Prezentace určená převážně medikům na téma pes equinovarus congenitus, pes calcaneovalgus, talus verticalis, metatarsus varus congenitus, pes planovalgus, hallux valgus, hallux rigidus, pes transversoplanus, deformity prstů nohy, aseptické kostní nekrózy nohy, bolesti paty, syndrom diabetické nohy.
This document discusses nonunion and infected nonunion of long bones. It defines nonunion as a fracture healing process that has come to a halt beyond the expected period of healing, leaving a gap filled with fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue. The document then covers mechanisms of direct and indirect bone healing, local regulation of bone healing by growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, risk factors for nonunion, and factors that can influence bone formation and resorption.
This document provides an overview of common hip deformities and surgical procedures used to treat hip issues in cerebral palsy patients. It discusses flexion, adduction, and subluxation/dislocation deformities and treatments like adductor tenotomy, iliopsoas recession/release, and varus derotational osteotomy. Flexion deformities are addressed with procedures like psoas lengthening while adduction issues are treated with soft tissue releases like adductor tenotomy. More severe cases may require bony procedures such as varus derotational osteotomy. Post-operative care focuses on physical therapy and positioning to improve hip range of motion.
Complications of total hip replacement finalHumayun Israr
This document discusses potential complications of total hip replacement surgery. It describes complications that can occur related to anesthesia, during surgery such as nerve injuries, fat embolism, leg length discrepancy and vascular injuries. Post-operative complications discussed include dislocation, infection, DVT, hematoma formation, heterotopic ossification, aseptic loosening, fractures, and osteolysis. Prevention and management strategies are provided for many of the complications.
The document discusses the anatomy, etiology, pathoanatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital vertical talus (CVT). CVT is a rigid flatfoot deformity where the talus is vertically oriented. Treatment involves serial casting to stretch soft tissues, with the goal of restoring normal anatomy. However, most cases require major reconstructive surgery like single-stage releases to reduce the talonavicular joint and correct contractures. Post-surgery, the anterior tibial tendon may be transferred to help stabilize and support the correction. Serial casting alone rarely achieves full correction of CVT.
This document discusses congenital convex pes valgus (CVT), a rare rigid flatfoot condition present at birth. CVT is caused by genetic syndromes or abnormal muscle fibers/tendon contractures. Clinically, it presents as a rigid flatfoot with the talus medially displaced. Imaging can classify the deformity and assess reducibility. Nonoperative treatment with casting is rarely effective. The preferred surgical treatment is a single-stage correction using approaches like Cincinnati to release tissues and reduce/fix the talonavicular joint. Complications include recurrence, stiffness, and avascular necrosis of the talus. Later presentations may require more extensive fusions.
An ACL tear was described, including anatomy, biomechanics, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points:
- The ACL has two bundles that stabilize the knee by preventing anterior tibial translation. It is commonly injured in sports involving sudden stops or changes in direction.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams like the Lachman and pivot shift tests and MRI to confirm complete tear. ACL tears are often associated with meniscal injuries.
- Treatment includes initial RICE and bracing followed by physical therapy. Surgery with autograft reconstruction using the patellar tendon or hamstrings is recommended for active individuals to restore stability. Post-op rehabilitation progresses through phases of range of motion and strength training over 6-12 months
Chronic ankle instability is defined as recurrent ankle sprains over at least one year resulting from trauma. It is usually caused by incomplete healing of injured lateral ankle ligaments from previous sprains. Physical exam involves tests like the anterior drawer test and talar tilt test to assess instability. Non-surgical treatment focuses on strengthening and proprioception training. Surgery is considered if instability symptoms persist after 3-6 months and involve either anatomic repair or reconstruction of the lateral ligaments, or non-anatomic stabilization procedures. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on range of motion exercises and gradual return to weight bearing and sports.
This document provides an overview of clubfoot (CTEV), including:
1. The historical aspects and key figures in the development of clubfoot treatment methods.
2. The anatomy and biomechanics involved in clubfoot deformity.
3. The Ponseti method of non-surgical clubfoot correction, which involves weekly manipulation, casting, and often a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy.
4. Important considerations for casting including proper manipulation technique and ensuring adequate foot abduction prior to tenotomy.
5. Potential complications of casting and the process of cast removal.
This document discusses nonunion and infected nonunion of long bones. It defines nonunion as a fracture healing process that has come to a halt beyond the expected period of healing, leaving a gap filled with fibrous or fibrocartilaginous tissue. The document then covers mechanisms of direct and indirect bone healing, local regulation of bone healing by growth factors, cytokines, and hormones, risk factors for nonunion, and factors that can influence bone formation and resorption.
This document provides an overview of common hip deformities and surgical procedures used to treat hip issues in cerebral palsy patients. It discusses flexion, adduction, and subluxation/dislocation deformities and treatments like adductor tenotomy, iliopsoas recession/release, and varus derotational osteotomy. Flexion deformities are addressed with procedures like psoas lengthening while adduction issues are treated with soft tissue releases like adductor tenotomy. More severe cases may require bony procedures such as varus derotational osteotomy. Post-operative care focuses on physical therapy and positioning to improve hip range of motion.
Complications of total hip replacement finalHumayun Israr
This document discusses potential complications of total hip replacement surgery. It describes complications that can occur related to anesthesia, during surgery such as nerve injuries, fat embolism, leg length discrepancy and vascular injuries. Post-operative complications discussed include dislocation, infection, DVT, hematoma formation, heterotopic ossification, aseptic loosening, fractures, and osteolysis. Prevention and management strategies are provided for many of the complications.
The document discusses the anatomy, etiology, pathoanatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of congenital vertical talus (CVT). CVT is a rigid flatfoot deformity where the talus is vertically oriented. Treatment involves serial casting to stretch soft tissues, with the goal of restoring normal anatomy. However, most cases require major reconstructive surgery like single-stage releases to reduce the talonavicular joint and correct contractures. Post-surgery, the anterior tibial tendon may be transferred to help stabilize and support the correction. Serial casting alone rarely achieves full correction of CVT.
This document discusses congenital convex pes valgus (CVT), a rare rigid flatfoot condition present at birth. CVT is caused by genetic syndromes or abnormal muscle fibers/tendon contractures. Clinically, it presents as a rigid flatfoot with the talus medially displaced. Imaging can classify the deformity and assess reducibility. Nonoperative treatment with casting is rarely effective. The preferred surgical treatment is a single-stage correction using approaches like Cincinnati to release tissues and reduce/fix the talonavicular joint. Complications include recurrence, stiffness, and avascular necrosis of the talus. Later presentations may require more extensive fusions.
An ACL tear was described, including anatomy, biomechanics, causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points:
- The ACL has two bundles that stabilize the knee by preventing anterior tibial translation. It is commonly injured in sports involving sudden stops or changes in direction.
- Diagnosis involves clinical exams like the Lachman and pivot shift tests and MRI to confirm complete tear. ACL tears are often associated with meniscal injuries.
- Treatment includes initial RICE and bracing followed by physical therapy. Surgery with autograft reconstruction using the patellar tendon or hamstrings is recommended for active individuals to restore stability. Post-op rehabilitation progresses through phases of range of motion and strength training over 6-12 months
Chronic ankle instability is defined as recurrent ankle sprains over at least one year resulting from trauma. It is usually caused by incomplete healing of injured lateral ankle ligaments from previous sprains. Physical exam involves tests like the anterior drawer test and talar tilt test to assess instability. Non-surgical treatment focuses on strengthening and proprioception training. Surgery is considered if instability symptoms persist after 3-6 months and involve either anatomic repair or reconstruction of the lateral ligaments, or non-anatomic stabilization procedures. Post-operative rehabilitation focuses on range of motion exercises and gradual return to weight bearing and sports.
This document provides an overview of clubfoot (CTEV), including:
1. The historical aspects and key figures in the development of clubfoot treatment methods.
2. The anatomy and biomechanics involved in clubfoot deformity.
3. The Ponseti method of non-surgical clubfoot correction, which involves weekly manipulation, casting, and often a percutaneous Achilles tenotomy.
4. Important considerations for casting including proper manipulation technique and ensuring adequate foot abduction prior to tenotomy.
5. Potential complications of casting and the process of cast removal.
This document discusses ankle arthritis and its treatment options. It provides details on the anatomy of the ankle joint and common causes of ankle arthritis, including post-traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, and avascular necrosis. Non-surgical treatments for ankle arthritis like orthotics, bracing, injections and activity modification are outlined. Surgical options covered include arthroscopic debridement, ankle fusion (arthrodesis), and total ankle replacement. Specific techniques for ankle fusion using both external and internal fixation are summarized. Complications associated with ankle fusion like nonunion are also mentioned.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist and is one of the most commonly diagnosed compression neuropathies. It has been listed as an occupational disease in the European Union since 2003 and was added to the list of recognized occupational diseases in Germany in 2009. CTS is more commonly found in males than females, possibly due to greater exposure to repetitive manual tasks and forceful gripping in male-dominated jobs. The document discusses signs, symptoms, risk factors, differential diagnosis, and challenges in delineating CTS from other conditions for occupational disease recognition.
An avulsion fracture occurs when a tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of bone where it attaches. It is commonly seen in adolescent athletes, especially runners and hurdlers. Symptoms include severe pain in the affected area, swelling, bruising, and inability to move without pain. X-rays, ultrasounds, and MRIs can diagnose the fracture. Treatment focuses on RICE therapy as well as physical therapy exercises and modalities to regain strength and function.
This document discusses Osgood-Schlatter syndrome, which causes pain and swelling in the knee. It is caused by micro-tears in the growth plate of the shin where the patellar tendon attaches, due to excessive force from activities like running and jumping during periods of rapid bone growth in childhood. Symptoms include pain in the knee that is aggravated by activities like kneeling or jumping. Treatment focuses on rest, ice, stretching, and braces. Most cases resolve on their own within a year as the growth plate fuses.
this ppt provides a comprehensive review & exam oriented details
compiled from journals & old edition textbooks. because ITB contracture has become a rare presentation. & new edition books doesnt speak about it much...
The document discusses floor reaction orthoses (FRO). It defines an FRO as a custom plastic device that supports the ankle and foot from below the knee to the foot. An FRO works by holding the ankle in plantar flexion, which shifts the line of force from the ground reaction force behind the ankle and in front of the knee, generating extension at the knee. This allows patients with weak leg muscles to walk without knee buckling. FROs are indicated for patients with conditions like polio, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury that cause lower leg weakness. They provide knee stability during walking in a lightweight design.
The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques. It is named after the orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov from the Soviet Union, who pioneered the technique.
This document provides an overview of pes planus (flat foot) including the anatomy of the foot arches, definition and causes of pes planus, and discussions of common causes such as flexible flat foot, congenital vertical talus, tarsal coalition, and posterior tibial tendon disorder. Flexible flat foot is usually asymptomatic in infants and children. Congenital vertical talus is a rigid deformity characterized by dorsal dislocation of the talonavicular joint. Treatment involves serial casting or surgery to gradually correct contractures and restore normal anatomy.
The knee is made up of four bones that interact in two joints: the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. These joints allow flexion/extension, rotation, and translation while providing load transfer. The knee flexes from 0-135 degrees, and the femoral condyles translate posteriorly during flexion. The tibia externally rotates in extension and internally rotates in flexion, locking the knee. Larger Q angles increase risk of lateral patellar subluxation. Forces through the knee increase with activity from 0.3 times body weight while walking to 7 times body weight while squatting.
This document discusses the pathogenesis and treatment of cavus foot deformity. It notes that cavus deformity can be caused by weakness of the intrinsics, overactivity of the intrinsics, or weakness of the tibialis anterior muscle. Treatment options range from conservative measures like metatarsal bars for mild deformities to various surgical procedures depending on the severity and rigidity of the deformity, including plantar fasciotomies, osteotomies, tendon transfers, and fusions. Radiographs are important for surgical planning to assess the apex of deformity and involvement of the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot.
This document discusses ankle fractures in children. It provides details on:
1) The unique anatomy of the child's ankle including the physis and its development over time.
2) Common fracture patterns seen in children of different ages depending on the stage of osseous development.
3) The importance of achieving adequate reduction and protecting the physis to avoid growth alterations or deformities.
4) Guidelines for diagnosis including physical exam, imaging like x-rays and CT, and classifications systems like Salter-Harris that influence treatment and prognosis.
The Krukenberg surgery converts the forearm into a forceps-like structure by separating the radius and ulna into opposing rays that can act against each other like chopsticks. This allows amputees, especially in areas without modern prosthetics, to regain some hand function. The procedure involves longitudinally splitting the flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm into radial and ulnar groups and severing the interosseous membrane to separate the radius and ulna at their tips while maintaining motion at their proximal ends. Reconstructing the forearm in this way provides a more useful alternative to amputees than a mechanical prosthesis.
This document discusses various angular deformities of the knee, including genu varum (bowlegged), genu valgus (knock-kneed), genu recurvatum, and genu procurvatum. It provides details on the causes, presentations, treatments, and assessments of genu varum and genu valgus. For genu varum, treatment may involve observation, bracing, or osteotomy, while genu valgus can be treated with observation, bracing, hemiepiphysiodesis, or osteotomy in more severe cases. Assessments involve measurements like intermalleolar distance and Q angle to evaluate deformities.
The document discusses various aspects of arthrodesis or surgical fusion of joints. It describes the indications for arthrodesis including pain, instability, and failed joint replacement. It provides details on techniques for hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder arthrodesis including positioning, surgical approaches, fixation methods, rehabilitation, and complications. Arthrodesis is described as a way to relieve pain by permanently immobilizing the joint, though it results in stiffness. Various internal and external fixation devices and grafts are discussed for fusing the bones and achieving stability during healing.
Hip implants are used to replace damaged or diseased hip joints. The document discusses the history and development of hip implants from the 1950s onwards. It describes the key figures like Sir John Charnley who pioneered total hip arthroplasty. The anatomy of the hip joint and biomechanics considerations for implant design are outlined. Different types of femoral and acetabular components including cemented, cementless, and alternative bearing surfaces are explained. Indications, contraindications and risks of hip replacement surgery are also summarized.
- Recurrence of clubfoot deformity occurs in 10-30% of cases treated with the Ponseti method, most often due to noncompliance with brace wear. Relapse is most common around ages 3-4 and becomes extremely rare after age 7.
- Relapse patterns range from decreased ankle dorsiflexion to a fully rigid equinocavovarus deformity. Management depends on determining if the deformity is supple or rigid and which areas are affected.
- Common procedures for recurrence include recasting, tibialis anterior tendon transfer, and soft tissue releases or osteotomies of the hindfoot, midfoot, or forefoot as needed to address specific deformities. The
Post op rehabilitation pelvi acetabular fixationUday Bangalore
The document outlines post-operative rehabilitation guidelines following pelvic and acetabular fixation surgery. It recommends early mobilization following anatomical reduction and stable fixation. Exercises begin with static quadriceps exercises on day 1, progressing to dynamic exercises and passive range of motion by day 3. Toe-touch weight bearing with crutches is allowed by day 2-4, progressing to full weight bearing around 12 weeks once fracture healing is confirmed. The guidelines vary slightly depending on surgical approach and whether the fracture is unilateral or bilateral.
Arthrodesis, or fusion, of the knee joint can provide relief for patients with failed knee replacements or severe deformities. Various techniques are used depending on factors like bone loss and soft tissue integrity. Compression arthrodesis with external fixation is best for infected knees with minimal bone loss, applying compression across the joint. Intramedullary rod fixation is best for extensive bone loss as it allows immediate weight bearing but risks fat embolism or disseminating infection. The goal is to achieve bony union in proper alignment within 6 months to provide a painless, stable leg.
This document discusses ankle arthritis and its treatment options. It provides details on the anatomy of the ankle joint and common causes of ankle arthritis, including post-traumatic, inflammatory, degenerative, and avascular necrosis. Non-surgical treatments for ankle arthritis like orthotics, bracing, injections and activity modification are outlined. Surgical options covered include arthroscopic debridement, ankle fusion (arthrodesis), and total ankle replacement. Specific techniques for ankle fusion using both external and internal fixation are summarized. Complications associated with ankle fusion like nonunion are also mentioned.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) results from compression of the median nerve at the wrist and is one of the most commonly diagnosed compression neuropathies. It has been listed as an occupational disease in the European Union since 2003 and was added to the list of recognized occupational diseases in Germany in 2009. CTS is more commonly found in males than females, possibly due to greater exposure to repetitive manual tasks and forceful gripping in male-dominated jobs. The document discusses signs, symptoms, risk factors, differential diagnosis, and challenges in delineating CTS from other conditions for occupational disease recognition.
An avulsion fracture occurs when a tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of bone where it attaches. It is commonly seen in adolescent athletes, especially runners and hurdlers. Symptoms include severe pain in the affected area, swelling, bruising, and inability to move without pain. X-rays, ultrasounds, and MRIs can diagnose the fracture. Treatment focuses on RICE therapy as well as physical therapy exercises and modalities to regain strength and function.
This document discusses Osgood-Schlatter syndrome, which causes pain and swelling in the knee. It is caused by micro-tears in the growth plate of the shin where the patellar tendon attaches, due to excessive force from activities like running and jumping during periods of rapid bone growth in childhood. Symptoms include pain in the knee that is aggravated by activities like kneeling or jumping. Treatment focuses on rest, ice, stretching, and braces. Most cases resolve on their own within a year as the growth plate fuses.
this ppt provides a comprehensive review & exam oriented details
compiled from journals & old edition textbooks. because ITB contracture has become a rare presentation. & new edition books doesnt speak about it much...
The document discusses floor reaction orthoses (FRO). It defines an FRO as a custom plastic device that supports the ankle and foot from below the knee to the foot. An FRO works by holding the ankle in plantar flexion, which shifts the line of force from the ground reaction force behind the ankle and in front of the knee, generating extension at the knee. This allows patients with weak leg muscles to walk without knee buckling. FROs are indicated for patients with conditions like polio, cerebral palsy, or spinal cord injury that cause lower leg weakness. They provide knee stability during walking in a lightweight design.
The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques. It is named after the orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov from the Soviet Union, who pioneered the technique.
This document provides an overview of pes planus (flat foot) including the anatomy of the foot arches, definition and causes of pes planus, and discussions of common causes such as flexible flat foot, congenital vertical talus, tarsal coalition, and posterior tibial tendon disorder. Flexible flat foot is usually asymptomatic in infants and children. Congenital vertical talus is a rigid deformity characterized by dorsal dislocation of the talonavicular joint. Treatment involves serial casting or surgery to gradually correct contractures and restore normal anatomy.
The knee is made up of four bones that interact in two joints: the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints. These joints allow flexion/extension, rotation, and translation while providing load transfer. The knee flexes from 0-135 degrees, and the femoral condyles translate posteriorly during flexion. The tibia externally rotates in extension and internally rotates in flexion, locking the knee. Larger Q angles increase risk of lateral patellar subluxation. Forces through the knee increase with activity from 0.3 times body weight while walking to 7 times body weight while squatting.
This document discusses the pathogenesis and treatment of cavus foot deformity. It notes that cavus deformity can be caused by weakness of the intrinsics, overactivity of the intrinsics, or weakness of the tibialis anterior muscle. Treatment options range from conservative measures like metatarsal bars for mild deformities to various surgical procedures depending on the severity and rigidity of the deformity, including plantar fasciotomies, osteotomies, tendon transfers, and fusions. Radiographs are important for surgical planning to assess the apex of deformity and involvement of the hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot.
This document discusses ankle fractures in children. It provides details on:
1) The unique anatomy of the child's ankle including the physis and its development over time.
2) Common fracture patterns seen in children of different ages depending on the stage of osseous development.
3) The importance of achieving adequate reduction and protecting the physis to avoid growth alterations or deformities.
4) Guidelines for diagnosis including physical exam, imaging like x-rays and CT, and classifications systems like Salter-Harris that influence treatment and prognosis.
The Krukenberg surgery converts the forearm into a forceps-like structure by separating the radius and ulna into opposing rays that can act against each other like chopsticks. This allows amputees, especially in areas without modern prosthetics, to regain some hand function. The procedure involves longitudinally splitting the flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm into radial and ulnar groups and severing the interosseous membrane to separate the radius and ulna at their tips while maintaining motion at their proximal ends. Reconstructing the forearm in this way provides a more useful alternative to amputees than a mechanical prosthesis.
This document discusses various angular deformities of the knee, including genu varum (bowlegged), genu valgus (knock-kneed), genu recurvatum, and genu procurvatum. It provides details on the causes, presentations, treatments, and assessments of genu varum and genu valgus. For genu varum, treatment may involve observation, bracing, or osteotomy, while genu valgus can be treated with observation, bracing, hemiepiphysiodesis, or osteotomy in more severe cases. Assessments involve measurements like intermalleolar distance and Q angle to evaluate deformities.
The document discusses various aspects of arthrodesis or surgical fusion of joints. It describes the indications for arthrodesis including pain, instability, and failed joint replacement. It provides details on techniques for hip, knee, ankle, and shoulder arthrodesis including positioning, surgical approaches, fixation methods, rehabilitation, and complications. Arthrodesis is described as a way to relieve pain by permanently immobilizing the joint, though it results in stiffness. Various internal and external fixation devices and grafts are discussed for fusing the bones and achieving stability during healing.
Hip implants are used to replace damaged or diseased hip joints. The document discusses the history and development of hip implants from the 1950s onwards. It describes the key figures like Sir John Charnley who pioneered total hip arthroplasty. The anatomy of the hip joint and biomechanics considerations for implant design are outlined. Different types of femoral and acetabular components including cemented, cementless, and alternative bearing surfaces are explained. Indications, contraindications and risks of hip replacement surgery are also summarized.
- Recurrence of clubfoot deformity occurs in 10-30% of cases treated with the Ponseti method, most often due to noncompliance with brace wear. Relapse is most common around ages 3-4 and becomes extremely rare after age 7.
- Relapse patterns range from decreased ankle dorsiflexion to a fully rigid equinocavovarus deformity. Management depends on determining if the deformity is supple or rigid and which areas are affected.
- Common procedures for recurrence include recasting, tibialis anterior tendon transfer, and soft tissue releases or osteotomies of the hindfoot, midfoot, or forefoot as needed to address specific deformities. The
Post op rehabilitation pelvi acetabular fixationUday Bangalore
The document outlines post-operative rehabilitation guidelines following pelvic and acetabular fixation surgery. It recommends early mobilization following anatomical reduction and stable fixation. Exercises begin with static quadriceps exercises on day 1, progressing to dynamic exercises and passive range of motion by day 3. Toe-touch weight bearing with crutches is allowed by day 2-4, progressing to full weight bearing around 12 weeks once fracture healing is confirmed. The guidelines vary slightly depending on surgical approach and whether the fracture is unilateral or bilateral.
Arthrodesis, or fusion, of the knee joint can provide relief for patients with failed knee replacements or severe deformities. Various techniques are used depending on factors like bone loss and soft tissue integrity. Compression arthrodesis with external fixation is best for infected knees with minimal bone loss, applying compression across the joint. Intramedullary rod fixation is best for extensive bone loss as it allows immediate weight bearing but risks fat embolism or disseminating infection. The goal is to achieve bony union in proper alignment within 6 months to provide a painless, stable leg.
Patellar clunk syndrome je poměrně častá komplikace po implantaci totální endoprotézy kolenního kloubu. Symptomy se obvykle projeví do 1 roku od operace. Typické je bolestivé přeskočení při vstávání ze sedu. Konzervativní terapie je obvykle bez efektu. Proces vzniku vazivového uzlu není zcela jasný, ale pravděpodobně vzniká na podkladě hypertrofické jizvy po parapatelárním přístupu.
Tibitalokalkaneární déza - naše zkušenosti 2016-2019Martin Korbel
Tibitalokalkaneární déza je efektivní cesta k zajištění nebolestivé a stabilní zadní nohy u pacientů s postižením TT a TK kloubu. V některých případech v našem souboru je déza poslední možností před bércovou amputací. Hodnotíme soubor našich pacientů po TTK déze v letech 2016-2019.
Naše zkušenosti s korekcí hallux valgus Lapidusovou artrodézou v letech 2015-...Martin Korbel
Dle Lapiduse je příčinou valgozní deformity palce nohy insuficience vazivového aparátu I. TMT kloubu, která vede k metatarsus primus varus. Artrodéza I. TMT kloubu koriguje hallux valgus na apexu deformity a proto nabízí v porovnání s bazální nebo distální osteotomii metatarzu největší korekční potenciál. V prezentaci hodnotíme výsledky operační léčby hallux valgus Lapidusovou artrodézou na ortopedické klinice FNHK v letech 2015-2017.
Leukocytární esteráza je enzym, který se hojně vyskytuje v neutrofilech. Jejich rozpadem se uvolňuje do výpotku. Pomocí kolorimetrických testačních proužků lze diagnostikovat přítomnost leukocytární esterázy a tím i neutrofilů ve výpotku. Tím lze zjistit, zda je výpotek infekční či neinfekční etiologie. Cílem studie je stanovení senzitivity a specificity vyšetření leukocytární esterázy pomocí testačních proužků AUTION Sticks (Arkray) ve výpotcích různé etiologie získaných při zánětlivých postiženích pohybového aparátu.
Periprosthetic fractures are the third most common reason for revision total hip arthroplasty. Surgical treatment of periprosthetic fractures belongs to the most difficult procedures due to the extensive surgery, elderly polymorbid patients and the high frequency of other complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of operatively treated periprosthetic femoral fractures after total hip arthroplasty.
We evaluated 47 periprosthetic fractures in 40 patients (18 men and 22 women) operated on between January 2004 and December 2010. The mean follow-up period was 27 months (within a range of 12-45 months). For the clinical evaluation, we used modified Merle d'Aubigné scoring system.
In group of Vancouver A fractures, 3 patients were treated with a mean score of 15,7 points (good result). We recorded a mean score of 14,2 points (fair result) in 6 patients with Vancouver B1 fractures, 12,4 points (fair result) in 24 patients with Vancouver B2 fractures and 12,8 points (fair result) in 7 patients with Vancouver B3 fractures. In group of Vancouver C fractures, we found a mean score of 16,2 points (good result) in 7 patients.
Therapeutic algorithm based on the Vancouver classification system is, in our opinion, satisfactory. Accurate differentiation of B1 and B2 type of fractures is essential. Preoperative radiographic images may not be reliable and checking the stability of the prosthesis fixation during surgery should be performed.
1. This document evaluates surgical treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures associated with total hip arthroplasty from 2004-2010.
2. It classifies fractures using the Vancouver classification system based on location and fixation of the stem. Vancouver B2 fractures around a loose stem had the poorest results with many complications.
3. Treatment outcomes are reported for 47 patients with various fracture types. Vancouver B2 fractures treated with long stem revision and cerclage had better outcomes than open reduction and internal fixation. Overall, treatment of periprosthetic fractures remains challenging with high complication rates.
Leukocytární esteráza je enzym obsažený v leukocytech. Rozpadem leukocytů se enzym uvolňuje do okolního postředí. Stanovením přítomnosti leukocytární esterázy v kloubním výpotku lze s vysokou senzitivitou i specificitou diagnostikovat infekční etiologii výpotku.
Brandes Kellerova operace je často diskutovaná jako překoná metoda. Dle našeho názoru má u vymezených indikací stále své uplatnění. V prezentaci se zaměřujeme na naše výsledky v období 1/2012-12/2015.
2. Rozdělení onemocnění nohy
pes equinovarus congenitus
pes calcaneovalgus
talus verticalis
metatarsus varus congenitus
2
vrozené vady získané vady
pes planovalgus
hallux valgus
hallux rigidus
pes transversoplanus
deformity prstů
aseptické kostní nekrózy nohy
bolesti paty
syndrom diabetické nohy
3. 3
Pes equinovarus congenitus
Komplexní vrozená deformita nohy, kterou tvoří equinozní postavení
v hlezenním kloubu (=poloha hlezna při stoji na špičkách), varozní
postavení paty a addukce předonoží.
vrozené vady
4. Incidence 1:350-750 narozených dětí
Rozdělení PEQ
polohový – vzniká vynucenou polohou dítěte v děloze a rychle odeznívá
idiopatický – etiologie multifaktoriální s jistým podílem genetiky
neurogenní – vzniká svalovou dysbalancí
rezistentní rigidní – sdružený s dalšími vývojovými vadami
Pes equinovarus congenitus
5. Léčba – Ponsetiho metoda
série 5-10ti redresních sádrování v týdenních intervalech
v průběhu sádrování se noha mobilizuje do korigovaného postavení
sádrová fixace se ponechává po celý týden do dalšího sádrování
před přiložením poslední redresní sádry je nutné z bodové incize
prodloužit Achillovu šlachu k překonání rezistentní equinozní složky
vady
sádrování zahajujeme co nejdříve po narození dítěte
Pes equinovarus congenitus
7. Ponsetiho metoda
poslední sádrová fixace se ponechává 3 týdny
následuje přiložení Mitchelových ortéz, které dítě nosí do 2-3 let věku
(zpočátku režim 23 hodin denně, později pouze na spaní)
nutná dispenzarizace do ukončení růstu pro riziko recidivy deformity
8. Pes calcaneovalgus
8
Incidence 1:50 narozených dětí
noha je v opačném postavení než u nohy
equinovarozní
léčba je konzervativní, zahajuje se již
v porodnici a spočívá v opakované
manipulaci nohy do plantární flexe
prognóza je velmi dobrá, vada obvykle
ustupuje v prvních týdnech života
Nejčastější benigní vrozená deformita nohy, noha je v maximální
dorziflexi a everzi, dorzum nohy lze přiložit na přední plochu bérce.
vrozené vady
9. Talus verticalis
Rigidní deformita, noha má tvar kolébky, osa talu směřuje
plantárně, je téměř paralelní s dlouhou osou tibie, hlavička talu
prominuje medioplantárně a tvoří vrchol kolébky, navikulární kost
je dorzálně luxovaná v talonavikulárním kloubu.
Incidence 1:100 000 narozených dětí
konzervativní léčba spočívá v redresním
sádrování v maximální plantiflexi a inverzi
nohy se snahou o repozici talonavikulárního
kloubu – léčba velmi často selhává
chirugická léčba spočívá v repozici
talonavikulárního kloubu a uvolnění
kontraktur na dorzální straně nohy
vrozené vady
10. Metatarsus varus congenitus
10
vrozené vady
Vrozená deformity nohy, kdy je předonoží uchýleno do varozity.
všechny metatarzy jsou v addukci
pata je v neutrálním postavení
mediální okraj nohy je konkávní, zevní okraj
konvexní
Konzervativní léčba
cvičení (tlakem na mediální plochu
vyrovnáváme nožičku do správného
postavení)
při přetrvávání deformity následuje série
korekčních sádrových obazů nad koleno
11. Metatarsus varus congenitus
Operační léčba
Bazální osteotomie
metatarzů s fixací dráty
Dvojitá tarzální osteotomie s výměnou
kostního klínu (z os cuboideum do os
cuneiforme mediale)
12. 12
Pes planovalgus
získané vady
Dětská podélně plochá noha je deformita nohy v růstovém
věku, kdy dochází vlivem laxicity vazů k oploštění mediální
části podélné klenby nohy a ke zvýšené valgozitě patní kosti.
dětská plochá noha je zpočátku asymptomatická
u starších a obézních dětí se vyskytuje únavnost nohy a bolesti při
delším stání
13. 13
Pes planovalgus
Mearyho linie - na bočném RTG u normální zatížené nohy leží osy
talu, kosti loďkovité, kosti klínové a I. metatarzu v jedné linii
s poklesem podélné klenby dochází k prolomení této line
14. Konzervativní léčba
cvičení krátkých svalů nohy a protahování svalů lýtkových
vhodná je chůze naboso po hrubém terénu
doporučují se ortopedické vložky a kožená obuv s pevnou patou aby
zabraňovala valgozitě paty
14
Pes planovalgus
Operační léčba
Evansova osteotomie – patní kost je
prodloužena vložením štěpu z lopaty
kosti kyčelní (prodloužením patní
kosti při zachování délky talu dochází
k modelaci podélné klenby)
15. 15
Hallux valgus
Komplexní deformita I. paprsku, kterou tvoří:
varozní postavení v I. metatarzu
valgozní a pronační postavení proximální
phalangy
laterální dislokace sezamských kůstek
laterální přesun m. flexor hallucis brevis, m.
flexor hallucis longus, m. extensor hallucis
longus
získané vady
16. Korekční osteotomie
zachovávají MTP kloub
Artrodézy
znehybnění MTP kloubu
Resekční artroplastiky
resekce části MTP kloubu
se zachováním hybnosti
Hallux valgus – operační léčba
17. Hallux rigidus
17
Degenerativní postižení metatarzo-
phalangeálního kloubu halluxu.
Projevuje se progredujícími bolestmi a
omezením hybnosti halluxu v MTP kloubu.
získané vady
18. 18
Hallux rigidus – operační léčba
Resekční artroplastika
resekce části MTP kloubu
se zachováním hybnosti
Artrodéza
znehybnění MTP kloubu
Cheilektomie
resekce osteofytů
pouze u lehké formy
19. Pes transversoplanus/Metatarzalgie
pes transversoplanus - rozšíření příčné klenby v oblasti předonoží
v důsledku divergentního průběhu a elevace okrajových metatarzů
dochází k přetížením centrálních metatarzů a dorzální subluxaci prstů
v MTP kloubech
metatarzalgie - bolesti pod hlavičkami přetížených centrálních
metatarzů
Konzervativní léčba
ortopedické vložky s metatarzálními srdíčky (vyvýšení za hlavičkami
centrálním metatarzů, na které se přenese část zátěže)
rehabilitace - mobilizace kloubů, měkké techniky, posílení oslabených
krátkých svalů nohy
19
získané vady
20. 20
Metatarzalgie – operační léčba
Weilova osteotomie
horizontální osteotomie
krčku metatarzu
plantární fragment s hlavicí
je posunut proximálně
21. Deformity prstů
21
Kladívkový prst (digitus hammatus)
flekční postavení v PIP kloubu, extenční v DIP
kloubu
Paličkový prst (digitus malleus)
extenčení postavení v PIP kloubu, flekční v
DIP kloubu
Drápovitý prst
flekční postavení v PIP i DIP kloubu
získané vady
22. Aseptické nekrózy nohy
poruchy cévního zásobení vznikají při opakovaných mikrotraumatech
nebo při kongenitálních a endokrinních poruchách
nekróza je zpočátku nebolestivá
postupně se v daném místě objevuje bolestivost a otok
RTG změny se objevují opožděně, dochází ke zvýšení kostní denzity a
následné fragmentaci kosti
22
získané vady
Nekróza kosti, jiné než infekční etiologie,
v důsledku narušení cévního zásobení.
23. 23
Aseptické nekrózy nohy
Morbus Köhler I
– aseptická nekróza os naviculare
Morbus Freiberg-Köhler (Köhler II)
– nekróza hlavičky II. metatarzu
aseptické nekrózy hlaviček ostatních metatarzů
aseptická nekroza sezamských kůstek I. metatarzu
aseptická nekróza talu
24. Bolesti v oblasti paty dospělých
24
Haglundova exostoza – dorzální
prominence hrbolu patní kosti
Plantární ostruha - kostní výrustek v
místě úponu m. flexor hallucis brevis,
m. quadratus plantae, m. abductor
hallucis
Plantární fascitida – bolestivé
fibrotické změny plantární fascie
Dorzální ostruha – kostní výrustek v
místě úponu Achillovy šlachy
Peritendinitida Achillovy šlachy –
zánět obalu AŠ v důsledku přetížení
získané vady
25. 25
získané vady
Syndrom diabetické nohy
Ulcerace nebo destrukce tkání na nohou spojená s infekcí, neuropatií
a s různým stupněm ischemické choroby dolních končetin.
7-15% diabetiků
15% končí amputací
26. autonomní a senzorická neuropatie
mikroangiopatie a makroangiopatie
mediokalcinoza
chronická žilní insuficience
deformity
faktory vedou ke výšení plantárního tlaku porucha kapilárního
průtoku pokles tkáňové oxygenace vznik ulcerace
26
Patogeneze
27. 27
Wagnerova klasifikace
0 stupeň – noha bez porušení kožního krytu s vysokým rizikem ulcerací
1 stupeň – povrchová ulcerace do hloubky dermis
2 stupeň – hlubší ulcerace podkoží
3 stupeň – hluboká ulcerace pod fascii bez gangrény
4 stupeň – lokalizovaná gangréna
5 stupeň – gangréna celé nohy
28. 28
Terapie
kompenzace diabetu
hygiena nohou a pedikúra
sanace mykotických infekcí
při ulceraci nekrektomie, odstranění ložisek osteomyelitidy, krytí
končetiny sterilními obvazy
při infekci systémová a lokální antibiotická terapie
u suché gangrény většinou konzervativní postup
u vlhké gangrény chirurgická resekce
revaskularizace u indikovaných pacientů s rezistentními vředy
29. Charcotova osteoartropatie
29
Nebolestivá progresivní artropatie jednoho i více kloubů, která vzniklá
na podkladě těžší diabetická neuropatie ve spojení s mikrotraumaty.
spouštěcím mechanismem je trauma
iniciálně je poraněna chrupavka a subchondrální kost proliferace
synoviální tkáně uvolňování kolemkloubních vazů nestabilita,
deformity, drobné subchondrální zlomeniny a defekty
30. Akutní destrukční fáze
noha je teplejší oproti druhé končetině, zarudlá, oteklá
RTG nález bývá často negativní
techneciový kostní scan prokáže počínající kostní destrukci
bez imobilizace končetiny dochází rychle k deformaci nohy
Fáze reparace
ustupuje edém, snižuje se kožní teplota, dochází k resorpci hematomů
Fáze rekonstrukce
remodelace kosti
výsledkem často bývá deformovaná noha s vysokým rizikem ulcerací
30
Průběh
31. 31
Terapie
Konzervativní terapie
v akutní fázi imobilizace v sádrové fixaci nebo ortéze
Operační léčba
cílem je stabilní noha schopná plantigrádního nášlapu
resekce kostních prominencí
artrodéza postižených kloubů
amputace