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Origins


From The Big Bang to Modern
            Man
Origin of the Cosmos—3
                Options
   Option 1: Someone made the universe
    (Big Bang or creationist theory)
   Option 2: The universe made itself
    (Inflationary or evolutionist theory)
   Option 3: The universe has always been
    here (Steady State Theory)
   Scientists now know that the cosmos had
    a beginning (proton decay and galactic
    motion)
   Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viable
THE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis
   13.7 billion years agoMass of universesize of
    head of a pin (singularity)
   Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion
    not a traditional explosion)trillions of degrees
   Nobody knows how/why it happened
   Created space and time
   Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak
    and electromagnetic forces.
   http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/fu
   Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building
    blocks for all atoms)
Big Bang Flowchart
Sounds a little “Quarky” to me…



Strong Force

http://tinyurl.com/3jjnw
http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html
Wave Characteristics
 Wavelength: distance from the
  beginning of one crest to the
  beginning of another
 Frequency: number of waves in a

  given time period and distance
 Amplitude: distance from the

  midpoint of a wave to the crest or
  trough
Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM)
          Spectrum

Evidence for the Big Bang Theory

http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html
Microwaves



http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/micro.html
Cosmic Microwave Background
           (CMB)
 Discovered by the Hubble Space
  Telescope
 Originally discovered in the 1960’s

 Mapped out in 1990 at Berkley

 Energy waves (photons) left over

  from the original Big Bang in the
  form of microwaves
 Thought to prove the BBT
So….What’s The MATTER?
   Baryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter
    composed of protons/neutrons and
    electrons (solid, liquid and gases)
   Non-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of
    universe): composed of WIMP (weakly
    interacting massive particles)
   Neutrinos: elementary particles with none
    or very little mass
It’s All Elemental My Dear
               Watson!
 Expanding universe = stuff slowly
  cools down (space is cold dude!!)
 Nucleus protons + neutrons

 Early space: mostly hydrogen and

  helium atoms (He formed from H)
Basic Atomic Structure



http://tinyurl.com/5zb3r
Periodic Table



http://www.chemicalelements.com/
Atomic Number/Isotopes
   Isotopes
   Hydrogen atomssingle proton and a single
    electron
   Isotopes of Hydrogensame number of protons
    and electrons….different number of NEUTRONS
   Protium1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number
    of 1)
   Deuterium1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic
    number of 2)
   Tritium1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number
    of 3)
Deuterium/Tritium Fusion
 Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron
             + (nuclei fuse together)
 Tritium:   1 proton/2 neutrons
             =
 Helium:     2 protons/2 neutrons
 (heavier)   +
              1 free neutron +
  energy
Ions
 Atoms with more or less electrons
  than they are supposed to have
 Formed when atoms gain or lose

  electrons (bonding and fusion)
 Anions: have more than the normal

  amount of electrons (negative ions)
 Cations: have less than the normal

  amount of electrons (positive ions)
Formation of the Earth/Solar
             System
 50-100 million years pass
 Gravityclumpingcoolingformed

  all the masses in the universe
 Stars begin to form(Our sun—5

  billion years ago)
 Planets (ie. Our solar system)

 All still very very very hot!!

 Too hot for ANYTHING to last
Doppler Effect



Doppler Effect

The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
Expanding/Contracting Universe
    TheoryWhich One?
   Blue Shift of Lightgalaxies moving
    toward us (contracting universe)
   Faster move toward usmore blueshifted
   Red Shift of Lightgalaxies would be
    moving away from us (expanding
    universe)
   Faster move away from usmore
    redshifted
   Ambulance example (eeee  ummm)
Hubble Expansion
 Galaxies in our local group are
  moving away from us
 ThereforeRed Shifting

 Proves our universe is still expanding
The Big Crunch and Cycling
 Stuff is still red shifting today
 Eventually gravity will slow junk

  down
 Crap will stop and then slowly begin

  to blue shift
 Blue shifting will speed up

 Stuff, junk and crap will then form

  another singularity
 BIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang
Origin of the Atmosphere



http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1280/lecture_notes_carsla
That’s Some Ha-High Quality
              H2O!!
   Water originated in the original formation
    of the universe (heavy elements bonded
    together)and solar system
   water on earth also came from comets
    melting as they enter the atmosphere
   Over billions of yearsenough melted ice
    and rain to fill up the crevices in the earth
   Oceans, lakes and rivers formed
Water/Atmosphere Relationship
 Surface originally too hotNo
  atmosphere present to reflect heat
  from sun
 No atmosphere to hold it near the

  surface
 Evaporated into space

 Molecules escaped faster than

  gravity could hold them
OK…..Cool!!
 Earth cools as time goes on (took a
  billion years or so)
 Early atmosphere forms (outgassing)

 Ozone forms

 Traps water from outgassing and

  comet impacts
 Water cycle begins
Water Cycle



http://tinyurl.com/3qtug
Minerals



http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html
Carbon Cycle/Sinks
Content/Benchmarks
 PME IV.1/3
 PCM IV.2/3

 PWV IV.4/1,3,4

 EAW V.3/1

 ES V.4/1,2,3,4

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Origins (big bang)

  • 1. Origins From The Big Bang to Modern Man
  • 2. Origin of the Cosmos—3 Options  Option 1: Someone made the universe (Big Bang or creationist theory)  Option 2: The universe made itself (Inflationary or evolutionist theory)  Option 3: The universe has always been here (Steady State Theory)  Scientists now know that the cosmos had a beginning (proton decay and galactic motion)  Therefore only options 1 and 2 are viable
  • 3. THE Big Bang/Nucleosynthesis  13.7 billion years agoMass of universesize of head of a pin (singularity)  Unimaginable release of energy (an expansion not a traditional explosion)trillions of degrees  Nobody knows how/why it happened  Created space and time  Created the 4 main forces: gravity, strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.  http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/fu  Electrons, quarks and gluons created (building blocks for all atoms)
  • 5. Sounds a little “Quarky” to me… Strong Force http://tinyurl.com/3jjnw http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/quarks.html
  • 6. Wave Characteristics  Wavelength: distance from the beginning of one crest to the beginning of another  Frequency: number of waves in a given time period and distance  Amplitude: distance from the midpoint of a wave to the crest or trough
  • 7. Electromagnetic Spectrum (EM) Spectrum Evidence for the Big Bang Theory http://imagers.gsfc.nasa.gov/ems/waves3.html
  • 9. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)  Discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope  Originally discovered in the 1960’s  Mapped out in 1990 at Berkley  Energy waves (photons) left over from the original Big Bang in the form of microwaves  Thought to prove the BBT
  • 10. So….What’s The MATTER?  Baryonic Matter (10% of universe): Matter composed of protons/neutrons and electrons (solid, liquid and gases)  Non-Baryonic or Dark Matter (90% of universe): composed of WIMP (weakly interacting massive particles)  Neutrinos: elementary particles with none or very little mass
  • 11. It’s All Elemental My Dear Watson!  Expanding universe = stuff slowly cools down (space is cold dude!!)  Nucleus protons + neutrons  Early space: mostly hydrogen and helium atoms (He formed from H)
  • 14. Atomic Number/Isotopes  Isotopes  Hydrogen atomssingle proton and a single electron  Isotopes of Hydrogensame number of protons and electrons….different number of NEUTRONS  Protium1+, 1- and O neutrons (atomic number of 1)  Deuterium1+, 1- and 1 neutron (atomic number of 2)  Tritium1+, 1- and 2 neutrons (atomic number of 3)
  • 15. Deuterium/Tritium Fusion  Deuterium: 1 proton/1 neutron + (nuclei fuse together)  Tritium: 1 proton/2 neutrons =  Helium: 2 protons/2 neutrons (heavier) + 1 free neutron + energy
  • 16. Ions  Atoms with more or less electrons than they are supposed to have  Formed when atoms gain or lose electrons (bonding and fusion)  Anions: have more than the normal amount of electrons (negative ions)  Cations: have less than the normal amount of electrons (positive ions)
  • 17. Formation of the Earth/Solar System  50-100 million years pass  Gravityclumpingcoolingformed all the masses in the universe  Stars begin to form(Our sun—5 billion years ago)  Planets (ie. Our solar system)  All still very very very hot!!  Too hot for ANYTHING to last
  • 18. Doppler Effect Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
  • 19. Expanding/Contracting Universe TheoryWhich One?  Blue Shift of Lightgalaxies moving toward us (contracting universe)  Faster move toward usmore blueshifted  Red Shift of Lightgalaxies would be moving away from us (expanding universe)  Faster move away from usmore redshifted  Ambulance example (eeee  ummm)
  • 20. Hubble Expansion  Galaxies in our local group are moving away from us  ThereforeRed Shifting  Proves our universe is still expanding
  • 21. The Big Crunch and Cycling  Stuff is still red shifting today  Eventually gravity will slow junk down  Crap will stop and then slowly begin to blue shift  Blue shifting will speed up  Stuff, junk and crap will then form another singularity  BIG CRUNCH = Another Big Bang
  • 22. Origin of the Atmosphere http://www.env.leeds.ac.uk/envi1280/lecture_notes_carsla
  • 23. That’s Some Ha-High Quality H2O!!  Water originated in the original formation of the universe (heavy elements bonded together)and solar system  water on earth also came from comets melting as they enter the atmosphere  Over billions of yearsenough melted ice and rain to fill up the crevices in the earth  Oceans, lakes and rivers formed
  • 24. Water/Atmosphere Relationship  Surface originally too hotNo atmosphere present to reflect heat from sun  No atmosphere to hold it near the surface  Evaporated into space  Molecules escaped faster than gravity could hold them
  • 25. OK…..Cool!!  Earth cools as time goes on (took a billion years or so)  Early atmosphere forms (outgassing)  Ozone forms  Traps water from outgassing and comet impacts  Water cycle begins
  • 29. Content/Benchmarks  PME IV.1/3  PCM IV.2/3  PWV IV.4/1,3,4  EAW V.3/1  ES V.4/1,2,3,4