A "lunar eclipse" and a "solar eclipse" refer to events involving three celestial bodies: the Sun ("solar"), the moon ("lunar"), and the Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This document provides an overview of the characteristics, classifications, motions, and significance of stars. It discusses their sizes, colors, temperatures, compositions, and magnitudes. Stars are classified based on their spectral types, which relate to their surface temperatures. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots stars' luminosities and temperatures. Stars exhibit both apparent and actual motions, including proper motion across the sky. Studying stars helps us understand how elements are formed, how our solar system evolved, and the dynamics influencing galaxies.
All stars begin as nebulae of dust and gas that collapse under gravity into protostars. They fuse hydrogen into helium during the main sequence stage, which is the longest phase in a star's life. A star's ultimate fate depends on its mass. Small mass stars become white dwarfs after the main sequence, while medium mass stars become red giants then white dwarfs. Large mass stars over 15 solar masses may explode as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and meteorites are different types of small solar system bodies. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they heat up when passing near the sun. Asteroids orbit the sun and most reside in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller objects that enter the earth's atmosphere and are called meteors when burning up in the sky. Those that survive entry and hit the ground are meteorites.
This document provides information about 15 different constellations through multiple choice questions and answers. It includes details about the mythology and visual representations of constellations such as Hydra, Aquila, Crux, Gemini, Pisces, Sagittarius, and others. Images are provided to illustrate each constellation's star patterns.
The solar system is made up of the Sun, the planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites, dwarf planets and many, many small objects, like asteroids and comets. All of these objects move and we can see these movements. We notice the Sun rises in the eastern sky in the morning and sets in the western sky in the evening. We observe different stars in the sky at different times of the year.
This document provides information about comets, asteroids, and meteoroids/meteors/meteorites. It defines each term and discusses their characteristics. Comets are dirty snowballs composed of ice and dust that form long tails when near the Sun. Asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter and are pieces of leftover rock from planet formation. Meteoroids are space rocks, meteors are meteoroids that burn up in the atmosphere, and meteorites are meteoroids that reach the Earth's surface. The document seeks to clarify the differences between these similar yet distinct objects in our solar system.
A "lunar eclipse" and a "solar eclipse" refer to events involving three celestial bodies: the Sun ("solar"), the moon ("lunar"), and the Earth. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth passes between the Moon and the Sun, and the Earth's shadow obscures the moon or a portion of it. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun, blocking all or a portion of the Sun.
Plate tectonics is the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
This document provides an overview of the characteristics, classifications, motions, and significance of stars. It discusses their sizes, colors, temperatures, compositions, and magnitudes. Stars are classified based on their spectral types, which relate to their surface temperatures. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram plots stars' luminosities and temperatures. Stars exhibit both apparent and actual motions, including proper motion across the sky. Studying stars helps us understand how elements are formed, how our solar system evolved, and the dynamics influencing galaxies.
All stars begin as nebulae of dust and gas that collapse under gravity into protostars. They fuse hydrogen into helium during the main sequence stage, which is the longest phase in a star's life. A star's ultimate fate depends on its mass. Small mass stars become white dwarfs after the main sequence, while medium mass stars become red giants then white dwarfs. Large mass stars over 15 solar masses may explode as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes.
Comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and meteorites are different types of small solar system bodies. Comets are icy bodies that develop tails as they heat up when passing near the sun. Asteroids orbit the sun and most reside in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteoroids are smaller objects that enter the earth's atmosphere and are called meteors when burning up in the sky. Those that survive entry and hit the ground are meteorites.
This document provides information about 15 different constellations through multiple choice questions and answers. It includes details about the mythology and visual representations of constellations such as Hydra, Aquila, Crux, Gemini, Pisces, Sagittarius, and others. Images are provided to illustrate each constellation's star patterns.
The solar system is made up of the Sun, the planets that orbit the Sun, their satellites, dwarf planets and many, many small objects, like asteroids and comets. All of these objects move and we can see these movements. We notice the Sun rises in the eastern sky in the morning and sets in the western sky in the evening. We observe different stars in the sky at different times of the year.
This document provides information about comets, asteroids, and meteoroids/meteors/meteorites. It defines each term and discusses their characteristics. Comets are dirty snowballs composed of ice and dust that form long tails when near the Sun. Asteroids orbit between Mars and Jupiter and are pieces of leftover rock from planet formation. Meteoroids are space rocks, meteors are meteoroids that burn up in the atmosphere, and meteorites are meteoroids that reach the Earth's surface. The document seeks to clarify the differences between these similar yet distinct objects in our solar system.
1) On a clear night, the unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars, though light pollution limits this to a few hundred in urban/suburban areas.
2) Constellations originally referred to patterns of the brightest stars representing mythological figures, though today they are defined regions of the sky regardless of star brightness.
3) The apparent motion of stars is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun, making some stars appear to rise and set daily or be visible only seasonally.
The document summarizes what causes seasons on Earth. It explains that seasons result from the tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit around the sun. This causes variations in the intensity of sunlight and day length throughout the year. Specifically, summer occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when it is tilted toward the sun, and winter occurs when it is tilted away. Spring and fall seasons experience nearly equal amounts of daylight and nighttime.
This document provides an overview of stars, galaxies, and the universe. It begins with definitions of key terms like stars, galaxies, and the universe. It then covers the composition of stars and how they are classified. The next sections discuss the life cycles of stars and the different types of galaxies. The document concludes with an explanation of the big bang theory of the universe and how scientists estimate the age of the universe.
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce energy through nuclear fusion. They vary greatly in size, temperature, luminosity, and lifespan. The universe contains over 100 billion galaxies, each with over 100 billion stars. Stars appear different colors due to their temperatures, from hot blue/white stars to cooler orange/red giants and supergiants. Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky used for navigation.
A star is a ball of plasma held together by gravity that undergoes nuclear fusion at its core, releasing electromagnetic radiation. Stars exist along a spectrum from hot, blue stars to cooler, red stars and can be classified based on their temperature, luminosity, and color. A star's life cycle begins as a contracting nebula and progresses through stages such as the main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, and white dwarf before ending as a neutron star or black hole.
Stars originate from swirling clouds of gas and dust that condense under gravity to form dense spheres called protostars. As protostars gain mass through accretion, the internal pressure and temperature rises until nuclear fusion of hydrogen begins, forming a main sequence star. Over its lifetime, a main sequence star fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. More massive stars end as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes, while less massive stars expand into red giants and later shed their outer layers, leaving behind a fading white dwarf.
The Sun is a middle-aged, average sized yellow star that is made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. It is about 4.6 billion years old and located 93 million miles from Earth. The Sun generates heat and light through nuclear fusion reactions in its core that convert hydrogen into helium. It is the center of our Solar System and contains over 99% of the mass in the entire system. The Solar System also includes eight official planets that orbit the Sun, along with dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other small bodies.
Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids are small rocky or icy bodies that orbit the sun. Thousands of asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are remnants of early planet formation. Comets are composed of ice and dust and have highly elliptical orbits, forming tails as they near the sun due to heating. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, they burn up and are seen as meteors or shooting stars. Those that survive are called meteorites and sometimes leave impact craters. Analysis of meteorites provides clues about early solar system formation and even the origin of life.
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
Comets are chunks of ice and dust that orbit the sun in elongated elliptical orbits, with a nucleus and coma forming the head and a tail always pointing away from the sun. Asteroids are smaller rocky objects found predominantly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteors are space rocks or dust that burn up as streaks of light upon entering Earth's atmosphere, with meteorites being those that survive impact with the surface.
Asteroids are small rocky or metallic bodies that orbit the sun and range in size from meters to over 500 km wide. They are found predominantly in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is the largest asteroid at 940 km in diameter. Asteroids are classified according to their composition, with C-type asteroids being the most common at 75% and consisting of carbon and dust. It is believed that an asteroid impact was responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
This document outlines and describes different types of celestial bodies including stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets and meteors. It notes that stars are big balls of gas that produce light and heat, while planets do not produce light and heat themselves. The document also lists the eight planets in our solar system - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - and provides brief descriptions of each planet and mentions that Earth has one moon.
This document discusses meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites. It begins by asking readers if they have seen a shooting star and clarifying that a shooting star is actually a meteor. It then defines meteoroids as broken up rocks and dust from comets, asteroids, the Moon or Mars. When meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere, it heats up and burns, creating a meteor. Any fragment that survives this entry and reaches the ground is called a meteorite. The document differentiates these terms and shows where meteoroid, meteor and meteorite would be located. It includes a daily checkup quiz and assignment to research superstitious beliefs about space objects.
The document summarizes key concepts about the solar system, including:
- The solar system is made up of the sun and eight planets that orbit around it, along with moons, asteroids, and comets.
- The earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and its tilt and orbit around the sun cause the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres.
- Nuclear fusion in the sun's core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing enormous amounts of energy that allow it to shine.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
This document provides an overview of the universe and our solar system. It begins by defining the universe and its components, including galaxies which contain billions of stars, and the Milky Way galaxy that contains our solar system. It then describes our solar system, noting the sun and eight major planets including Earth, and characteristics of each. Smaller objects in our solar system are also outlined such as asteroids, comets, and moons. The document concludes by describing key attributes of Earth like its rotation, translation around the sun which causes seasons, and atmosphere.
All stars begin as clouds of dust and gas called nebulae. When gravity causes the nebula to collapse, a protostar forms at the center. The protostar grows in size and temperature through nuclear fusion reactions until it becomes a stable main sequence star. Small stars like our Sun will eventually expand into red giants and shed their outer layers, leaving behind dense white dwarf cores. Larger stars may explode as supernovae, collapsing into neutron stars or black holes. The life cycle of a star depends on its initial mass, with smaller stars ending as white dwarfs and more massive stars ending as black holes or neutron stars.
Several ancient religious texts and philosophers throughout history have proposed theories on the origin of the universe. The book of Genesis describes God creating the universe in six days, while the Hindu text Rigveda depicts an oscillating universe emerging from a single point. Early Greek philosophers proposed primordial theories of the original state being a mixture that separated, and an atomic universe composed of indivisible atoms. More recent scientists like Newton, Einstein and Hubble contributed models of static or expanding universes based on observations and equations. The prevailing theory today is the Big Bang, where the universe rapidly expanded from an infinitely dense point, though oscillating universe and multiverse theories also exist.
The document provides an overview of Vietnamese culture and art. It discusses Vietnam's diverse traditions, landscapes, food, and people. Key aspects of Vietnamese culture covered include festivals, music, theater, water puppetry, weddings, funerals, and visual art forms like calligraphy, silk painting, woodblock prints, ceramics, lacquerware, and architecture. Famous Vietnamese artists such as Tran Van Can, Nguyen Phan Chanh, and Le Pho are also highlighted. In summary, the document outlines the rich cultural heritage of Vietnam through its traditions, arts, and people.
Central Luzon is known as the rice basket of the Philippines and produces a third of the country's rice supply. It has a rich history as one of the earliest areas converted to Christianity under Magellan and produced many heroes who fought for Philippine independence. The region has significant natural resources like rice, timber, and metallic/non-metallic minerals. Notable landmarks include the 17th century Baler Church and Barasoain Church in Bulacan, which witnessed the signing of the First Philippine Republic. Central Luzon offers scenic spots like Mt. Pinatubo volcano, Anawangin Cove, Subic Bay for diving, and Zoobic Safari Park.
1) On a clear night, the unaided human eye can see about 6,000 stars, though light pollution limits this to a few hundred in urban/suburban areas.
2) Constellations originally referred to patterns of the brightest stars representing mythological figures, though today they are defined regions of the sky regardless of star brightness.
3) The apparent motion of stars is caused by the Earth's rotation on its axis and revolution around the Sun, making some stars appear to rise and set daily or be visible only seasonally.
The document summarizes what causes seasons on Earth. It explains that seasons result from the tilt of Earth's axis relative to its orbit around the sun. This causes variations in the intensity of sunlight and day length throughout the year. Specifically, summer occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when it is tilted toward the sun, and winter occurs when it is tilted away. Spring and fall seasons experience nearly equal amounts of daylight and nighttime.
This document provides an overview of stars, galaxies, and the universe. It begins with definitions of key terms like stars, galaxies, and the universe. It then covers the composition of stars and how they are classified. The next sections discuss the life cycles of stars and the different types of galaxies. The document concludes with an explanation of the big bang theory of the universe and how scientists estimate the age of the universe.
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
Stars are giant balls of gas that produce energy through nuclear fusion. They vary greatly in size, temperature, luminosity, and lifespan. The universe contains over 100 billion galaxies, each with over 100 billion stars. Stars appear different colors due to their temperatures, from hot blue/white stars to cooler orange/red giants and supergiants. Constellations are patterns of stars in the night sky used for navigation.
A star is a ball of plasma held together by gravity that undergoes nuclear fusion at its core, releasing electromagnetic radiation. Stars exist along a spectrum from hot, blue stars to cooler, red stars and can be classified based on their temperature, luminosity, and color. A star's life cycle begins as a contracting nebula and progresses through stages such as the main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, and white dwarf before ending as a neutron star or black hole.
Stars originate from swirling clouds of gas and dust that condense under gravity to form dense spheres called protostars. As protostars gain mass through accretion, the internal pressure and temperature rises until nuclear fusion of hydrogen begins, forming a main sequence star. Over its lifetime, a main sequence star fuses hydrogen into helium in its core. More massive stars end as supernovae, leaving behind neutron stars or black holes, while less massive stars expand into red giants and later shed their outer layers, leaving behind a fading white dwarf.
The Sun is a middle-aged, average sized yellow star that is made up mostly of hydrogen and helium. It is about 4.6 billion years old and located 93 million miles from Earth. The Sun generates heat and light through nuclear fusion reactions in its core that convert hydrogen into helium. It is the center of our Solar System and contains over 99% of the mass in the entire system. The Solar System also includes eight official planets that orbit the Sun, along with dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other small bodies.
Asteroids, comets, and meteoroids are small rocky or icy bodies that orbit the sun. Thousands of asteroids orbit in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids are remnants of early planet formation. Comets are composed of ice and dust and have highly elliptical orbits, forming tails as they near the sun due to heating. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere, they burn up and are seen as meteors or shooting stars. Those that survive are called meteorites and sometimes leave impact craters. Analysis of meteorites provides clues about early solar system formation and even the origin of life.
- The Galileo probe explored Jupiter and its moons from 1995-2003, discovering evidence of subsurface oceans on Europa and volcanic activity on Io. It was the first spacecraft to fly by an asteroid and discover a moon orbiting an asteroid.
- Col. Eileen Collins was the first female shuttle commander, commanding missions STS-93 in 1999 and STS-114 in 2005. She has logged over 872 hours in space.
- The Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997 proved that a rover could be placed on Mars cheaply, sending back over 17,000 photos and 15 chemical analyses before ending in 1997.
Comets are chunks of ice and dust that orbit the sun in elongated elliptical orbits, with a nucleus and coma forming the head and a tail always pointing away from the sun. Asteroids are smaller rocky objects found predominantly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Meteors are space rocks or dust that burn up as streaks of light upon entering Earth's atmosphere, with meteorites being those that survive impact with the surface.
Asteroids are small rocky or metallic bodies that orbit the sun and range in size from meters to over 500 km wide. They are found predominantly in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Ceres is the largest asteroid at 940 km in diameter. Asteroids are classified according to their composition, with C-type asteroids being the most common at 75% and consisting of carbon and dust. It is believed that an asteroid impact was responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
This document outlines and describes different types of celestial bodies including stars, planets, satellites, asteroids, comets and meteors. It notes that stars are big balls of gas that produce light and heat, while planets do not produce light and heat themselves. The document also lists the eight planets in our solar system - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - and provides brief descriptions of each planet and mentions that Earth has one moon.
This document discusses meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites. It begins by asking readers if they have seen a shooting star and clarifying that a shooting star is actually a meteor. It then defines meteoroids as broken up rocks and dust from comets, asteroids, the Moon or Mars. When meteoroid enters Earth's atmosphere, it heats up and burns, creating a meteor. Any fragment that survives this entry and reaches the ground is called a meteorite. The document differentiates these terms and shows where meteoroid, meteor and meteorite would be located. It includes a daily checkup quiz and assignment to research superstitious beliefs about space objects.
The document summarizes key concepts about the solar system, including:
- The solar system is made up of the sun and eight planets that orbit around it, along with moons, asteroids, and comets.
- The earth spins on its axis, causing day and night, and its tilt and orbit around the sun cause the seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres.
- Nuclear fusion in the sun's core converts hydrogen to helium, releasing enormous amounts of energy that allow it to shine.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
This document provides an overview of the universe and our solar system. It begins by defining the universe and its components, including galaxies which contain billions of stars, and the Milky Way galaxy that contains our solar system. It then describes our solar system, noting the sun and eight major planets including Earth, and characteristics of each. Smaller objects in our solar system are also outlined such as asteroids, comets, and moons. The document concludes by describing key attributes of Earth like its rotation, translation around the sun which causes seasons, and atmosphere.
All stars begin as clouds of dust and gas called nebulae. When gravity causes the nebula to collapse, a protostar forms at the center. The protostar grows in size and temperature through nuclear fusion reactions until it becomes a stable main sequence star. Small stars like our Sun will eventually expand into red giants and shed their outer layers, leaving behind dense white dwarf cores. Larger stars may explode as supernovae, collapsing into neutron stars or black holes. The life cycle of a star depends on its initial mass, with smaller stars ending as white dwarfs and more massive stars ending as black holes or neutron stars.
Several ancient religious texts and philosophers throughout history have proposed theories on the origin of the universe. The book of Genesis describes God creating the universe in six days, while the Hindu text Rigveda depicts an oscillating universe emerging from a single point. Early Greek philosophers proposed primordial theories of the original state being a mixture that separated, and an atomic universe composed of indivisible atoms. More recent scientists like Newton, Einstein and Hubble contributed models of static or expanding universes based on observations and equations. The prevailing theory today is the Big Bang, where the universe rapidly expanded from an infinitely dense point, though oscillating universe and multiverse theories also exist.
The document provides an overview of Vietnamese culture and art. It discusses Vietnam's diverse traditions, landscapes, food, and people. Key aspects of Vietnamese culture covered include festivals, music, theater, water puppetry, weddings, funerals, and visual art forms like calligraphy, silk painting, woodblock prints, ceramics, lacquerware, and architecture. Famous Vietnamese artists such as Tran Van Can, Nguyen Phan Chanh, and Le Pho are also highlighted. In summary, the document outlines the rich cultural heritage of Vietnam through its traditions, arts, and people.
Central Luzon is known as the rice basket of the Philippines and produces a third of the country's rice supply. It has a rich history as one of the earliest areas converted to Christianity under Magellan and produced many heroes who fought for Philippine independence. The region has significant natural resources like rice, timber, and metallic/non-metallic minerals. Notable landmarks include the 17th century Baler Church and Barasoain Church in Bulacan, which witnessed the signing of the First Philippine Republic. Central Luzon offers scenic spots like Mt. Pinatubo volcano, Anawangin Cove, Subic Bay for diving, and Zoobic Safari Park.
The document discusses the formation and current state of the solar system. It describes how the solar system formed from a large cloud of gas and dust via the nebular hypothesis. The inner planets formed from solid debris while the outer planets retained gases. Today the planets orbit counterclockwise in nearly the same plane, with Pluto having a more tilted orbit. The document also provides comparisons of planetary properties like size, mass, temperature, and classification as terrestrial or Jovian planets.
The document provides information on top events and places to visit in Region III of the Philippines. Some of the major events highlighted include the Cutud Lenten Rites reenactment in Pampanga, the Philippine International Hot Air Balloon Festival in Clark, and the Giant Lantern Festival in San Fernando, Pampanga. Nature sites mentioned include the Anawangin Cove in Zambales, Mt. Pinatubo in Botolan, and ecotourism sites like Aguinaldo Cave. Major industries in the region include gifts, toys, furniture, foods, and textiles. Central Luzon accounts for 9.33% of the Philippines' GDP. Information is also given on the provinces
Central Luzon is an administrative region in the Philippines comprising 7 provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. It is located north of Manila and is known as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines" as it produces most of the country's rice. The region has a population of over 13 million people and its largest city is San Fernando, Pampanga. The topography varies from coastal plains to inland valleys and mountains. The primary economic activities are agriculture, fishing, and industry.
There are different life cycle stages for stars depending on their original mass. Low mass stars progress through the stages of nebula, main sequence, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, and black dwarf. High mass stars go through nebula, main sequence, red supergiant, supernova, and either become a neutron star or black hole. The main sequence stage can last billions of years for low mass stars but only millions for high mass stars.
Stars are born from clouds of gas and dust called nebulas. As the gas spins faster under gravity, it heats up and forms a protostar. Nuclear fusion then occurs, turning the protostar into a main sequence star that shines for millions of years by fusing hydrogen into helium. Eventually the hydrogen runs out, causing the star to expand into a red giant. From there, less massive stars will blow off their outer layers and collapse into white dwarfs, while more massive stars will explode in supernovas and collapse into neutron stars or black holes.
Central Luzon is located in the northern Philippines and includes the provinces of Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. The region has diverse ethnic groups including Kapampangans, Aeta, and Tagalogs. It has abundant natural resources and is a major agricultural producer, supplying most of the food for Manila. The top industries are farming, fishing, and mining, though some manufacturing also occurs near Manila. Major crops include rice, sugarcane, corn, fruits, and vegetables. Popular delicacies vary by province but include suman, yema pastillas, and meringue. Each province has its own
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Stars are formed from clouds of dust and gas collapsing under gravity. They spend most of their life fusing hydrogen into helium in their cores, glowing from the heat and pressure of nuclear fusion. When stars run out of fuel to burn in their cores, they die - smaller stars may become white dwarfs, while larger stars explode as supernovae. The material from exploded stars then disperses to form new dust clouds, starting the next generation of star formation.
Stars are giant balls of gas, mostly hydrogen, that undergo nuclear fusion. They vary in characteristics like color, temperature, size, brightness, and chemical composition. Color depends on temperature, from red stars at around 2000°C up to blue stars at over 50,000°C. Distance is measured in lightyears, with nearby stars like Sirius being 8.5 lightyears away and more distant stars hundreds or thousands of lightyears. The magnitude scale classifies brightness, with first magnitude stars being the brightest. Spectroscopes are used to analyze a star's spectrum and reveal details about its composition.
Theories explaining the origin of the universe.Iris Veda David
The document discusses theories on the origin of the universe. It describes the Big Bang Theory, which proposes that the universe began approximately 15 billion years ago from a huge explosion. It also describes the Open Universe theory, where galaxies are continually moving farther apart and may eventually collide in a "Big Crunch." Additionally, it outlines the Steady State theory, which suggests the universe has neither a beginning nor end and matter is constantly created throughout the universe.
The document summarizes theories about the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes the widely accepted Big Bang theory, which proposes that the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since. It also briefly outlines alternative theories such as inflationary universe, stationary universe, and oscillating universe. Finally, it provides an overview of the major events and epochs in the development of the universe according to the Big Bang theory, from the initial singularity to the formation of stars and galaxies.
The document discusses several theories of the origin and evolution of the universe:
1) The Big Bang theory proposes that the universe began as a tiny, dense ball that exploded approximately 13.7 billion years ago, resulting in the formation of stars, planets, and all existing matter.
2) The creationist theory states that God created the universe in seven days, as described in the Bible. Some believe the universe is only around 6,000 years old based on this theory.
3) The holographic theory suggests that the entire universe is actually a hologram and everything within it, including living things, would also be holograms. This theory differs significantly from all others.
Region 3, located in central Luzon, Philippines, is composed of 7 provinces - Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales. It has a total area of 18,230.8 square kilometers and is the largest rice producing region in the country. The region has a diverse landscape ranging from coastal areas to mountains. It also has a variety of cultural festivals, historical sites, natural attractions, and is known for industries like agriculture, aquaculture, and manufacturing. The largest city and regional center is San Fernando, Pampanga.
Synestia Model explains the origin of the earth and moon as well as planets and other objects
Ribbon in Space around our Solar Syxstem discovered by IBEX – NASA
Will it have an impact on the current solar system and planet formation theory ?
IBEX Ribbon in space is the first indication of boundary layers in space. Boundary layers in space very likely played a major role in planet formations.
Further:
Researchers from the University of Michigan announced today the discovery of tiny amounts of water in the moon rocks brought back to Earth by the Apollo missions were native water, and not water brought by meteors or other objects from space crashing into it. This discovery could in turn invalidate the current theory of how our Moon was formed
Youxue Zhang -
The universe began approximately 15 billion years ago with the Big Bang, where all matter, energy, and space was concentrated in a single point that suddenly expanded. Over time, hydrogen and helium from this expansion condensed under gravity to form the first stars and galaxies. The universe has continued expanding and cooling ever since. Modern cosmological theories including the Big Bang and Steady State theories attempt to explain the origin and evolution of the known universe.
This document provides information about space, cosmology, the Big Bang theory, and the formation and significance of stars. It discusses what space is, the study of cosmology, evidence for the Big Bang, how stars are formed from nebulae and gravitational collapse, and how stars provide light, heat, energy and are essential for life on Earth.
The document discusses astronomy and the study of space. It describes some key discoveries and models in astronomy's history, including that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular. It also summarizes ancient and modern views of the structure of the universe, from geocentric to heliocentric models. Additionally, it outlines the life cycles of stars and describes objects in our solar system like planets, asteroids, comets, and eclipses.
The document provides an overview of the universe and some of its key components:
1. The universe originated from the Big Bang around 13.7 billion years ago and has been expanding and cooling ever since.
2. Galaxies form the basic building blocks of the universe and come in three main types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Our galaxy is the Milky Way galaxy.
3. Stars are born in nebulae and come in different colors, temperatures, and magnitudes depending on their stage of life. When stars die, they may become black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs.
This document discusses the fine-tuned universe theory, which argues that the universe appears carefully designed to support life. It outlines several factors that must be precisely tuned for life, such as the organization of matter into atoms and precise mass relationships between subatomic particles. The document also reviews ideas about the origin of the universe, such as the Big Bang theory and biblical creation account. It provides illustrations of astronomical objects and facts about the immense scale of the universe.
This document discusses the interrelated topics of evolution, astronomy, and paleontology. It provides an overview of how our understanding of these fields has changed over time as evidence and new discoveries have accumulated. Examples are given of astronomical phenomena like galaxy classification and the expanding universe. The document also notes how impacts from asteroids and comets have shaped the evolution of life on Earth and continue to pose risks. Links are provided for exercises to explore related topics in more depth.
The document summarizes key information about astronomy and the universe:
1) The universe started as a single extremely dense point that exploded in an enormous explosion known as the Big Bang around 12-15 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.
2) Evidence for the expansion of the universe comes from the Doppler effect observed in the redshift of light from galaxies moving away from us as the universe expands.
3) Astronomers use large units like light years to measure the vast distances between celestial objects, where one light year is the distance light travels in one year.
1. James Hutton established the theory of uniformitarianism, which states that the geological forces shaping Earth today are the same as in the past. He is considered the founder of modern geology.
2. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through natural selection, which explained how species change over time in response to their environment.
3. Andrija Mohorovicic discovered the boundary between Earth's crust and mantle, known as the Mohorovicic discontinuity or "Moho".
4. Beno Gutenberg studied earthquakes and discovered that their waves can be used to investigate Earth's internal structure
This document provides an overview of the origin and evolution of Earth. It discusses theories for how the solar system and Earth formed, including the nebular hypothesis, planetesimal hypothesis, and big bang theory. It describes how the Earth differentiated into a core, mantle, and crust over time. It also discusses the formation of the atmosphere, oceans, and early life on Earth. The document outlines the major events in Earth's history from its formation 4.5 billion years ago through the emergence of continents and life around 3.5 billion years ago.
HOW RELATIONSHIPS MADE THE UNIVERE & HUMANSPaul H. Carr
-Einstein’s General Relativity (1916) frames modern cosmology.
-Big-Bang energetic beginning: interactive relationships of matter particles created our universe.
-Explains origin of 92 elements in the Periodic Table
- We are made of stardust.
- Symbiotic relations between cells led to the Cambrian explosion of complex and human life.
-BIG HISTORY: 13.8 BILLION YEARS
“Each of us is as old as the universe and experiences our greater self in the larger story of the universe.” Thomas Berry.
1) James Peebles received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to theories about how the universe began and evolved. He helped develop the standard cosmological model of the Big Bang theory.
2) According to the Big Bang theory, approximately 15 billion years ago all the matter and energy in the observable universe was concentrated in a very dense and hot state. It has been expanding and cooling ever since.
3) Measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation provide strong evidence that the universe evolved from a hot, dense early state and has been expanding according to the predictions of the Big Bang theory.
This document discusses the field of geology. It defines geology as the study of the Earth, including its physical and chemical properties from its creation to present day. The main branches of geology are described as crystallography, mineralogy, petrology, paleontology, and stratigraphy. The layers of the Earth are also summarized, including the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. Finally, several hypotheses for the origin of the Earth are outlined, such as the nebular hypothesis, planetesimal hypothesis, gaseous tidal hypothesis, and gas dust cloud hypothesis.
The document compares the Big Bang theory and the biblical account of creation. It provides evidence against the Big Bang theory, including quantized galaxy redshifts that contradict the cosmological principle. It also notes implications of the Big Bang that are inconsistent with Genesis, such as death before sin. The Big Bang is described as a "true miracle" by physicist Paul Davies, whereas creationists argue that "In the beginning God created" is more scientific. The document questions whether all evidence is presented or just facts supporting the Big Bang theory.
Stars are formed from clouds of gas and dust called nebulae. As stars age and evolve, they progress through different stages - from stars to red giants or dwarfs to supernovae. The most massive stars may collapse into neutron stars or black holes. Black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their powerful gravitational pull. Material near a black hole forms a swirling accretion disk and is ejected at nearly light speed in powerful jets. Advancing technology is improving our understanding of stellar evolution and black hole formation.
Universe and the Solar System (Lesson 1).pptxJoenelRubino3
SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe
The document summarizes the timeline of major discoveries in cosmology, including Einstein's theory of general relativity, Hubble's discovery of the expanding universe, and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Penzias and Wilson which provided evidence for the Big Bang theory. It then discusses supernovae types and their use in determining the accelerating expansion of the universe, for which three scientists - Perlmutter, Riess, and Schmidt - were awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics for their findings which suggested the universe is dominated by dark energy.
The document discusses the major components of the universe including galaxies, stars, planets, comets and asteroids. It describes the formation of the universe through the Big Bang theory and provides details on key astronomical objects like nebulae, supernovae and constellations. Furthermore, it outlines our solar system and important facts about bodies like the sun, Earth and dwarf planets. The document also covers China's plans to develop an artificial moon and sun through nuclear fusion experiments.
2. Creation Cosmology
Origin of Stars
Are we being told all the evidence or just
selected information to support a
particular idea?
3. The Origin of Stars
Evolution
Stars evolved billions of years before
the earth
Theistic evolution
Stars evolved billions of years before the earth
The Bible
Earth created on day 1
The sun, moon, and stars on day 4
4. The Origin of Stars
Hugh Ross (Astronomer), “Species Development: Natural
Process or Divine Action,” Audiotape (Pasadena, CA:
Reasons to Believe, 1990).
“The entire process of stellar evolution is by
natural process alone. We do not have to
invoke Divine intervention at any stage in
the history of the life-cycle of the stars that
we observe.”
Is this statement consistent with
the Bible?
5. When I consider thy heavens, the work
of thy fingers, the moon and the stars,
which thou hast ordained;
Psalms 8:3
6. The Origin of Stars
And God made two great lights; the
greater light to rule the day, and the lesser
light to rule the night: he made the stars
also. (Genesis 1:16)
Lift up your eyes on high, and behold who
hath created these things, that bringeth out
their host by number:… (Isaiah 40:26)
7. The Origin of Stars
By the word of the Lord were the heavens
made; and all the host of them. (Ps 33:6)
Praise him, sun and moon, praise him, all
you shining stars….for he commanded and
they were created. (Ps 148:3-5)
Thou, even thou, are Lord alone; thou hast
made heaven, the heaven of heavens, with
all their host… (Nehemiah 9:6)
8. He determines the number of the stars
and calls them each by name.
(Psalm 147:4)
12. Star Formation and Physics
The popular theory is that stars form from
vast clouds of gas and dust through
gravitational contraction.
Gas and
dust clouds
Nebula will expand
NOT
contract
13. Star Formation
Don DeYoung (Ph.D. in Physics),
Astronomy and the Bible, 2000, p. 84.
“The complete birth of a star has
never been observed. The principles
of physics demand some special
conditions for star formation and also
for a long time period. A cloud of
hydrogen gas must be compressed to
a sufficiently small size so that gravity
dominates.
continued
14. In space, however, almost every gas cloud
is light-years in size, hundreds of times
greater than the critical size needed for a
stable star. As a result, outward gas
pressures cause these clouds to spread out
farther, not contract.”
15. Star Formation
Fred Whipple, The Mystery of Comets,
(Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institute
Press, 1985), pp. 211, 213.
“Precisely how a section of an interstellar
cloud collapses gravitationally into a star
… is still a challenging theoretical
problem… Astronomers have yet to find an
interstellar cloud in the actual process of
collapse.”
16. Star Formation
Danny Faulkner, Ph.D. Astronomy
“Most astronomers believe that the
clouds gradually contract under their
own weight to form stars. This
process has never been observed,
but if it did occur, it would take many
human lifetimes.
continued
17. It is known that clouds do not
spontaneously collapse to form stars. The
clouds possess considerable mass, but
they are so large that their gravity is very
feeble. Any decrease in size would be
met by an increase in gas pressure that
would cause a cloud to re-expand.”
18. Star Formation
Hannes Alfven (Nobel prize winner), Gustaf
Arrhenius, “Evolution of the Solar System”,
NASA, 1976, p. 480.
“There is general belief that stars are forming
by gravitational collapse; in spite of vigorous
efforts no one has yet found any
observational indication of conformation.
Thus the „generally accepted‟ theory of stellar
formation may be one of a hundred
unsupported dogmas which constitute a large
part of present-day astrophysics.”
20. Star Formation
Charles Lada and Frank Shu (both astronomers),
“The Formation of Sunlike Stars,” Science, 1990,
p. 572.
“Despite numerous efforts, we have yet to
directly observe the process of stellar
formation…. The origin of stars represents
one of the fundamental unsolved problems
of contemporary astrophysics.”
21. Star Nurseries
Do pictures
confirm stars are
forming?
Eagle nebula
22. Star Nurseries
Martin Rees (A leading researcher on cosmic
evolution), Before the Beginning, 1998, p. 19.
“Stars are still forming today. About 1500
light-years away lies the Orion Nebula:
enough gas and dust to make millions of
stars…. It even contains protostars that
are still condensing …”
23. Star Formation and Nebula
Images taken by the European Southern
Observatory Very Large Telescope in
January 2002 of the Horsehead Nebula in
Orion verified that the structures are
24. Star Nurseries
Ron Cowen, “Rethinking an Astronomical Icon: The Eagle‟s
EGG, Not So Fertile,” Science News, Vol. 161, 16 March
2002, pp. 171–172.
“NASA‟s claim in 1995 that these pictures
showed hundreds to thousands of stars
forming was based on the speculative „EGG-
star formation theory.‟ It has recently been
tested independently with two infrared
detectors that can see inside the dusty pillars.
What did they find?
25. Few stars were there, and 85% of the
pillars had too little dust and gas to
support star formation. „The new findings
also highlight how much astronomers still
have to learn about star formation.‟”
No star
nurseries
26. Star Formation and Time
100 billion galaxies (1011)
200 billion stars per galaxy (2x1011)
Universe 20 billion years old (2x1010)
100 Billion x 200 Billion 1 trillion
stars per
20 billion year
2.7 billion stars per day
31,700 stars per second
27. Conclusion on Star Formation
Abraham Loeb, (Harvard Center for Astrophysics),
quoted by Marcus Chown, “Let there be Light”,
New Scientist, Feb 7, 1998,
“The truth is that we don‟t understand
star formation at a fundamental level.”
29. Our Sun: Mediocre?
“Who are we? What are we? We find that we
live on an insignificant planet of a
humdrum star lost in a galaxy tucked away
in some forgotten corner of a universe in
which there are far more galaxies than
people.”
Carl Sagan
30. A Special Place
Type G: only 9 percent of all stars. About 80
percent of all stars are Class M, which
flare often and would kill us from radiation.
31.
32. Designed Just for Us
If too massive: would be unstable. If not
massive enough: Earth would have to be
too close, would be tidally locked.
Its position in the galaxy is vital for life. Its
galactic orbit is more nearly circular than
about 80 percent of nearby stars.
36. Unusually Quiet and Gentle
„Thank our lucky star‟, New Scientist, 161(2168):15,
1999
One recent 30-year study: photosphere is
“constant in temperature”
“Sun-like stars normally produce a bright
superflare about once a century…Why a
superflare has not occurred on the Sun in
recorded history is unclear. „I think a consensus
is emerging that our Sun is extraordinarily
stable‟, suggests Galen Gisler, an astronomer at
the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New
Mexico.”
39. Angular Momentum and the
Solar System
“There is a fundamental and insuperable difficulty with the
model as described. A striking characteristic of the solar
system is that the planets with about 1/700th of the mass
of the system, in their orbital motion account for over
99% of its angular momentum. There seems to be no
way in which an initially diffuse nebula could evolve so
as to partition mass and angular momentum in that way.
It turns out… that the angular momentum problem is one
of the most important hurdles to be negotiated by any
plausible theory for the origin of the solar system.”
Dormand and Woolfson, The Origin of the Solar System: the capture theory,
1989, p. 14
40. “The problem of the outward transfer of
angular momentum has been a vexing
dilemma for models attempting to explain
the origin of the solar system…
“This is the rock on which most theories for
the formation of the solar system have
foundered…
“Theories for the origin of the solar system
have, in general, failed to deal with this
fundamental question.”
Stuart Ross Taylor, Solar System Evolution: A New Perspective, 1992, p. 54
41. An Old Problem
“During the 1970s the solar nebula concept
became established as a fundamental
assumption of astronomy, notwithstanding
that its two-hundred-year-old problems
had not been resolved.”
Dormand and Woolfson, p. 47
42. The Early Faint Sun Paradox
40%
Brighter
Energy by thermonuclear fusion
The core of the sun should alter and the
sun should grow brighter with age
If the sun is 4.6 billion years old, it should
have brightened by about 40%
43. The Early Faint Sun Paradox
Earth average temperature (59O F or 15O C)
A 25% increase in brightness increases the
average temperature by about 32O F (18O C)
(59o – 32o = 27o F (-2.78o C) Avg. temp
49. Formation of Galaxies
Joseph Silk (Professor of Astronomy at the
University of Oxford), The Big Bang, 2001, p. 195.
“Many aspects of the evolution of
galaxies cannot yet be determined with
any certainty.”
50. Galaxies
James Trefil, Ph.D. Physics, The Dark Side of
the Universe, 1988, p. 3 & 55.
“There shouldn‟t be galaxies out there at
all, and even if there are galaxies,…
The problem of explaining the existence
of galaxies has proved to be one of the
thorniest in cosmology.”
51. Galaxy Formation
The Facts on File Dictionary of Astronomy, 1994,
p. 172.
“Galaxies must have condensed out of
the gases expanding from the big bang….
Details of the formation of galaxies are still
highly uncertain, as is their subsequent
evolution.”
Why is this any more scientific than:
In the beginning God created…
Editor's Notes
Outline
Collage of Nebula – from the Spitzer Space Telescopehttp://ipac.jpl.nasa.gov/web_movies/pa/ssc2006-21v2_full.wmvCredit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt (SSC-Caltech)
Dr. Donald B. DeYoung is an avid creation scientist and educator specialized in astronomy and in solid-state and nuclear science. He is the Chairman of the Department of Physical Science and Mathematics at the Grace College in Winona Lake, Indiana. He has been teaching at Grace College since 1972. His courses include teachings on physics, astronomy and mathematics.Info source: CreationWikihttp://creationwiki.org/Don_DeYoung
Dr. Donald B. DeYoung is an avid creation scientist and educator specialized in astronomy and in solid-state and nuclear science. He is the Chairman of the Department of Physical Science and Mathematics at the Grace College in Winona Lake, Indiana. He has been teaching at Grace College since 1972. His courses include teachings on physics, astronomy and mathematics.Info source: CreationWikihttp://creationwiki.org/Don_DeYoung
Danny Faulkner is currently teaching at the University of South Carolina Lancaster. He has been extensively involved in creation science, serving on the board of directors of the Creation Research Society since 2005. He is also a prolific author, having published a great many articles in secular astronomy journals as well as creationist publications wherein he presents the view of our solar system with all its planets and stars through a biblical perspective. Danny has also written a book on creation cosmology called Universe by Design, and been featured on two educational documentaries. Info source:CreationWikihttp://creationwiki.org/Danny_Faulkner
Danny Faulkner is currently teaching at the University of South Carolina Lancaster. He has been extensively involved in creation science, serving on the board of directors of the Creation Research Society since 2005. He is also a prolific author, having published a great many articles in secular astronomy journals as well as creationist publications wherein he presents the view of our solar system with all its planets and stars through a biblical perspective. Danny has also written a book on creation cosmology called Universe by Design, and been featured on two educational documentaries. Info source:CreationWikihttp://creationwiki.org/Danny_Faulkner
Image source: NASA (Public domain)http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap011216.html
Some of the images selected for the "Touch the Sun" book include views from the SOHO and TRACE spacecraft. Credit: NASA/ESA/LMSALhttp://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/touch_sun_prt.htm
The Sun – the perfect energy source..Video Source: (Copyright – Eternal Productions)God of Wondershttp://store.nwcreation.net/godofwonders.html