SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe

2. Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. describe the structure and composition of the Universe;
2. state the different hypotheses that preceded the Big
Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe.
3. explain the redshift and how it used as proof of an
expanding universe
4. explain the Big Bang Theory and evidence supporting
the theory.

3. BIRYNOAC MRATET
 Baryonic matter - "ordinary" matter consisting of protons,
electrons, and neutrons that comprise atoms, planets, stars,
galaxies, and other bodies

4. DRAK RMTATE
 Dark matter - matter that has gravity but does not emit light.

5. DKAR EGNYER
 Dark Energy - a source of anti-gravity; a force that counteracts
gravity and causes the universe to expand.

6. PSROTROTA
 Protostar - an early stage in the formation of a star resulting from
the gravitational collapse of gases.

7. TAHEMUONRCLER ACTEIORN
 Thermonuclear reaction - a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for
the energy produced by stars.

8. MIAN SEEQNCUE SATR
 Main Sequence Stars - stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form
helium atoms in their cores;
 outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by
gravitational forces

9. LIGHT YEARS
 Light years - the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of
length used to measure astronomical distance

11. Calculate Me!
 What do you know about the universe?
 Universe is a large unimaginable expanse of gas, stars, and dust
clouds, and consists of planets and galaxies.
 1. The Universe is at least 13.8 billion years old and the Earth/Solar
System is at least 4.5-4.6 billion years old. But how large exactly is a
billion?
 Ask the learners how long will it take them to spend 1 billion pesos if
they spend 1 peso per second.
 A. 1 billion/(60 s/min*60 min/hr*24 hr/day*365days/year)
 B. ~32 years
 C. How long are 13.8 billion years?

14. Where is the center of the universe?
 There is no center of the universe!
 According to the standard theories of cosmology, the universe started with a "Big
Bang" about 14 thousand million years ago and has been expanding ever since.
 Yet there is no center to the expansion; it is the same everywhere. The Big Bang
should not be visualized as an ordinary explosion.
 The universe is not expanding out from a center into space; rather, the whole
universe is expanding and it is doing so equally at all places, as far as we can tell.

15. Any explanation of the origin of the Universe
should be consistent with all information
about its composition, structure, accelerating
expansion, and cosmic microwave
background radiation among others.

16. Structure, Composition, and Age
• The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time,
and all matter and energy in it.
• It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary” matter consisting of
protons, electrons, and neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies,
nebulae, and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (matter that has
gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4% dark energy (a source of
anti-gravity)
• Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for
the reason that the low total mass is insufficient for gravity alone to
do so while dark energy can explain the observed accelerating
expansion of the universe.

17. • Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements.
• Stars - the building block of galaxies-are born out of clouds of gas and
dust in galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds eventually result in
gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up, and transformation into a
protostar-the hot core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions set in.
• Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or
combined/fused together. Most stars such as the Sun belong to the so-
called “main sequence stars.” In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms
are fused through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms.
Massive main sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster than smaller
stars. Stars like our Sun burn up hydrogen in about 10 billion years.

18. Birth, evolution, death, and rebirth of stars
 The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as planets,
asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying planetary system.
 • A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form
superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an empty space. This
organization of matter in the universe suggests that it is indeed clumpy
at a certain scale. But at a large scale, it appears homogeneous and
isotropic .
 • Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The
diameter of the universe is possibly infinite but should beat least 91
billion light-years (1 light-year = 9.4607 × 1012 km). Its density is 4.5 x
10-31 g/cm3.

19. Expanding Universe
 • In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the
“redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are moving away from
each other, hence as evidence for an expanding universe, just as
predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
 • He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a
prism are shifted toward the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum,
i.e., toward the band of lower frequency; thus, the inference that the
star or galaxy must be moving away from us.

20. Red shift as evidence for an expanding
universe. The positions of the absorptions
lines for helium for light coming from the
Sun are shifted towards the red end as
compared with those for a distant star.
This evidence for expansion contradicted
the previously held view of a static and
unchanging universe.

21. Doppler Effect and Interactive

22.  is the change in frequency of a wave in relation to an
observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
 It is named after the Austrian physicist Christian Doppler,
who described the phenomenon in 1842.
 The reason for the Doppler effect is that when the source of
the waves is moving towards the observer, each successive
wave crest is emitted from a position closer to the observer
than the crest of the previous wave.
 Therefore, each wave takes slightly less time to reach the
observer than the previous wave. Hence, the time between
the arrivals of successive wave crests at the observer is
reduced, causing an increase in the frequency.

23. Cosmic Microwave Background
 The cosmic microwave background (CMB) is leftover radiation from the
Big Bang or the time when the universe began. As the theory goes, when
the universe was born it underwent rapid inflation, expansion and
cooling.
 1. There is a pervasive cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation in
the universe. Its accidental discovery in 1964 by Arno Penzias and Robert
Woodrow Wilson earned them the physics Nobel Prize in 1978.
 2. It can be observed as a strikingly uniform faint glow in the microwave
band coming from all directions-blackbody radiation with an average
temperature of about 2.7 degrees above absolute zero.