This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including definitions of data communication, networks, and network topologies. It discusses the components of data communication and defines a network. Physical network structures like point-to-point and multipoint connections are described. Common network topologies including mesh, star, bus, and ring are defined along with their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the seven-layer OSI model is introduced as a standard for network communication, with brief descriptions of the layers and their responsibilities.

1. INTRODUCTION OF
COMPUTER NETWORKS
By : Pragati Gupta

2. Outline:
• Data Communication
• Network
• Topology
• OSI Model

3. DATA COMMUNICATIONS:
Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices
via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.
Components:

4. Data Flow

5. NETWORKS:
A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by
communication links.
Network Criteria:
• Performance (response time)
• Reliability (Frequency of failure)
• Security (Protecting data)

6. Physical Structures:
Type of Connection
Point to Point - Single transmitter and receiver
Multipoint - Multiple recipients of single transmission

7. Physical Topology:
Connection of devices
Type of transmission - Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast

8. • Point -to –Point connection
• In simplex required links :
n(n-1)
• A fully connected mesh can
have :
n(n-1)/2 physical.
(n-1) i/o ports.
Mesh topology
Figure- A fully connected mesh topology
(five devices)

9. Advantages:
1. Reduces traffic problem.
2. Robust
3. Privacy and security.
4. Easy to fault identification and fault isolation
Disadvantages:
1. Large number of ports and cabling.
2. Highly expensive

10. Star Topology
• Point-to-Point link to the central.
• No direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only
through the central "hub".
• No of links: n
Figure - A star topology connecting
four stations

11. Advantages :
1.Less expensive then mesh .
2.Less cabling is need then mesh.
3.Robustness.
4. No disruptions to the network.
Disadvantages:
1.Cabling large compared to ring & bus.
2.Dependency

12. Bus Topology
• Multipoint connection.
• Here one long cable act as a
backbone to link all the devices are
connected to the backbone by drop
lines and taps.
• This allows only one device to
transmit at a time.
Figure - A bus topology connecting four
stations

13. Advantages:
1. Ease of installation
2. Less cabling
.
Disadvantages:
1.Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
2.Difficult to add new devices.
3.If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission

14. Ring Topology
• Here each device has a dedicated
connection with two devices on either
side.
• Each device have repeater.
• To add or delete a device requires
changing only two connections.
• No of links : n
Figure - A ring topology connecting
four stations

15. Advantages:
1. Easy to install.
2. Easy to reconfigure.
3. Fault identification is easy.
Disadvantages:
1. Unidirectional traffic.
2. Break in a single ring can break entire network.

16. THE OSI MODEL
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is
the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

17. Hubs, Repeaters
Bridges ,Switches
Routers
Gateways
Gateways
Gateways
Gateways
Bit
Frame
Packet
Segment ,Datagram
Data
Data
Data
Layers DevicesPDU

18. The interaction between layers in the OSI
model
An exchange using the OSI model

19. Physical Layer
• Representation of bits
• Data Rate
• Synchronization
• Transmission mode
• Topology
Note- The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits
from one hop (node) to the next.

20. Data link Layer
• Framing
• Physical Address
• Flow Control
• Error Control
• Access Control
Note- The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next.

21. Network layer
• Routing
• Fragmentation
• Logical Addressing
Note-The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.

22. Transport Layer
• Segmentation and Reassembly
• Connection control
Note-The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from
one process to another.

23. Session layer:
Dialog Control
Synchronization
Application Layer:
Enable User to Access Network
Provide User Interface
Support Service