the network layer reads the IP address, if the destination IP address is the same as its own it will remove the header and send the data up to the transport layer.
- 9. The Data link layer is responsible for the moving of data across the a physical link in a network. The data link has two sublayers: Media Access Control (MAC) Logical Link Control (LLC) The Data link ensures that initial connection has been set up, It also divides output data into frames. It ensures that incoming has been received.
- 10. This layer transmit the data, in bits form, to the destination physical layer. The data is transmitted using signals, the signal used is determined by the medium used. Electrical voltage, radio frequencies and pulses of light or infrared are types of signalling.