Osce for mbbs students 1
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This document contains a list of 27 ophthalmic conditions and diseases that could be included in an OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) for MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) students. Some of the conditions listed include acute iridocyclitis, hordeolum externum, keratoconus with corneal opacity, squamous blepharitis, chalazion, corneal ulcer, diabetic retinopathy, convergent squint, dendritic ulcer stained with fluorescein, and geographic ulcer. The list was provided by Dr. A Rajendraprasad, a professor of ophthalmology at Coimbatore Medical College in Coimbatore
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The macula is a round yellow area at the back of the eye that is responsible for central vision. A macular hole is a break or defect in the macula that can cause vision loss. Macular holes are classified into four stages based on their size and severity. Stage 1 holes are subtle with little vision impact, while stage 4 holes are large with complete detachment of the vitreous gel from the retina. Surgery involving vitrectomy and gas or oil tamponade is often used to treat more advanced macular holes and works by relieving traction on the retina. Post-operative care involves keeping face down for up to two weeks to aid in hole closure.
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This study used swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) to examine the 3D tomographic features of dome-shaped maculas in highly myopic eyes. OCT imaging revealed that in all eyes, the retinal pigment epithelium within the posterior staphyloma had two outward concavities separated by a horizontal ridge. In most eyes the ridge was band-shaped. The study provides new insights into the topography and underlying pathomorphology of dome-shaped maculas.
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Abstract—
Purpose: To evaluate the morphological changes of the Meibomian glands in patients with evaporative “dry eye” compared to normal subjects by in vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). To correlate these changes to the clinical observations and tear functions.
Methods: The study was based on trans-tarsal images of 30 normal and 30 diseased lids (patients with subjective complaints and objective symptoms of evaporative “dry eye”). Each participant was examined by in vivo LSCM (HRT3 Rostock corneal module). The results were compared to histological findings of normal or pathologically changed Meibomian glands.
Results: Patients with evaporative “dry eye” presented with destructive changes of the Meibomian glands as follows: occlusion of the lumen, impaired morphology of the acines, lack of normal structure and infiltration with inflammatory cells. Reported ocular surface and tear function abnormalities were correlated to the Meibomian glands dysfunction (MGD). In all cases the lid hygiene and anti-inflammatory treatment demonstrated tendency to restoration of the structure.
Cоnclusion: In vivo LSCM can effectively demonstrate the morphological changes of the Meibomian glands in patients with evaporative dry eye symptoms. This noninvasive technology is useful as a supplementary diagnostic tool for in vivo assessment of the histopathology of many ocular surface disorders and monitoring of the therapeutic effect in patients with MGD. Glandular acinar density and acinar unit diameter seemed to be promising new parameters of Meibomian glands in vivo confocal microscopy. The examination has the potential to change the evaporative dry eye treatment approach
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This document discusses various procedures for keratorefractive and lenticular surgery, including indications, clinical evaluation, and techniques. It covers cataract surgery and techniques to correct astigmatism like relaxing incisions and toric intraocular lenses. It also discusses complications like endophthalmitis and toxic anterior segment syndrome. Excimer laser procedures like phototherapeutic keratectomy are described. Piggyback intraocular lenses to correct refractive errors and phakic intraocular lenses are also summarized.
Keratoplasty
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